List of fatal and violent Canadian tornadoes

Last updated

This page lists all tornadoes that have occurred in Canada that have documented fatalities, or have a rating of F3/EF3 or higher in intensity.

Contents

Canada adopted the Enhanced Fujita scale on April 1, 2013, with the country using the Fujita scale before. Both scales measure how violent tornadoes are, measuring damage done by tornadoes to look at how fast the windspeeds would be inside of a tornado; however the Enhanced Fujita scale takes into consideration the condition of buildings prior to the tornado when assessing damage. Less than 5% of tornadoes that occur in Canada are rated as F3/EF3 or higher.

The only officially rated F5/EF5 tornado in Canada is the 2007 Elie Tornado, however Thomas P. Grazulis of The Tornado Project has unofficially rated the 1920 Alameda-Frobisher Tornado and the 1935 Benson Tornado as F5 (neither having any official intensity ratings due to their age).

The deadliest tornadoes in Canadian history were the 1912 Regina 'Cyclone' (at least 28), 1987 Edmonton 'Black Friday' Tornado (27), and the 1946 Windsor–Tecumseh Tornado (17).

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Severe tornadoes

List of Severe Tornadoes in Canadian History [1] [2] [3]
DateTornadoProvinceF/EFFatalitiesDamage ($2023 CAD)Localities AffectedNotes
1829, June 21829 Guelph Tornado ON -(likely F4+)?– Guelph, ON Very strong tornado, swept buildings away, likely F4 or F5 [4]
1844, August 71844 Galt Tornado ON F11 Galt (now a part of Cambridge, ON) [5]
1847, September 51847 Cornwall Tornado ON -1 Cornwall, ON [6]
1848, June 191848 Ingersoll Tornado ON F21 Ingersoll, ON [7]
1850, July 51850 Lake Scugog Tornado ON F33-4 Lake Scugog, Sanford-Manchester-Enniskillen, ONUp to 1 mile wide at peak. [8]
1856, June 291856 Oxford Tornado ON F34Golspie to Eastwood, ON [9]
1859, August 51859 Charlottetown Tornado PEI -≥2 Charlottetown, PEI At least 2 people drowned when their boat was overturned by the tornado. [10]
1859, September 111859 Renfrew Tornado ON F11 Renfrew, ON [11]
1866, June 251866 Oil Springs Tornado ON F21 Oil Springs, ON [12] [13]
1868, March 161868 Toronto Tornado ON F3≥1 Toronto, ON Unusual early season tornado. One confirmed death, at the time reports were published two girls were missing and one man was severely injured. [14]
1870, July 161870 Montreal Tornado QC -1-2 Montreal, QC Tornado not rated but likely at least F2 based on damage. One man confirmed killed, unconfirmed report of a boy killed. [15]
1870, July 201870 Wellington Tornado ON F12 Wellington, ON [16]
1875, June 241875 Lambton Tornado ON -1 Lambton, ON [17]
1875, June 241875 Bradford Tornado ON F21 Bradford, ON [18]
1879, August 6 1879 Bouctouche Tornado NB F35–8$4,200,000 Grand-Bouctouche, NB Easternmost fatal tornado in North American history
1880, May 311880 Lambton County Tornado ON F30 Lambton County, ON [19]
1881, June 281881 Millbrook Tornado ON F22 Millbrook, ON [20]
1884, May 151884 Elora-Mapleton Tornado ON F40– Elora, ON – Mapleton, ON
1885, August 281885 Muskoka District Tornado ON -2– Skeleton Lake, ON [21]
1888, June 61888 Cornwall Tornado ON -3~– Cornwall, ON
1888, July 111888 Lancaster Tornado ON F21*– Lancaster, ON *Killed 1 in Ontario before crossing the border into New York where it killed 4. [22]
1888, August 161888 Salaberry-de-Valleyfield ON & QC -9–11– South Glengarry, ON – Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, QU Started in Ontario, and later crossed the border into Quebec
