List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks (before 2001)

Last updated

Known as 'Black Friday', an F4 tornado touched down in Edmonton, Alberta, on July 31, 1987. EDMONTON TORNADO.jpg
Known as 'Black Friday', an F4 tornado touched down in Edmonton, Alberta, on July 31, 1987.

This page lists tornadoes and tornado outbreaks which have touched down in Canada prior to the 21st century. On average, there are around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes that touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in the southern Canadian Prairies, Southern Ontario and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the country with the second most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are F0 to F2 in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated F3 or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of 225 km/h (140 mph). Prior to April 1, 2013, Canada used a slightly modified Fujita scale, and as of that date the Enhanced Fujita scale, again slightly modified, was put into use to rate tornado intensity, based on the damage to buildings and vegetation. [1]

Contents

Each year on average, about 43 tornadoes occur across the Canadian Prairies and about 17 occur across Ontario and Quebec. [2] New Brunswick and the British Columbia Interior are also recognized tornado zones. All other provinces and territories have significantly less threat from tornadoes. The peak season in Canada is through the summer months, (June to August), when clashing air masses move north, as opposed to the spring season in the United States southern-central plains, although tornadoes in Canada have occurred in spring, fall and very rarely winter.

The reported increase in numbers of tornadoes in recent years may reflect more reporting by citizens and media involvement rather than an actual increase in tornado occurrence (although some natural increase has not been ruled out), in addition to better detection technology i.e. Doppler weather radar and satellite imagery. The upswing could also be attributed to other factors, such as improved aerial and ground damage assessment after the fact in sparsely populated areas (particularly the case in remote parts of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Ontario, for example), better trained spotter capabilities and increased use of digital recording devices by citizens. Tornadoes in Canada are enough of a threat for a public warning system to be in place, overseen by the national weather agency, Environment Canada (EC).

For a variety of reasons, such as Canada's lower population density and generally stronger housing construction due to the colder climate, Canadian tornadoes have historically caused fewer fatalities than tornadoes in the United States. The deadliest tornado in Canadian history, the Regina Cyclone of June 30, 1912, killed 28 and injured 300. Urban centres are not immune from the threat of severe tornadoes. Twelve medium to large size Canadian cities have been hit by significant strength tornadoes (F3 or higher), which caused large-scale damage and fatalities: Toronto (1868); Regina (1912); Windsor (1946 and 1974); Sarnia (1953); LaSalle (1956); Sudbury (1970); Woodstock (1979); Lloydminster (1983); Barrie (1985); Edmonton (1987); Aylmer (1994); and Ottawa-Gatineau (1888 and 2018).

All figures for damages are in Canadian dollars.

Before 1850

1792

1795 or 1798

1823

1826

1828

1829

1831

1844

1847

1848

1850s

1850

1851

1854

1855

1856

1857

1859

1860s

1860

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870s

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880s

1880

1881

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890s

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900s

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910s

1910

1911

1912

1915

1917

1918

1919

1920s

1920

1921

1922

1923

1926

1927

1928

1930s

1933

1935

1936

1939

1940s

1942

1944

1946

1948

1949

1950s

1950

1953

1954

1955

1956

1958

1959

1960s

1960

1962

1963

1966

1967

1968

1970s

1970

1972

1973

1974

1975

1977

1978

1979

1980s

1980

1980 confirmed tornadoes
ABSKMBONQCNBNSPE
9124242122
1980 tornado strengths
F0F1F2F3F4F5
36164000

1981

1981 confirmed tornadoes
BCABSKMBONQCNB
071341601
1981 tornado strengths
F0F1F2F3F4F5
3182000

1982

1982 confirmed tornadoes
ABSKMBONQCNBPE
3015812111
1982 tornado strengths
F0F1F2F3F4F5
42232100

1983

  • Walpole Island saw an F2 tornado, which injured one person. It lasted 15 km (9.3 mi) on the ground and caused C$1 million in damages. [529] [532]
  • Reece's Corners had the strongest tornado, rated an F4. 13 people were injured and many more left homeless. The F4 tornado was on the ground for 30 km (19 mi), and was up to 400 m (1,300 ft) in width. Damages were C$20.0 million, [529] with 15 to 25 buildings destroyed. Winds topped out near 400 km/h (250 mph). [532]
  • Kettleby was hit with an F2 tornado that lasted 10.5 km (6.5 mi) on the ground; no major damage or injuries were reported. [529] [532]
  • Rexdale, an informally-defined district of Toronto, saw three F0s. They lasted on the ground from 5.87 to 9.93 km (3.65 to 6.17 mi). One caused C$1.2 million in damages. No injuries were reported. [529]

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990s

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

For tornadoes after 2000, see list of 21st-century Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

2000

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2006</span> List of notable worldwide tornadoes that occurred in 2006

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2006. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, Argentina, Brazil and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2005</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2005. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, Argentina, Brazil and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2003</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2003. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2001</span>

This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2001. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe, Asia, and Australia. Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather, including strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail.

