List of heads of state of Portugal

This is a list of heads of state of Portugal from 1139 to the present day.

Between 1139 and 1910, Portugal had a Monarchy system, with all monarchs coming from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, although the direct lines were cut during the passing of time due to several events. In the almost 800 years of Monarchy, Portugal had four royal houses ruling the country. These houses were:

• House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
• House of Aviz (1385–1580)
• House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
• House of Braganza (1640–1910)

On 5 October 1910, a revolution overthrew the Monarchy and a Republic was implemented. Since then, the Republic has had four distinct phases:

• First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926)
• National Dictatorship (1926–1933)
• Estado Novo (1933–1974)
• Third Portuguese Republic (1974–present)

Monarchs

Main article: List of Portuguese monarchs

House of Burgundy (1139–1383)

The Portuguese House of Burgundy , known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred and Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed. ^{[1] [2]}

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Alphonso I The Conqueror; The Great; The Founder Afonso I Henriques	1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79)	25 July 1139	6 December 1185	previously Count of Portugal, founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal	Burgundy
Sancho I The Populator Sancho I	11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56)	6 December 1185	26 March 1211	Son of Alphonso I	Burgundy
Alphonso II The Fat Afonso II	23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37)	27 March 1211	25 March 1223	Son of Sancho I	Burgundy
Sancho II The Pious Sancho II	8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38)	26 March 1223	4 December 1247	Son of Alphonso II	Burgundy
Alphonso III The Boulonnais Afonso III	5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68)	4 January 1248	16 February 1279	Son of Alphonso II Brother of Sancho II	Burgundy
Denis I The Farmer; The Poet Portuguese: Dinis I	9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63)	6 February 1279	7 January 1325	Son of Alphonso III	Burgundy
Alphonso IV The Brave Afonso IV	8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66)	7 January 1325	28 May 1357	Son of Denis I	Burgundy
Peter I The Just; The Cruel Portuguese: Pedro I	8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46)	28 May 1357	18 January 1367	Son of Alphonso IV	Burgundy
Ferdinand I The Handsome Portuguese: Fernando I	31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37)	18 January 1367	22 October 1383	Son of Peter I	Burgundy
Beatrice Portuguese: Beatriz	7–13 February 1373 – c. 1420 (aged 46–47)	(Disputed) 1383	(Disputed) 1385	Daughter of Ferdinand I	Burgundy

House of Aviz (1385–1580)

The House of Aviz , known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
John I Of Good Memory; The Good; The Great; The Bastard Portuguese: João I	11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 75)	6 April 1385	14 August 1433	Illegitimate son of Peter I	Aviz
Edward The Philosopher-King; The Eloquent Portuguese: Duarte I	31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46)	14 August 1433	9 September 1438	Son of John I	Aviz
Alphonso V The African Afonso V	15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49)	13 September 1438 — 15 November 1477	11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481	Son of Edward I	Aviz
John II The Perfect Prince Portuguese: João II	3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40)	11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481	15 November 1477 — 25 October 1495	Son of Alphonso V	Aviz
Emmanuel I The Fortunate Manuel I	31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52)	25 October 1495	13 December 1521	Cousin of John II Grandson of Edward I	Aviz
John III The Colonizer; The Pious Portuguese: João III	7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55)	13 December 1521	11 June 1557	Son of Emmanuel I	Aviz
Sebastian The Desired; The Asleep; The Hidden Portuguese: Sebastião	20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24)	11 June 1557	4 August 1578	Grandson of John III	Aviz
Henry I The Cardinal-King; The Chaste Portuguese: Henrique I	31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68)	4 August 1578	31 January 1580	Son of Emmanuel I Great-uncle of Sebastian	Aviz
Anthony The Resistant Portuguese: António	1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64)	(Disputed) 24 July 1580	(Disputed) 1583	Grandson of Emmanuel I	Aviz

House of Habsburg (1581–1640)

The House of Habsburg , known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Philip I The Prudent Portuguese: Filipe I	21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71)	17 April 1581	13 September 1598	Grandson of Emmanuel I	Habsburg
Philip II The Pious Portuguese: Filipe II	14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42)	13 September 1598	31 March 1621	Son of Philip I	Habsburg
Philip III The Great; The Oppressor Portuguese: Filipe III	8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60)	31 March 1621	1 December 1640	Son of Philip II	Habsburg

House of Braganza (1640–1910)

The House of Braganza , also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , though this view is not widely held.

