Constitution |
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This is a list of heads of state of Portugal from 1139 to the present day.
Monarchs of the Iberian Peninsula |
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The Portuguese House of Burgundy , known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred and Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed. [1] [2]
Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alphonso I
| 1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79) | 25 July 1139 | 6 December 1185 | previously Count of Portugal, founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal | Burgundy | |
Sancho I
| 11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56) | 6 December 1185 | 26 March 1211 | Son of Alphonso I | Burgundy | |
Alphonso II
| 23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37) | 27 March 1211 | 25 March 1223 | Son of Sancho I | Burgundy | |
Sancho II
| 8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38) | 26 March 1223 | 4 December 1247 | Son of Alphonso II | Burgundy | |
Alphonso III
| 5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68) | 4 January 1248 | 16 February 1279 | Son of Alphonso II Brother of Sancho II | Burgundy | |
Denis I
| 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63) | 6 February 1279 | 7 January 1325 | Son of Alphonso III | Burgundy | |
Alphonso IV
| 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66) | 7 January 1325 | 28 May 1357 | Son of Denis I | Burgundy | |
Peter I
| 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46) | 28 May 1357 | 18 January 1367 | Son of Alphonso IV | Burgundy | |
Ferdinand I
| 31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37) | 18 January 1367 | 22 October 1383 | Son of Peter I | Burgundy | |
Beatrice
| 7–13 February 1373 – c. 1420 (aged 46–47) | (Disputed) 1383 | (Disputed) 1385 | Daughter of Ferdinand I | Burgundy |
The House of Aviz , known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.
Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John I
| 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 75) | 6 April 1385 | 14 August 1433 | Illegitimate son of Peter I | Aviz | |
Edward
| 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46) | 14 August 1433 | 9 September 1438 | Son of John I | Aviz | |
Alphonso V
| 15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49) | 13 September 1438 — 15 November 1477 | 11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481 | Son of Edward I | Aviz | |
John II
| 3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40) | 11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481 | 15 November 1477 — 25 October 1495 | Son of Alphonso V | Aviz | |
Emmanuel I
| 31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52) | 25 October 1495 | 13 December 1521 | Cousin of John II Grandson of Edward I | Aviz | |
John III
| 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55) | 13 December 1521 | 11 June 1557 | Son of Emmanuel I | Aviz | |
Sebastian
| 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24) | 11 June 1557 | 4 August 1578 | Grandson of John III | Aviz | |
Henry I
| 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68) | 4 August 1578 | 31 January 1580 | Son of Emmanuel I Great-uncle of Sebastian | Aviz | |
Anthony
| 1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64) | (Disputed) 24 July 1580 | (Disputed) 1583 | Grandson of Emmanuel I | Aviz |
The House of Habsburg , known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.
Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Philip I
| 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71) | 17 April 1581 | 13 September 1598 | Grandson of Emmanuel I | Habsburg | |
Philip II
| 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42) | 13 September 1598 | 31 March 1621 | Son of Philip I | Habsburg | |
Philip III
| 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60) | 31 March 1621 | 1 December 1640 | Son of Philip II | Habsburg |
The House of Braganza , also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.
The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , though this view is not widely held.
Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John IV
| 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 53) | 1 December 1640 | 6 November 1656 | Great-great-grandson of Emmanuel I | Braganza | |
Alphonso VI
| 21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40) | 6 November 1656 | 12 September 1683 | Son of John IV | Braganza | |
Peter II
| 26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58) | 6 November 1683 | 9 December 1706 | Son of John IV Brother of Afonso VI | Braganza | |
John V
| 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60) | 9 December 1706 | 31 July 1750 | Son of Peter II | Braganza | |
Joseph I
| 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62) | 31 July 1750 | 24 February 1777 | Son of John V | Braganza | |
Mary I
| 81) | 17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816 (aged24 February 1777 | 20 March 1816 | Daughter of Joseph I | Braganza | |
Peter III
| 68) | 5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786 (aged24 February 1777 | 25 May 1786 | Husband of Mary I Son of John V jure uxoris king | Braganza | |
John VI
| 13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58) | 20 March 1816 | 10 March 1826 | Son of Mary I and Peter III | Braganza | |
Peter IV
| 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35) | 10 March 1826 | 2 May 1826 | Son of John VI | Braganza | |
Mary II
| 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34) | 2 May 1826 | 23 June 1828 | Daughter of Peter IV | Braganza | |
Michael I
| 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64) | 26 February 1828 | 6 May 1834 | Son of John VI | Braganza | |
Mary II
| 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34) | 26 May 1834 | 15 November 1853 | Daughter of Peter IV | Braganza | |
Ferdinand II
| 29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69) | 16 September 1837 | 15 November 1853 | Husband of Mary II jure uxoris king | Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry | |
Peter V
| 16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24) | 15 November 1853 | 11 November 1861 | Son of Mary II and Ferdinand II | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3] | |
Louis I
| 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50) | 11 November 1861 | 19 October 1889 | Son of Mary II and Ferdinand II | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3] | |
Charles I
| 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44) | 19 October 1889 | 1 February 1908 | Son of Louis I | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3] | |
Emmanuel II
| 15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42) | 1 February 1908 | 5 October 1910 | Son of Charles I Last King of Portugal. | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3] [4] |
The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910.