1891, August 91891 Waterloo Tornado ON F11– Waterloo, ON [23]
1892, June 141892 Sainte-Rose Tornado QC -6 Sainte-Rose, QC [24]
1892, July 101892 Douglas Tornado MB -1– Douglas, MB [25]
1892, July 271892 Wiarton Tornado ON F26– Wiarton, ON Intense mile wide tornado. High end F2, possibly F3 [26]
1892, August 81892 Belleville Tornado ON -1–10 km south of Belleville, ON [27]
1892, August 171892 O'Leary Tornado PEI -1– O'Leary, PEI [28]
1893, May 231893 Ontario & Quebec Tornado Outbreak ON F21– Tillsonburg, ON to Brantford, ON Part of a tornado outbreak in Ontario and Quebec [29]
1893, May 231893 Ontario & Quebec Tornado Outbreak ON F24– Ottawa, ON Part of a tornado outbreak in Ontario and Quebec [30]
1893, May 231893 Ontario & Quebec Tornado Outbreak QC -1– Montreal, QC Part of a tornado outbreak in Ontario and Quebec [31]
1894, May 20 (or 27)1894 Huron County Tornado ON -Multiple– Huron County, ON Described as a severe tornado that killed a considerable number of people [32]
1896, July 21896 Lac Deschênes Waterspout ON -3– Lac Deschênes Waterspout on Lac Deschênes near Ottawa, overturned numerous boats killing 3 [33]
1897, July 31897 Rapid City Tornado MB -1– Rapid City, MB [34]
1898, June 201898 Benson Tornado SK -1– Benson, SK [35]
1898, September 261898 Merritton Tornado ON -5-11– Merritton, ON Killed at least 5 in Merritton (now part of St. Catharines, ON) before crossing into the United States and dissipating near Tonawanda, NY. Five injured were not expected to survive and unconfirmed reports of a sixth death. [36] [37]
1900, June 51900 Winnipeg Tornado MB -1– Winnipeg, MB [38]
1900, August 311900 Wapella Tornado SK -3– Wapella, SK [39] [40]
1902, July 171902 Chesterville Tornado ON F44-5– Chesterville, ON At peak was roughly 2km (about 1.2 miles) wide, likely among the widest known Canadian tornadoes [41] [42] [43] [44]
1903, August 111903 Rockland Tornado ON F30– Rockland, ON [45] [46]
1905, July 151905 Winnipeg Tornado MB -4– Winnipeg, MB [47]
1906, June 81906 Sarnia Tornado ON F35– Sarnia, ON [48]
1907, May 261907 Nixon Tornado ON F30– Nixon, ON, Waterford, ON F3 tornado destroyed much of Nixon before moving through the countryside and striking Waterford. [49] 8 days later Nixon would be struck by another, unrated tornado which destroyed 2 houses and a grocery store. [50]
1907, August 81907 Last Mountain Lake Tornado SK -1– Last Mountain Lake, SK [51]
1907, August 81907 Zealandia Tornado SK -1– Zealandia, SK [52]
1907, August 141907 Battle River Tornado AB -3–30 km south of Vermilion, AB [53]
1908, July 221908 Frobisher Tornado SK F33– Frobisher, SK [54]
1908, July 281908 Fillmore Tornado SK -1– Fillmore, SK [55]
1909, July 11909 Carievale Tornado SK -5– Carievale, SK [56] [57]
1909, July 161909 Golden Valley Tornado SK F30– Golden Valley, SK [58]
1910, June 211910 Palmer Tornado SK -3-6– Palmer, SK [59] [60] [61]
1910, June 271910 Weyburn Tornado SK -1– Weyburn, SK [62]
1910, July 31910 Grandora Tornado SK -1– Grandora, SK [63]
1912, June 30 1912 Regina Cyclone SK F4≥28$103,000,000 Regina, SK 28 has become the generally accepted death toll. A reporter accused city planners of downplaying the death toll in order to not effect a real estate boom and claimed to have interviewed over 40 survivors, some of whom recounted seeing more than 28 bodies laid out by a single undertaker. He gave a death toll of 45. [64] In other reports published in the years since, tolls of 31,32,36, and 41 have been reported. [65] [66] [67] [68]
