Heads of state and heads of government
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This is a list of heads of state and heads of government outside of Greater China of Chinese origin. Entries are sorted according to dates of assumption of office.
This is a list of former and current politicians outside of the Greater China region who were/are of partial or full Chinese descent. [lower-alpha 1]
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This is a list of heads of state and heads of government outside of Greater China of Chinese origin. Entries are sorted according to dates of assumption of office.
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This is a list of monarchs outside of Greater China who either are of Chinese origin or claim so through mythological roots. Despite the presence of historical records, the alleged Chinese descent of some of the following monarchs are contested by modern scholars. Entries are sorted according to the chronological reign dates of the monarchs.
| Name | Realm | Reign | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinh Dương Vương 祿續 | Vietnam | 2879 BC-? | The founder of the legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty, Lộc Tục, was recorded as a descendant of the mythological Chinese ruler Shennong [93] |
| Jizi 箕子 | Korea | 1120 BC-? | The founder of the legendary Gija Joseon, Jizi was a mythological Chinese sage from the Shang Dynasty who became the ruler of the semi-legendary state of Gojoseon. [94] |
| Thục Phán 蜀泮 | Vietnam | 257-179 BC | According to two historical Vietnamese texts, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục , Thục Phán of the Thục dynasty was from modern-day Sichuan, China, where it was previously ruled by the ancient Chinese State of Shu. [95] [96] [97] [98] |
| Wiman of Gojoseon 衛滿 | Korea | 194 BC-? | The founder of Wiman Joseon, was a Chinese born General from Yan who fled to Gojoseon and later usurped the native ruler of Gojoseon, Jun of Gojoseon. [99] |
| Hyeokgeose of Silla 新羅 | Korea | 57 BC-4 AD | The founder of Silla, Hyeokgeose, was allegedly of partial Chinese descent. His mother, Lady Saso, was supposedly from China and later settled in the Jinhan confederacy. However, Goryeo historian and compiler of the Samguk Sagi, Kim Bu-sik questioned this tale. [100] [101] All Silla monarchs from the Bak clan were paternal descendants of Hyeokgeose, while those from the Seok clan (with the exception of Talhae) traced their lineage to Hyeokgeose via his granddaughter, Lady Ahyo ( 阿孝夫人 ; 아효부인). |
| Chumo the Holy | Korea | 37-19 BC | The founder of Goguryeo, who according to Samguk sagi , claimed descent from the mythological Chinese ruler Zhuanxu. [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] However, this myth was dismissed in the Samguk Sagi itself. [107] |
| Onjo 扶餘溫祚 | Korea | 18 BC-28 AD | The founder of Baekje, Buyeo Onjo, was descended from the ruling family of Goguryeo. [108] However, the myth that the royal Ko family of Koguryo was descended from a mythical Chinese emperor was dismissed in the Samguk Sagi. [109] |
| Kujula Kadphises 丘就卻 | Bactria | 30-80 AD | The founder of the Kushan dynasty, Kujula Kadphises, was descended from a lineage of Yuezhi tribe hailing from modern-day Gansu, China. [110] [ citation needed ][ dubious ] |
| Phạm Văn 范文 | Lâm Ấp | 336-349 AD | The founder of Dynasty II of Champa, Phạm Văn, was of Chinese origin. [111] |
| Lý Bôn 李賁 | Vietnam | 544-548 AD | The founder of the Early Lý dynasty, Lý Bôn, was descended from Chinese refugees who fled Wang Mang's seizure of power in the final years of the Western Han. [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] |
| Wang Geon 王建 | Korea | 918-943 AD | According to Pyeonnyeon-Tong-Long (編年通錄; 편년통록 ), Wang Geon might have been a great-grandson of the Emperor Suzong of Tang; in Pyeonnyeongangmog (編年綱目; 변년강목), however, his great-grandfather was recorded as the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. [119] [120] |
| Lý Công Uẩn 李公蘊 | Vietnam | 1009-1028 AD | The first emperor of the Lý dynasty, Lý Công Uẩn, could have his paternal bloodline traced to modern-day Fujian, China. [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] Lý Công Uẩn's father, Lý Thuần An, escaped to Quanzhou from Hebei after Lý Công Uẩn's grandfather, Li Song, was wrongly accused of treason and executed by the Emperor Yin of Later Han. [126] [127] |