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
John IV The Restorer Portuguese: João IV	19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 53)	1 December 1640	6 November 1656	Great-great-grandson of Emmanuel I	Braganza
Alphonso VI The Victorious Afonso VI	21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40)	6 November 1656	12 September 1683	Son of John IV	Braganza
Peter II The Pacific Portuguese: Pedro II	26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58)	6 November 1683	9 December 1706	Son of John IV Brother of Afonso VI	Braganza
John V The Magnanimous; The Portuguese Sun-King Portuguese: João V	22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60)	9 December 1706	31 July 1750	Son of Peter II	Braganza
Joseph I The Reformer Portuguese: José I	6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62)	31 July 1750	24 February 1777	Son of John V	Braganza
Mary I The Pious; The Mad Portuguese: Maria I	(1734-12-17)17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81)	24 February 1777	20 March 1816	Daughter of Joseph I	Braganza
Peter III The Builder; The Sacristan; The Enabler Portuguese: Pedro III	(1717-07-05)5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786(1786-05-25) (aged 68)	24 February 1777	25 May 1786	Husband of Mary I Son of John V jure uxoris king	Braganza
John VI The Clement Portuguese: João VI	13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58)	20 March 1816	10 March 1826	Son of Mary I and Peter III	Braganza
Peter IV The Soldier King; The Liberator Portuguese: Pedro IV	12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35)	10 March 1826	2 May 1826	Son of John VI	Braganza
Mary II The Educator; The Good Mother Portuguese: Maria II	4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)	2 May 1826	23 June 1828	Daughter of Peter IV	Braganza
Michael I The Absolutist; The Traditionalist; The Usurper Portuguese: Miguel I	26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64)	26 February 1828	6 May 1834	Son of John VI	Braganza
Mary II The Educator; The Good Mother Portuguese: Maria II	4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)	26 May 1834	15 November 1853	Daughter of Peter IV	Braganza
Ferdinand II The Artist King Portuguese: Fernando II	29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69)	16 September 1837	15 November 1853	Husband of Mary II jure uxoris king	Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
Peter V The Hopeful Portuguese: Pedro V	16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24)	15 November 1853	11 November 1861	Son of Mary II and Ferdinand II	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3]
Louis I The Popular Portuguese: Luís I	31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50)	11 November 1861	19 October 1889	Son of Mary II and Ferdinand II	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3]
Charles I The Diplomat; The Martyr Portuguese: Carlos	28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44)	19 October 1889	1 February 1908	Son of Louis I	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3]
Emmanuel II The Sorrowful; The Unfortunate; The Patriot Portuguese: Manuel II	15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42)	1 February 1908	5 October 1910	Son of Charles I Last King of Portugal.	Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [3] [4]

Presidents

Main article: List of presidents of Portugal

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910.

     Republican
     Democratic
     National Republican/Sidonist
     Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
     National Union/Popular National Action
     Democratic Renewal
     Socialist
     Social Democratic
    No party/Independent

First Republic (1910–1926)

No.	Portrait	President (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office		Political party	Ref.
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911)
-		Teófilo Braga [5] (1843–1924)	—	5 October 1910	24 August 1911	Republican	[6]
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
1		Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917)	1911	24 August 1911	26 May 1915 [R]	Republican later Democratic [7]	[8] [7]
2		Teófilo Braga (1843–1924)	May 1915	29 May 1915	5 October 1915	Democratic [9]	[8] [9]
3		Bernardino Machado (1851–1944)	August 1915	5 October 1915	5 December 1917 [C]	Democratic [10]	[8] [10]
-		Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais	—	12 December 1917	28 April 1918	–	[8] [11]
4		Sidónio Pais [12] (1872–1918)	April 1918	28 April 1918	14 December 1918 [A]	National Republican or "Sidonist" [11]	[8] [11]
-		Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro	—	14 December 1918	16 December 1918	–	[13]
5		João do Canto e Castro [14] (1862–1934)	December 1918	16 December 1918	5 October 1919	National Republican or "Sidonist" [15]	[8] [15]
6		António José de Almeida (1866–1929)	1919	5 October 1919	5 October 1923	Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal [16]	[8] [16]
7		Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941)	1923	5 October 1923	11 December 1925 [R]	Democratic [17]	[8] [17]
8		Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time	1925	11 December 1925	31 May 1926 [C]	Democratic [10]	[8] [10]

Second Republic (1926–1974)