Republican
Democratic
National Republican/Sidonist
Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
National Union/Popular National Action
Democratic Renewal
Socialist
Social Democratic
No party
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911) | |||||||
- | Teófilo Braga [5] (1843–1924) | – | 5 October 1910 | 24 August 1911 | Republican | [6] | |
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926) | |||||||
1 | Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917) | 1911 | 24 August 1911 | 26 May 1915 [R] | Republican later Democratic Republican [7] | [8] [7] | |
2 | Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) | May 1915 | 29 May 1915 | 5 October 1915 | Democratic Republican [9] | [8] [9] | |
3 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) | August 1915 | 5 October 1915 | 5 December 1917 [C] | Democratic Republican [10] | [8] [10] | |
- | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais | – | 12 December 1917 | 28 April 1918 | – | [8] [11] | |
4 | Sidónio Pais [12] (1872–1918) | April 1918 | 28 April 1918 | 14 December 1918 [A] | National Republican or "Sidonist" [ citation needed ] | [8] [11] | |
- | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro | – | 14 December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | – | [13] | |
5 | João do Canto e Castro [14] (1862–1934) | December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | 5 October 1919 | National Republican or "Sidonist" [ citation needed ] | [8] [15] | |
6 | António José de Almeida (1866–1929) | 1919 | 5 October 1919 | 5 October 1923 | Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal [ citation needed ] | [8] [16] | |
7 | Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941) | 1923 | 5 October 1923 | 11 December 1925 [R] | Democratic Republican [ citation needed ] | [8] [17] | |
8 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time | 1925 | 11 December 1925 | 31 May 1926 [C] | Democratic Republican [ citation needed ] | [8] [10] |
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932) | |||||||
9 | José Mendes Cabeçadas [18] (1883–1965) | – | 31 May 1926 | 17 June 1926 [C] | Military officer [ citation needed ] | [8] [19] | |
- | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa | – | 17 June 1926 | 29 June 1926 | – | [20] | |
10 | Manuel Gomes da Costa [18] (1863–1929) | – | 29 June 1926 | 9 July 1926 [C] | Military officer [ citation needed ] | [8] [21] | |
- | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona | – | 9 July 1926 | 16 November 1926 | – | [8] [22] | |
11 | Óscar Carmona [18] [23] (1869–1951) | – | 16 November 1926 | 25 March 1928 | Military officer | [8] [22] | |
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974) | |||||||
11 | Óscar Carmona (1869–1951) | 1928 | 15 April 1928 | 26 April 1935 | Military officer from 1932 National Union | [8] [22] | |
1935 | 26 April 1935 | 15 April 1942 | |||||
1942 | 15 April 1942 | 20 April 1949 | |||||
1949 | 20 April 1949 | 18 April 1951 [D] | |||||
- | António de Oliveira Salazar [24] (1889–1970) (interim) | – | 18 April 1951 | 21 July 1951 | National Union | [25] | |
12 | Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964) | 1951 | 21 July 1951 | 9 August 1958 | National Union | [8] [26] | |
13 | Américo Tomás (1894–1987) | 1958 | 9 August 1958 | 9 August 1965 | National Union from 1970 People's National Action | [8] [27] | |
1965 | 9 August 1965 | 9 August 1972 | |||||
1972 | 9 August 1972 | 25 April 1974 [C] |
No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976) | |||||||
- | National Salvation Junta [28] President: António de Spínola | – | 25 April 1974 | 15 May 1974 | – | [29] | |
14 | António de Spínola (1910–1996) | – | 15 May 1974 | 30 September 1974 [R] | Military officer | [8] [29] | |
15 | Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001) | – | 30 September 1974 | 13 July 1976 | Military officer | [8] [30] | |
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present) | |||||||
16 | António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935) | 1976 | 14 July 1976 | 14 January 1981 | Military officer from 1985 Democratic Renewal | [8] [31] | |
1980 | 14 January 1981 | 9 March 1986 | |||||
17 | Mário Soares (1924–2017) | 1986 | 9 March 1986 | 9 March 1991 | Socialist | [8] [32] | |
1991 | 9 March 1991 | 9 March 1996 | |||||
18 | Jorge Sampaio (1939–2021) | 1996 | 9 March 1996 | 9 March 2001 | Socialist | [8] [33] | |
2001 | 9 March 2001 | 9 March 2006 | |||||
19 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939) | 2006 | 9 March 2006 | 9 March 2011 | Social Democratic | [8] [34] | |
2011 | 9 March 2011 | 9 March 2016 | |||||
20 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948) | 2016 | 9 March 2016 | 9 March 2021 | Social Democratic | [35] | |
2021 | 9 March 2021 | Incumbent | |||||
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(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)DomCarlos I, known as the Diplomat, the Martyr, and the Oceanographer, among many other names, was King of Portugal from 1889 until his assassination in 1908. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since King Sebastian in 1578.