1913, August 141913 Ogema Tornado SK -2– Ogema, SK [69]
1914 June 61914 Woodstock Tornado ON -2– Woodstock, ON [70]
1915, June 251915 Redcliff Tornado AB F42-3– Grassy Lake, AB to Redcliff, AB [71] [72]
1916, June 21916 Perth Tornado ON F31– Perth, ON High end F3 [73]
1916, August 281916 Atwater Tornado SK -1– Atwater, SK [74]
1919, June 271919 Quill Lake Tornado SK -2– Quill Lake, SK [75]
1919, June 271919 Lanigan Tornado SK -1– Lanigan, SK [76]
1920, Jul 221920 Alameda-Frobisher Tornado SK F5(estimated)≥4$1,400,000 Alameda, SK – Frobisher, SK No official ratings, but was unofficially rated as F5 by Thomas P. Grazulis [77]
1922, Jun 221922 Southern Manitoba Tornado(es) MB -5- Portage la Prairie, MB Officially recorded as just one tornado, but was thought to have been multiple
1922, August 151922 Eastend Tornado SK F32– Eastend, SK [78]
1923, June 161923 Sceptre Tornado SK -1– Sceptre, SK [79]
1923, June 161923 Rosetown Tornado SK -1– Rosetown, SK [80]
1923, June 251923 Wellington & Peel Tornado ON F24– Wellington, ON to Long Branch, ON Long track fast moving tornado, on the ground for 2 hours travelling over 100 km. [81]
1923, July 71923 McGee Tornado SK -1– McGee, SK [82]
1926, July 91926 Lambton-Middlesex Tornado ON F30– Watford, ON to Strathroy, ON [83]
1926, July 141926 Waldron Tornado SK -2– Waldron, SK [84]
1927, June 181927 Elfros Tornado SK F31– Elfros, SK [85]
1932, May 311932 Aberdeen Tornado SK -1– Aberdeen, SK [86]
1933, June 171933 Saskatoon Tornado SK -1– Saskatoon, SK [87]
1933, July 211933 Point Edward Tornado ON F12– Point Edward, ON [88]
1935, July 11935 Benson Tornado SK F5(estimated)1– Benson, SK No official ratings, but was unofficially rated as F5 by Thomas P. Grazulis [77]
1935, July 61935 Smiley Tornado SK F31– Smiley, SK [89]
1935, July 281935 Île-à-la-Crosse Tornado SK -1– Île-à-la-Crosse, SK [90]
1935, August 11935 Newington Tornado ON F21– Newington, ON [91]
1935, August 121935 Norwich Tornado ON F21– Norwich, ON [92]
1936, October 291936 Trenton Tornado ON F22– Trenton, ON Somewhat unusual late season tornado. [93]
1939, June 71939 Kettle Point Tornado ON F03– Kettle Point, ON Three people drowned when their boat was overturned by the tornado [94]
1943, June 11943 Aldborough Tornado ON F21– Aldborough, ON [95]
1944, June 231943 Lambton-Middlesex Tornado ON F31– Lambton, ON to Middlesex, ON [96]
1944, July 7 (or July 1)1944 Lebret Tornadoes SK -4– Lebret, SK Two tornadoes struck Lebret killing 4. Source indicates date of July 7, elsewhere a date of July 1 is given for the event. [97]
1944, Aug 91944 Kamsack Tornado SK F44– Kamsack, SK
1946, Jun 17 1946 Windsor–Tecumseh Tornado ON F417$163,000,000 River Rouge, USA – Windsor, ON – Tecumseh, ON High-end F4, borderline F5. One of 3 tornadoes to strike Windsor in June 1946. [98] [99]
1946, Jun 241946 Fort Frances Tornado ON F21– International Falls, USA – Fort Frances, ON – Rainy River, ON Crossed the border from Minnesota into Ontario. [100]
1947, July 31947 Red River Valley Tornadoes MB -1*– Windygates, MB What was likely a tornado family began in southern Manitoba killing one at Windygates before moving into North Dakota and Minnesota killing 9, unclear how many tornadoes were involved. [101]
1947, August 301947 Haliburton-Hastings Tornado ON F31– Gooderham, ON - Coe Hill, ON - Cloyne, ON Rating is conservative, may have been F4 [102]
1948, July 301948 Kawartha Lakes Tornado ON F31– Kawartha Lakes, ON [103]