The Southern Ontario Tornado Outbreak of 2009 was a series of severe thunderstorms that spawned numerous tornadoes in Southwestern Ontario, Central Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) on August 20, 2009, and was the largest single-day tornado outbreak in Ontario history and the largest in Canadian history. During the afternoon and evening, 19 tornadoes touched down with four of them producing F2 damage. One F2 struck the town of Durham where significant damage occurred and one person was killed; two F2s struck the city of Vaughan, just north of Toronto, damaging hundreds of homes; another F2 devastated apple orchards and resort areas near Thornbury. The number of tornadoes associated with this event surpasses that of August 2, 2006, which saw 18 documented tornadoes. In addition, it was one of the most destructive and costly tornado events ever in the province, and included one fatality, one of only a handful of deadly tornadoes in Ontario's recent memory. At one point, over 10 million people in Southern Ontario, one-third of Canada's population, were placed under tornado watches and/or warnings as the storms rolled through.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1996</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1996, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes, however by the 1990s tornado statistics were coming closer to the numbers we see today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2016</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1970</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1970, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1967</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1962</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1962, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although tornadoes events can take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1958</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1958, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1956</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1956, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1955</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1955, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1954</span>

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1954, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1950, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally.

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1946, primarily in the United States. Most recorded tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

References

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  7. NTP Archive (August 21, 1823). "Cornwall". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  8. NTP Archives (August 1, 1826). "Chatham". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
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  14. NTP Archive (June 12, 1844). "St. Albans-Holland Landing". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  15. NTP Archives (August 7, 1844). "Galt". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  16. NTP Archives (June 12, 1847). "Guelph". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  17. "Kingston British Whig". NewspapersArchive.com. September 8, 1847. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
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  24. NTP Archives (July 5, 1850). "Lake Scugog, Sanford-Manchester-Enniskillen". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  25. NTP Archives (July 18, 1851). "Windfall". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  26. NTP Archives (April 25, 1854). "Toronto". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  27. NTP Archives (August 1, 1854). "Dunnville". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  28. NTP Archives (April 18, 1855). "Meaford to Collingwood, Port Dalhouse, Niagara on the Lake, Whitby to Oshawa". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  29. 1 2 "Barkerville Cariboo Sentinel Archives, Aug 21, 1869, p. 1". NewspaperArchive.com. August 21, 1869. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
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  34. NTP Archives (June 29, 1856). "Golspie to Eastwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  35. NTP Archives (July 21, 1856). "Brighton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  36. "26 Sep 1856, 2 - The Ingersoll Chronicle and General Intelligencer for the County of Oxford at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  37. NTP Archives (September 10, 1856). "West Winchester". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  38. NTP Archives (July 31, 1857). "Toronto". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  39. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Sep 28, 1859, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. September 28, 1859. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  40. NTP Archives (September 11, 1859). "Ross Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  41. NTP Archives (October 24, 1859). "Coldwater". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  42. NTP Archives (May 26, 1860). "Aurora to Gormley". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  43. NTP Archives (August 30, 1860). "Cashmere". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  44. "31 May 1861, 3 - The Brantford Weekly Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  45. "15 Nov 1861, 2 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  46. NTP Archives (May 2, 1862). "Lindsay". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  47. NTP Archives (May 21, 1862). "Port Dover - York". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  48. NTP Archives (July 22, 1862). "Galt". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  49. NTP Archives (July 28, 1862). "Barrie". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  50. NTP Archives (August 18, 1862). "Burlington Bay". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  51. NTP Archive (August 24, 1863). "Brockville". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  52. NTP Archives (October 6, 1864). "Erin". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  53. NTP Archives (October 6, 1864). "Rama". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  54. NTP Archives (May 17, 1865). "Boston". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  55. NTP Archives (September 14, 1865). "Johnstown". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  56. NTP Archive (June 25, 1866). "Oil Springs". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  57. NTP Archives (July 13, 1866). "Hornby". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  58. NTP Archives (September 14, 1866). "Brampton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  59. NTP Archive (June 7, 1867). "Douglas". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  60. NTP Archives (July 28, 1867). "North of Woodstock". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  61. NTP Archives (March 16, 1868). "Toronto". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  62. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Jun 16, 1868, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. June 16, 1868. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  63. NTP Archive (April 29, 1868). "Bayfield". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  64. NTP Archive (August 12, 1868). "Collingwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  65. NTP Archives (June 20, 1869). "Birr". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  66. NTP Archives (July 10, 1869). "Peel & Garafraxa Townships". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  67. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 5, 1869, p. 5". NewspaperArchive.com. August 5, 1869. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  68. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 5, 1869, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. August 5, 1869. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  69. NTP Archives (June 16, 1870). "Township of East Nissouri". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  70. NTP Archives (June 26, 1870). "Huntingdon & Hungerford Townships". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  71. NTP Archives (July 2, 1870). "Bobcaygeon". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  72. NTP Archives (July 14, 1870). "West Dumfries". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