No.	Portrait	President (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office		Political party	Ref.
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
9		José Mendes Cabeçadas [18] (1883–1965)	—	31 May 1926	17 June 1926 [C]	Military officer [19]	[8] [19]
-		Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa	—	17 June 1926	29 June 1926	–	[20]
10		Manuel Gomes da Costa [18] (1863–1929)	—	29 June 1926	9 July 1926 [C]	Military officer [21]	[8] [21]
-		Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona	—	9 July 1926	16 November 1926	–	[8] [22]
11		Óscar Carmona [18] [23] (1869–1951)	—	16 November 1926	15 April 1928	Military officer	[8] [22]
	Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
		Óscar Carmona (1869–1951)	1928	15 April 1928	26 April 1935	Military officer from 1932 National Union	[8] [22]
			1935	26 April 1935	15 April 1942
			1942	15 April 1942	20 April 1949
			1949	20 April 1949	18 April 1951 [D]
-		António de Oliveira Salazar [24] (1889–1970) (interim)	—	18 April 1951	21 July 1951	National Union	[25]
12		Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964)	1951	21 July 1951	9 August 1958	National Union	[8] [26]
13		Américo Tomás (1894–1987)	1958	9 August 1958	9 August 1965	National Union from 1970 People's National Action	[8] [27]
			1965	9 August 1965	9 August 1972
			1972	9 August 1972	25 April 1974 [C]

Third Republic (1974–present)

No.	Portrait	President (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office		Political party	Ref.
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
-	National Salvation Junta [28] President: António de Spínola		—	25 April 1974	15 May 1974	–	[29]
14		António de Spínola (1910–1996)	—	15 May 1974	30 September 1974 [R]	Military officer	[8] [29]
15		Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001)	—	30 September 1974	14 July 1976	Military officer	[8] [30]
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
16		António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935)	1976	14 July 1976	14 January 1981	Military officer from 1985 Democratic Renewal	[8] [31]
			1980	14 January 1981	9 March 1986
17		Mário Soares (1924–2017)	1986	9 March 1986	9 March 1991	Socialist	[8] [32]
			1991	9 March 1991	9 March 1996
18		Jorge Sampaio (1939–2021)	1996	9 March 1996	9 March 2001	Socialist	[8] [33]
			2001	9 March 2001	9 March 2006
19		Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939)	2006	9 March 2006	9 March 2011	Social Democratic	[8] [34]
			2011	9 March 2011	9 March 2016
20		Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948)	2016	9 March 2016	9 March 2021	Social Democratic	[35]
			2021	9 March 2021	Incumbent

• Left office early:

^[A] Assassinated.

^[D] Died in office of natural causes.

^[R] Resigned.

^[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

See also

• Portugal portal
• Monarchy portal

• List of Portuguese royal consorts
• List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
• Style of the Portuguese sovereign
• President of Portugal
• First Lady of Portugal
• List of prime ministers of Portugal
• Politics of Portugal
• History of Portugal

Notes

1. David Williamson, «Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe»,1988,Webb & Bower, Exeter, ISBN   0-86350-194-X; César Olivera Serrano, «Beatriz de Portugal»
2. García de Cortázar, Fernando (1999), Breve historia de España, Alianza Editorial, page 712; Armindo de Sousa, in História de Portugal coordinated by José Mattoso, Editorial Estampa, vol. II, ISBN   972-33-0919-X, pages 494/95
3. Also referred as the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha , Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
4. Some historians consider that Manuel II was preceded by his elder brother Luís Filipe, not by his father Carlos. In fact, while king Carlos died instantly under the bullets of the anarchists on 1 February 1908, his son Luís Filipe, the crown prince, survived for at least twenty-five minutes, enough to allow governmental officials to name him king. This act is, however, usually considered as historically irrelevant, given that the crown prince never recovered from his coma. His younger brother Manuel (who was also injured, though not seriously) is therefore considered to have been the direct successor of the murdered king Carlos I.
5. Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
6. "MRP - Teófilo Braga". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
7. "Manuel de Arriaga - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
8. Braga, Paulo Drumond 1965- (2010). "Os Presidentes da República Portuguesa : sociologia de uma função".
9. "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
10. "Bernardino Machado - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
11. "Sidónio Pais - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
12. After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
13. "Lei Nº 833, de 16 de Dezembro de 1918" (PDF). www.parlamento.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
14. Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
15. "Canto e Castro - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
16. "António José de Almeida - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
17. "Teixeira Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
18. Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
19. "Mendes Cabeçadas - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
20. "MRP - Manuel Gomes da Costa". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
21. "Gomes da Costa - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
22. "Óscar Carmona - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
23. Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
24. António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
25. Alves, Maria Teixeira (2016-12-28). "Site da Presidência exclui Salazar da lista de Presidentes da República". www.jornaleconomico.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal Económico. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
26. "Craveiro Lopes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
27. "Américo Tomás - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
28. Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
29. "António de Spínola - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
30. "Costa Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
31. "Ramalho Eanes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
32. "Mário Soares - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
33. "Jorge Sampaio - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
34. "Aníbal Cavaco Silva - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
35. "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.

References

• Jornal de Notícias (January–May 2006). Museu da Presidência da República/Jornal de Notícias (ed.). Presidents de Portugal - Fotobiografias (1st ed.). Porto.
• "Portal da História". Biografias dos Presidentes. Retrieved February 8, 2006.

External links

• History of titles of the kings of Portugal with bibliography