1950, August 111950 Morley Tornado AB -4– Morley, AB [104] [105]
1953, May 21 1953 Sarnia Tornado ON F47– Port Huron, USA – Sarnia, ON Crossed the border from Michigan into Ontario
1956, May 121956 Essex Tornado ON F30– Edgewater Beach - McGregor, ON [106]
1963, June 291963 Spy Hill Tornado SK F31– Spy Hill, SK [107]
1963, July 21963 La Sarre Tornado QC -1 La Sarre, QC [108]
1964, July 21964 Orchardville Tornado ON F01– Orchardville, ON [109]
1965, July 91965 Bruce & Grey County Tornado ON F30– Formosa, ON to Markdale, ON [110]
1967, April 171967 St.Jacobs Tornado ON F31– St.Jacobs, ON [111]
1970, August 20 1970 Sudbury Tornado ON F35$78,200,000+ Greater Sudbury, ON [112] [113]
1970, August 201970 Field Tornado ON F31 Field, ON Originally thought to be the same tornado as the Sudbury event the same day, but now known to be two separate tornadoes. [114] [115]
1972, June 241972 Maniwaki Tornado QC -2$700,000 Maniwaki, QC [116] [117] [118]
1972, August 91972 Ottawa Tornado ON F01 Ottawa, ON [119]
1973, August 271973 Greater Sudbury Tornado ON F30 Greater Sudbury, ON Occurred in rural parts of the Greater Sudbury area only 3 years after the deadly 1970 tornado. Damage survey indicated that this tornado was likely more violent than the 1970 event with potential F4 damage noted. [120]
1974, Apr 3 1974 Windsor-Flat Rock Tornado ON F19$3,040,000 Flat Rock, MI – Windsor, ON Originally rated F3, was later downgraded as it was discovered that damage from the US was accidentally mixed into research for Windsor. As well the building which partially collapsed was discovered to have non-reinforced walls. [121]
1975, July 241975 Saint-Bonaventure Tornado QC -3 Saint-Bonaventure, QC [122]
1976, June 31976 Davidson Tornado SK -1– Davidson, SK [123]
1977, July 181977 St. Malo Tornado MB F43– St. Malo, MB
1978, Jun 191978 Morris-Ostenfeld Tornado MB -1$8,680,000 Morris, MB – Taché, MB – Aubigny, MB – Ste. Anne, MB
1978, June 271978 Quebec-Ontario Tornado QC & ON F30$3-$4 million Cascades, QC to Pendleton, ON [124]
1979, July 101979 Glasnevin Tornado SK -1– Glasnevin, SK [125]
1979, August 7 1979 Woodstock-Stratford Tornado ON F40-3$434,000,000 Stratford, ON Often confused with the Woodstock tornado the same day, although they were two separate events. 3 killed in total, unclear which deaths were caused by which of the two tornadoes. [126]
1979, August 7 1979 Woodstock-Stratford Tornado ON F40-3$434,000,000 Woodstock, ON to Waterford, ON Often confused with the Stratford tornado the same day, although they were two separate events. 3 killed in total, unclear which deaths were caused by which of the two tornadoes. [127]
1982, Jun 301982 Rocky Mountain House Tornado AB F30$1,450,000 Rocky Mountain House, AB
1983, May 21983 Reeces Corners Tornado ON F40– Reeces Corners, ON [128]
1983, July 81983 Lloydminster Tornado AB F30$1,000,000 Lloydminster, AB [129]
1983, July 201983 Pennant Tornado SK F30 Pennant, SK [130]
1983, November 101983 Millar Channel Waterspout BC -2–Between Flores Island, BC and Vancouver Island, BC Tornadic waterspout capsized a boat, two people drowned. [131]
1984, June 291984 Big Coulee Tornado AB F31 Big Coulee, AB [132] [133]
1984, July 81984 St. Claude Tornado MB F30 St. Claude, MB [134]
1984, July 151984 Pembroke Tornado ON & QC F31– Pembroke, ON to Blue Sea Lake, QC [135] [136] [137] [138]
1985, May 311985 Hopeville Tornado ON F30 Hopeville, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak. F2 according to some sources.