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  74. NTP Archives (July 20, 1870). "Douglas (Belwood)". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  75. NTP Archives (July 21, 1870). "Clear Creek". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  76. NTP Archives (July 24, 1870). "Chatham". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  77. NTP Archives (July 26, 1870). "St. Marys". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  78. NTP Archives (August 15, 1871). "Stratford". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  79. "Bluevale". pubdocs.huroncounty.ca. April 26, 1872. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  80. NTP Archives (May 27, 1872). "Canboro". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  81. NTP Archives (July 1, 1872). "Prescott". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  82. NTP Archives (July 4, 1872). "Minto Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  83. NTP Archives (August 1, 1872). "Blanshard Township to Fullerton Townline". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  84. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Nov 8, 1872, p. 5". NewspaperArchive.com. November 8, 1872. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  85. NTP Archives (May 23, 1873). "Lavant to Middleville-Glouchester". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  86. NTP Archives (May 23, 1873). "Perth to Smith Falls". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  87. NTP Archives (July 10, 1873). "Tuscarora Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  88. "9 Jun 1874, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  89. NTP Archives (August 7, 1874). "Morven to Wilton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  90. "12 May 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  91. NTP Archives (June 24, 1875). "Belmont Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  92. "1 Jul 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  93. NTP Archives (June 24, 1875). "Bradford". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  94. NTP Archives (June 24, 1875). "Moore Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  95. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 21, 1875, p. 4". NewspaperArchive.com. August 21, 1875. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  96. "12 Aug 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  97. "9 Aug 1875, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  98. "15 Apr 1876, 2 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  99. NTP Archives (July 25, 1876). "Seneca Township". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  100. NTP Archives (July 9, 1877). "Galt". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  101. NTP Archives (August 15, 1877). "Gourock". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  102. NTP Archives (August 31, 1877). "Windsor". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  103. "10 May 1878, 1 - Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  104. "16 May 1878, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  105. NTP Archives (August 8, 1878). "Norwood". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  106. NTP Archives (August 9, 1878). "Warminster-Orillia". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  107. "22 Aug 1878, 1 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  108. NTP Archives (July 3, 1879). "Paris-Harrisburg". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  109. "12 Jul 1879, 2 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  110. "17 Jul 1879, 1 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  111. NTP Archives (July 11, 1879). "Sarnia". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  112. "29 Jul 1879, 1 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  113. "8 Aug 1879, 1 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  114. "2 Jun 1880, 4 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  115. "10 Jun 1880, 3 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  116. NTP Archives (May 31, 1880). "Florence". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  117. "3 Jun 1880, Page 4 - Manitoba Free Press at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  118. NTP Archives (June 10, 1880). "Rothsay". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  119. NTP Archives (June 10, 1880). "Lebanon to Salem". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  120. "22 Jun 1880, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  121. NTP Archives (June 28, 1881). "West Erin". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  122. NTP Archives (June 28, 1881). "Muirkirk". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
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  124. "11 Aug 1881, 3 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  125. "25 May 1883, 4 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  126. NTP Archives (June 18, 1882). "Saugeen-Kincardine". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  127. "Fort Macleod Gazette Archives, Jul 14, 1883, p. 3". NewspaperArchive.com. July 14, 1883. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  128. "3 Aug 1883, 8 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  129. NTP Archives (September 9, 1882). "Newburgh". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  130. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, May 27, 1884, p. 4". NewspaperArchive.com. May 27, 1884. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  131. NTP Archives (May 15, 1884). "Elora to Speedside". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  132. NTP Archives (May 15, 1884). "Goldstone to Alma to Orton". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  133. "25 Jun 1884, 4 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  134. NTP Archive (July 16, 1884). "Lobo to Melrose". Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  135. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Sep 6, 1884, p. 4". NewspaperArchive.com. September 6, 1884. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  136. "3 Aug 1883, 8 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  137. "30 May 1885, 1 - Times Colonist at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  138. "Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, May 29, 1885, p. 5". NewspaperArchive.com. May 29, 1885. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  139. "2 Sep 1885, 1 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  140. "12 Aug 1886, 8 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  141. "14 Apr 1887, 2 - Manitoba Weekly Free Press at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
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