Maria Pia de Saxe-Coburgo e Bragança, also known by her literary pseudonym Hilda de Toledano, was a Portuguese writer and journalist who claimed to be the illegitimate daughter of King Carlos I of Portugal. From 1932 she also claimed the right to the title of Duchess of Braganza and to be the rightful heiress to the throne of Portugal.
Dom Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal, Duke of Braganza, was the eldest son and heir-apparent of King Carlos I of Portugal. He was born in 1887 when his father was still Prince Royal of Portugal and received the usual style of the heirs to the heir of the Portuguese crown: 4th Prince of Beira at birth, with the subsidiary title 14th Duke of Barcelos. After his grandfather King Luís I of Portugal died, he became Prince Royal of Portugal with the subsidiary titles 21st Duke of Braganza, 20th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 28th count of Barcelos, 25th count of Ourém, 23rd count of Arraiolos and 22nd count of Neiva.
DomFerdinand II was a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, and King of Portugal jure uxoris as the husband of Queen Maria II, from the birth of their first son in 1837 to her death in 1853.
DomDuarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza was the claimant to the defunct Portuguese throne, as both the Miguelist successor of his father, Miguel Januário, Duke of Braganza, and later as the head of the only Brigantine house, after the death of the last ruling Braganza, King Manuel II of Portugal. In 1952, when the Portuguese Laws of Banishment were repealed, the Duke moved his family to Portugal, thus returning the Miguelist Braganzas to their homeland and becoming the first of the former Portuguese royal dynasty to live in Portugal since the abolition of the monarchy in 1910.
The Imperial House of Brazil is a Brazilian dynasty of Portuguese origin that ruled the Brazilian Empire from 1822 to 1889, from the time when the then Prince Royal Dom Pedro of Braganza declared Brazil's independence, until Dom Pedro II, until he was deposed during the Military Coup of November 15th that led to the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889.
The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a European royal house. It takes its name from its oldest domain, the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and its members later sat on the thrones of Belgium, Bulgaria, Portugal, and the United Kingdom and its dominions.
José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior, OTE, ComA, commonly known as Mendes Cabeçadas, was a Portuguese Navy officer, Freemason and republican, having a major role in the preparation of the revolutionary movements that created and ended the Portuguese First Republic: the 5 October revolution in 1910 and the 28 May coup d'état of 1926. In the outcome he became the 69th minister of finance for one day only on 30 May 1926, then becoming interim minister for foreign affairs for two days between 30 May and 1 June, after which he again became the 70th minister for finance on the same day. He served as the ninth president of Portugal and prime minister for a brief period of time.
Infante João, Duke of Beja was a Portuguese infante (prince) and member of the House of Braganza.
Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra was a Portuguese infante (prince) of the House of Braganza.
Infante Dom Afonso of Braganza, Duke of Porto was a Portuguese Infante of the House of Braganza, the son of King Luis I of Portugal and his wife, Maria Pia of Savoy. From 1908 to the abolition of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 he was the Prince Royal of Portugal as heir presumptive to his nephew, King Manuel II.
The Ancient and Most Noble Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of the Valour, Loyalty and Merit, before 1910 Royal Military Order of the Tower and Sword, is a Portuguese order of knighthood and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system. It was created by King Afonso V in 1459. The order may be bestowed on people or on Portuguese municipalities.
The Imperial Order of the Rose was a Brazilian order of chivalry, instituted by Emperor Pedro I of Brazil on 17 October 1829 to commemorate his marriage to Amélie of Leuchtenberg.
The House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a term used to categorize the last four rulers of the Kingdom of Portugal, and their families, from 1853 until the declaration of the republic in 1910. Its name derives from the four kings descended in a patrilineal line from King Ferdinand II of Portugal and in a matrilineal line from Queen Maria II of Portugal.
Elise, Countess of Edla was a Swiss-born American soprano, and the morganatic second wife of the former King Ferdinand II of Portugal.
The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry is the Catholic cadet branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, founded after the marriage of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág. Among its descendants were the last four kings of Portugal and the last three Tsars of Bulgaria. After the change of the “House laws” by King Simeon, the present head of the house is his sister Princess Marie Louise of Bulgaria, Princess of Koháry.
The Sash of the Three Orders is a decoration that combines the insignia of the Grand Crosses of the Military Orders of Christ, Aviz and St. James of the Sword. It is the symbol of the Portuguese presidential magistracy, in their capacity as the fount of the Portuguese honours system; therefore, it cannot be conferred on nationals or foreigners, nor can it be used outside the exercise of office of the President.
The Sash of the Two Orders was a Portuguese decoration that combined the Grand Crosses of the Military Orders of Christ and Aviz.
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