1985, May 311985 Mansfield Tornado ON F30 Mansfield, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak
1985, May 31 1985 Barrie Tornado ON F48$337,000,000 Barrie, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak
1985, May 31 1985 Grand Valley-Tottenham Tornado ON F44– Grand Valley, ON – Orangeville, ON – Tottenham, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak. Longest track tornado in Canada at over 110 km. [139]
1985, May 311985 Rice Lake Tornado ON F30– Rice Lake, ON – Erin, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak – twin tornado with Alma Tornado. F2 according to some sources.
1985, May 311985 Alma-Hillsburgh Tornado ON F30– Alma, ON – Rice Lake, ON – Erin, ON A part of the 1985 Midwest Tornado Outbreak – twin tornado with Rice Lake
1985, June 181985 Saint-Sylvère Tornado QC F30– Saint-Sylvère, QC [140]
1985, September 91985 Big Rideau Lake Tornado ON F01– Big Rideau Lake, ON One killed when a houseboat on the lake was struck [141]
1986, June 161986 Lac Gareau Tornado QC F30– Lac Gareau, QC [142]
1986, June 161986 Haliburton-Hastings Tornado ON F3?0– Hindon Hill, ON to Maynooth, ON Long track tornado which travelled 80 km. Rating downgraded to F2 in 2005 due to some of the destroyed cottages being of questionable construction. However, a 5 bedroom house that was swept off its foundation and a stone cottage leveled to the ground call this downgrade into question. Was originally "confidently" rated F3 [143]
1987, Jul 31 1987 Edmonton Tornado AB F427$771,000,000 Edmonton, AB Very high-end F4, missed the F5 rating by 1 mph
1989, July 81989 Peebles Tornado SK F30– Peebles, SK [144]
1990, August 121990 Norwich Township Tornado ON F21 Norwich, ON [145]
1990, August 281990 Southwold Tornado ON F30– Southwold, ON Every building in the hamlet of Frome was damaged or destroyed. [146]
1991, August 271991 Maskinongé Tornado QC F30– Maskinongé, QC [147]
1991, August 271991 Pierreville Tornado QC F30– Pierreville, QC [148]
1993, Jul 291993 Holden Tornado AB F30– Holden, AB
1994, July 91994 Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu Tornado QC F21– Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu QC [149] [150]
1994, Jul 101994 Turtle Mountain Tornado MB F40$1,850,000 Killarney-Turtle Mountain, MB
1994, August 41994 Aylmer Tornado QC F30– Aylmer QC F2 according to some sources. [151]
1995, August 291995 Spring Valley Tornado SK F30 Spring Valley, SK [152]
1996, April 201996 Williamsford Tornado ON F30– Williamsford, ON High end F3, possibly low end F4 [153]
1996, April 201996 Arthur - Violet Hill Tornado ON F30– Arthur, ON [154]
1996, July 41996 Fielding Tornado SK F30– Fielding, SK [155]
1996, July 41996 Hepburn - Aberdeen Tornado SK F30– Hepburn, SK to Aberdeen, SK [156]
1999, July 61999 Drummondville Tornado QC F11– Drummondville QC [157] [158]
2000, July 14 2000 Pine Lake Tornado AB F312$21,600,000 Pine Lake, AB
2000, July 232000 Marwayne Tornado AB F30– Marwayne, AB
2006, August 52006 Gull Lake Tornado MB F21– Gull Lake, MB [159]
2007, June 22 2007 Elie Tornado MB F50$55,600,000 Elie, MB Canada's first and only officially rated F5/EF5
2007, June 222007 Oakville Tornado MB F30– Oakville, MB Occurred at the same time as the Elie F5. [160]
2007, June 232007 Baldur Tornado MB F30– Baldur, MB
2007, June 232007 Pipestone Tornado MB F30– Baldur, MB – Oakville, MB – Pipestone, MB Very violent tornado that did not hit anything significant, could have been F5
2009, July 92009 Lac Seul Tornado ON F23– Lac Seul, ON Killed 3 tourists from Oklahoma [161]
2009, August 202009 Durham Tornado ON F21– Durham, ON
2010, June 292010 Raymond Tornado SK F30$18,000,000 Kawacatoose Reserve 88, SK
2011, August 21 2011 Goderich Tornado ON F31– Goderich, ON Caused significant electrical outages to surrounding municipalities
2017, June 182017 Saint-Anne-du-Lac QC EF30– Sainte-Anne-du-Lac, QC [162]
2018, August 3 2018 Alonsa Tornado MB EF41$2,300,000 Alonsa, MB EF5 damage observed, but building was deemed poor condition [163]
2018, September 212018 Ottawa Tornado ON EF30$388,000,000 Ottawa, ON High-end EF3, borderline EF4
2020, August 8 2020 Scarth Tornado MB EF32– Scarth, MB High-end EF3, borderline EF4
2021, June 212021 Mascouche Tornado QC EF21– Mascouche, QC [164]
2023, July 1 2023 Didsbury Tornado AB EF40– Didsbury, AB

See also

References

  1. ↑ "A Tornado Scenario for Barrie, Ontario" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  2. ↑ "Blog Posts". www.uwo.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  3. ↑ Canada, Public Safety (2018-12-21). "The Canadian Disaster Database". www.publicsafety.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  4. ↑ Staff, Advertiser (2018-09-27). "Tornado partially destroyed infant town of Guelph in 1829". Wellington Advertiser. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  5. ↑ "Galt". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 7 August 1844.
  6. ↑ "Newbrunswick Reporter".
  7. ↑ "Ingersoll". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 19 June 1848.
  8. ↑ "Lake Scugog, Sanford-Manchester-Enniskillen". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive. July 5, 1850.
  9. ↑ "Golspie to Eastwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive. 29 June 1856.
  10. ↑ "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Sep 28, 1859, p. 3". 28 September 1859.
  11. ↑ "Ross Township". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 11 September 1859.
  12. ↑ "Oil Springs". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 25 June 1866.
  13. ↑ "The Morning Freeman".
  14. ↑ "Toronto". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive. March 16, 1868.
  15. ↑ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1870/07/17/83467004.pdf
  16. ↑ "Douglas (Belwood)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 July 1870.
  17. ↑ "Moore Township". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 24 June 1875.
  18. ↑ "Bradford". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 24 June 1875.
  19. ↑ "Florence". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive. 31 May 1880.
  20. ↑ "PDF.js viewer" (PDF).
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  23. ↑ "North of Waterloo". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 9 August 1891.
  24. ↑ "Canada's ninth deadliest tornado hit Laval, Quebec in 1892". 14 June 2021.
  25. ↑ "Page 02".
  26. ↑ "Wiarton". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 27 July 1892.
  27. ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/732347678/?terms=%22tornado%22&match=1
  28. ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/479081717/?terms=cyclone&match=1
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  30. ↑ "Ottawa". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 23 May 1893.
  31. ↑ "Ottawa". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 23 May 1893.
  32. ↑ "The Huron News-Record from Clinton, Ontario, Canada". 31 May 1894.
  33. ↑ "The Victoria Daily Times from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada". 3 July 1896.
  34. ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/478906862/?terms=cyclone&match=1
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  36. ↑ "St. Catharines Tornado Kills 5, Injures Dozens". Archived from the original on 2006-02-21.
  37. ↑ "Daily Newburgh Journal".
  38. ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/478945756/?terms=tornado&match=1
  39. ↑ "Baltimore American".
  40. ↑ "Youngstown Vindicator".
  41. ↑ "Marionville to Osnabruck Centre (The Chesterville Tornado)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 17 July 1902.
  42. ↑ "Page 10".
  43. ↑ "Page 10". Archived from the original on 2021-10-03.
  44. ↑ "580 CFRA | Ottawa's News Talk Radio - iHeartRadio". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06.
  45. ↑ "580 CFRA | Ottawa's News Talk Radio - iHeartRadio". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06.
  46. ↑ "Rockland". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 11 August 1903.
  47. ↑ "Edmonton Bulletin Newspaper Archives, Jul 15, 1905, p. 4". 15 July 1905.
  48. ↑ "Sarnia". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 8 June 1906.
  49. ↑ "Nixon to Waterford (The Nixon Cyclone)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 26 May 1907.
  50. ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/497993314/?terms=tornado&match=1
  51. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
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  53. ↑ "Saturday News August 24, 1907 Page 3".
  54. ↑ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  55. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  56. ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/468733013/?terms=cyclone&match=1
  57. ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/64322333/?terms=tornado&match=1
  58. ↑ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  59. ↑ "Page 12".
  60. ↑ Carpenter, David (February 2013). The Literary History of Saskatchewan: Volume 1. Coteau Books. ISBN   978-1-55050-537-5.
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  62. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  63. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  64. ↑ "The Leader-Post".
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  66. ↑ "The Windsor Star".
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  68. ↑ "The Leader-Post".
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  70. ↑ "Woodstock". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 6 June 1914.
  71. ↑ "The Morning Leader".
  72. ↑ "The Toronto World".
  73. ↑ "Brodhagen to S.W Corner Elma Township". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 2 June 1916.
  74. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  75. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  76. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  77. 1 2 Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. The Tornado Project – St. Johnsbury. p. 18. ISBN   0-8061-3258-2.
  78. ↑ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  79. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  80. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  81. ↑ "Lebanon to Long Branch". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 25 June 1923.
  82. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  83. ↑ "Watford to Strathroy". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 9 July 1926.
  84. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  85. ↑ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  86. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  87. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  88. ↑ "Point Edward". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 21 July 1933.
  89. ↑ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  90. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  91. ↑ "Newington". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. August 1935.
  92. ↑ "Norwich Township". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 12 August 1935.
  93. ↑ "Trenton". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 29 October 1936.
  94. ↑ "Kettle Point". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 7 June 1939.
  95. ↑ "Rodney, Aldborough Township". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. June 1943.
  96. ↑ "Birnam to Lambeth". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 23 June 1944.
  97. ↑ https://iamc-line3.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Hazard-Identification-Risk-Vulnerability-Assessment-Case-Study.pdf
  98. ↑ "Windsor Tornado – June 17, 1946". 2003-01-11. Archived from the original on 2003-01-11. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  99. ↑ "Windsor". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 27 June 1946.
  100. ↑ "Fort Frances". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 24 June 1946.
  101. ↑ "The Windsor Daily Star".
  102. ↑ "Gooderham to Coe Hill & Cloyne". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 30 August 1947.
  103. ↑ "Daytonia Beach". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 30 July 1948.
  104. ↑ "The Vancouver Sun".
  105. ↑ "The Calgary Herald".
  106. ↑ "Edgewood Beach to McGregor". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 12 May 1956.
  107. ↑ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  108. ↑ "The Age".
  109. ↑ "Orchardville". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 2 July 1964.
  110. ↑ "Formosa to Markdale". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 9 July 1965.
  111. ↑ "St. Jacobs to Armstrong Mills". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 17 April 1967.
  112. ↑ "Lively to Sudbury". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 August 1970.
  113. ↑ "Le 20 août 1970, deux tornades emportaient six personnes dans le Nord".
  114. ↑ "Field". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 August 1970.
  115. ↑ "Le 20 août 1970, deux tornades emportaient six personnes dans le Nord".
  116. ↑ "The Phoenix".
  117. ↑ "Ottawa Citizen".
  118. ↑ "The Windsor Star".
  119. ↑ "Pine Grove". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 9 August 1972.
  120. ↑ "Duke Lake to Friday Lake (Spanish River)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 27 August 1973.
  121. ↑ "Windsor". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 3 April 1974.
  122. ↑ "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search".
  123. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  124. ↑ "Canadian Disaster Database". 21 December 2018.
  125. ↑ "Canadian Prairie Storms: Tornado Fatalities in Saskatchewan 1898 to 1979".
  126. ↑ "Stratford to Bright". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 7 August 1979.
  127. ↑ "Woodstock to Waterford". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 7 August 1979.
  128. ↑ "Reeces Corners". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 2 May 1983.
  129. ↑ "Lloydminster, AB F3 Tornado of July 8, 1983".
  130. ↑ "Pennant (1983)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 20 July 1983.
  131. ↑ https://cmosarchives.ca/Chinook/ch0803.pdf
  132. ↑ "Big Coulee, AB F3 Tornado of June 29, 1984".
  133. ↑ "Big Coulee (1984)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 29 June 1984.
  134. ↑ "St. Claude, MB F3 Tornado of July 8, 1984".
  135. ↑ https://highwaysandhailstones.com/tornado/19840715-2020/
  136. ↑ "Canadian Disaster Database". 21 December 2018.
  137. ↑ "The Madison Courier".
  138. ↑ "The Leader-Post".
  139. ↑ "Arthur to Grand Valley to Mono to Tottenham to Holland Marsh to Ansnorveldt to Sharon to Mount Albert". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 31 May 1985.
  140. ↑ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  141. ↑ "The Deadly Tornado at Big Rideau Lake (NOT IN ECCC RECORD)".
  142. ↑ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  143. ↑ "Hindon Hill to Maynooth (Haliburton City)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 16 June 1986.
  144. ↑ https://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf
  145. ↑ "Norwich Township (1990)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 12 August 1990.
  146. ↑ "Frome to Port Stanley (Southwold Township)". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 28 August 1990.
  147. ↑ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  148. ↑ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  149. ↑ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  150. ↑ "BAnQ numérique".
  151. ↑ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  152. ↑ "Spring Valley (1995)". NTP Advanced Dashboard. 29 August 1995.
  153. ↑ "Williamsford to Blantyre". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 April 1996.
  154. ↑ "Arthur to Violet Hill". Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive. 20 April 1996.
  155. ↑ "Fielding, SK F3 Tornado of July 4, 1996".
  156. ↑ https://highwaysandhailstones.com/tornado/19960704-0130/
  157. ↑ "Climat-Québec | Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2014-03-20.
  158. ↑ "Canadian Disaster Database". 21 December 2018.
  159. ↑ "Patricia Beach, MB F2 Tornado of August 5, 2006".
  160. ↑ "Oakville, MB F3 Tornado of June 22, 2007".
  161. ↑ "Deadly F2 Tornado at Lac Seul, Ontario, July 9, 2009".
  162. ↑ "ArcGIS Dashboards". westernu.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  163. ↑ Stevenson, Sarah A.; Miller, Connell S.; Sills, David M. L.; Kopp, Gregory A.; Rhee, Daniel M.; Lombardo, Franklin T. (2023-07-01). "Assessment of wind speeds along the damage path of the Alonsa, Manitoba EF4 tornado on 3 August 2018". Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 238: 105422. Bibcode:2023JWEIA.23805422S. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105422 . ISSN   0167-6105.
  164. ↑ "Cleanup underway in Quebec town after EF2 tornado left one man dead". 22 June 2021.
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