| Trần Cảnh 陳煚 | Vietnam | 1226-1258 AD | The origin of the Trần dynasty was traced to modern Fujian, where the ancestor of the Trần imperial clan, Trần Kính, migrated from in the 11th century. [128] [129] |
| Sukaphaa 蘇卡法 | Assam | 1228-1268 AD | The founder of the Ahom dynasty, Sukaphaa, was originally from modern-day Yunnan, China. [130] |
| Uthong 烏通 | Siam | 1350-1370 AD | Uthong, the first king of Ayutthaya Kingdom, was an ethnic Chinese. [131] [ dubious ] This was also mentioned in a 17th-century account by Jeremias van Vliet. |
| Hồ Quý Ly 胡季犛 | Vietnam | 1400-1407 AD | The founders of the Hồ dynasty claimed descent from the Duke Hu of Chen, the founder of the ancient Chinese State of Chen. [132] [133] The Duke Hu of Chen was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun, who was recognized by Hồ Quý Ly as the progenitor of the Hồ imperial family. [134] [135] The Hồ family migrated from present-day Zhejiang, China to Vietnam under Hồ Hưng Dật during the 10th century. [127] |
| Trần Ngỗi 陳頠 | Vietnam | 1407-1413 AD | The Later Trần dynasty was ruled by the same imperial clan as the earlier Trần dynasty. Trần Ngỗi, the founder of the Later Trần dynasty, was a son of the ninth Trần monarch, Trần Phủ.[ citation needed ] |
| Liang Daoming 梁道明 | Palembang | 14th century–15th century AD | [136] [137] |
| Mạc Cửu 鄚玖 | Principality of Hà Tiên | 1707-1736 AD | The founder of the Principality of Hà Tiên, Mạc Cửu, was a Chinese from Leizhou, China. [138] [139] |
| Taksin 達信 | Siam | 1767-1782 AD | The founder and only king of the Thonburi dynasty, Taksin, had Chinese, Thai, and Mon ancestry. His father, Zheng Yong, was a Teochew Chinese from Chenghai, China. [140] |
| Nguyễn Nhạc 阮岳 | Vietnam | 1778-1788 AD | Rulers of the Tây Sơn dynasty, initially surnamed Hồ, were descended from the same line as the Hồ dynasty. [141] |
| Piang Tan 陳皮昂 | Maguindanao people | 19th to 20th Century AD | The founder of the House of Piang, Piang Tan, was of mixed Chinese and Maguindanaon heritage. [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] [147] [148] His father, Tuya Tan, was from Amoy, China. |
| Ang Sar 安紹 | Cambodia | 1927-1941 AD | Sisowath Monivong (r. 1927–1941), the second and final Cambodian monarch from the House of Sisowath, was of partial Chinese descent. His mother, Varni Van ( 萬妃 ; សម្តេចព្រះវររាជនីវ៉ាន់), was a Chinese Cambodian.[ citation needed ] |
This is a list current monarchs outside of Greater China of partial or full Chinese heritage in the modern era. Entries are sorted according to reign dates.
| Chakri dynasty 扎克里王朝 | Siam / Thailand | AD 1782–present | Thongduang 通鑾 | The founder of the Chakri dynasty, Thongduang, was of mixed Chinese and Mon descent. [26] [149] His mother, Daoreung, was partially Chinese. [150] [151] | (list) (tree) |
| House of Norodom 諾羅敦王朝 | Cambodia | AD 1860–1904, AD 1941–1970, AD 1993–present | Ang Voddey 安瓦戴 | Cambodian monarchs of the House of Norodom acquired Chinese heritage from Varni Van ( 萬妃 ; សម្តេចព្រះវររាជនីវ៉ាន់), a Chinese Cambodian consort of Sisowath. She was the maternal great-grandmother of Norodom Sihanouk (r. 1941–1955, 1993–2004) and the paternal great-great-grandmother of Norodom Sihamoni (r. 2004–present), the reigning Cambodian king. | (list) (tree) |
| House of Temenggong 天猛公王朝 | Johor | AD 1886–present | Abu Bakar 阿布·峇卡 | Johor monarchs of the House of Temenggong acquired Chinese heritage from Cecilia Catherina Lange, [152] the second wife of Abu Bakar with Chinese and Danish ancestry. Ibrahim (r. 1895–1959) and all subsequent Johor sultans, including the reigning Ibrahim Ismail (r. 2010–present), are descended from Lange. | (list) (tree) |
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This is a list of politicians who were/are not heads of state and heads of government outside of Greater China of partial or full Chinese heritage. Entries are sorted according to alphabetical order.
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The Malaysian Chinese Association is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that seeks to represent the Malaysian Chinese ethnicity; it was one of the three original major component parties of the coalition party in Malaysia called the Alliance Party, which later became a broader coalition called Barisan Nasional in Malay, or National Front in English.
The Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia is a liberal political party in Malaysia. Formed in 1968, Gerakan gained prominence in the 1969 general election when it defeated the ruling Alliance Party in Penang and won the majority of seats in Penang's state legislature. In 1972, Gerakan joined the Alliance Party, which later became Barisan Nasional coalition Party (BN), the ruling coalition of Malaysia until 2018. The party left the BN in 2018 and is currently part of the Perikatan Nasional coalition Party (PN).
Singapore participated at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games in the Philippines under the IOC country code SIN. Sending a delegation of 658 athletes and 291 officials, the third largest it had ever sent to the games, the Singapore team set its target at 35 gold medals, five more than the haul won at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games held in Vietnam.
Chung Ling High School is a secondary school in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. It was initially established in 1917 as a primary school, and later became a junior high school in 1923, becoming the oldest extant Chinese high school in Malaysia. Following the merger of The Chinese High School in Singapore in 2005, Chung Ling High School became the oldest surviving Chinese high school in Southeast Asia.
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The Most Esteemed Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia is a Malaysian federal award presented for meritorious service to the country and awarded by the sovereign.
The Penang Chinese Town Hall was established in 1881. Chung Keng Quee was the single largest individual donor towards the founding of the town hall and was a prominent president serving from 1881 to 1883.
In British Malaya, a Queen's Scholar was a holder of one of various scholarships awarded by the Government of the Straits Settlements to further their studies in the United Kingdom.
Tan Sri Lim Ah Lek is Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) politician in Malaysia and was the Member of Parliament for Bentong constituency in Pahang and MCA deputy president. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad appointed him as the Minister of Human Resources Malaysia.
Pridi was included in UNESCO's list of Great Personalities and Historic Events for the year 2000, and this year was declared by UNESCO as the centennial of Pridi. Also, the Université Paris (1 PanthéonSorbonne) in 2000 celebrated the centenary of Pridi and honored him as "one of the great constitutionalists of the twentieth century," comparing him to such figures as Rousseau, Montesquieu, and de Tocqueville.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)姓蜀，諱泮。巴蜀人也。
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 钦定越史通鉴纲目/前编/卷之一 舊史：王姓蜀諱泮，巴蜀人也。
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 夢溪筆談/卷25 Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 三國遺事/卷第五#仙桃聖母隨喜佛事 Samguk Yusa (Memorabilia of the three Kingdoms), volume 5, clause 7. 神母本中國帝室之女。名娑蘇。早得神仙之術。歸止海東。久而不還。父皇寄書繫足云。隨鳶所止為家。蘇得書放鳶。飛到此山而止。遂來宅為地仙。故名西鳶山。神母久據茲山。鎮祐邦國。靈異甚多。 〈Sacred mother was called SaSo and she was born in Chinese royal family. She got sacred power and came to Hae Dong (해동), lived there and stayed there for long time. Her tied a letter to the feet of kite and told her "Let's make a house where the kite stops". Once she read letter and release a kite, a kite flew to Mt. Seondo (West mountain of Gyeongju/慶州) and stopped there. She decided to live there and became Xian (仙) of the land. That mountain was named as West Kite mountain and Sacred mother of SaSo stayed there as her base for quite long time and rule the country. There are a lot of miracles around that mountain as well.〉
其始到辰韓也。生聖子為東國始君。蓋赫居閼英二聖之所自也。故稱雞龍雞林白馬等。雞屬西故也。嘗使諸天仙織羅。緋染作朝衣。贈其夫。國人因此始知神驗。 〈She came to Jinhan confederacy at beginning, gave birth for sacred children and became first king of East country. Probably those children were Aryeong and Hyeokgeose of Silla. That's why they are called as Gye-Nong (계농), Gye-Rim (계림), Baek-Ma (백마) and so on. This is because Gye (계) belongs to west side. One day, SaSo make fairy of heavens to weave silk cloth, dyed in scarlet and made Korean garment. She sent this garment to her husband. This was the first time for people in the country to know her miracle.〉
Dream Pool Essays volume 25 Classical Chinese :桓死、安南大亂、久無酋長。其後國人共立閩人李公蘊為主。 — 夢溪筆談 卷25Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 夢溪筆談/卷25
...Quý Ly claims Hồ's ancestor to be Mãn the Duke Hồ [Man, Duke Hu], founding meritorious general of the Chu dynasty, king Ngu Thuấn's [king Shun of Yu] descendant, created his country's name Đại Ngu...
Quí Ly deposed Thiếu-đế, but respected [the relationship] that he [Thiếu Đế] was his [Quí Ly's] grandson, only demoted him to prince Bảo-ninh 保寧大王, and claimed himself [Quí Ly] the Emperor, changing his surname to Hồ 胡. Originally the surname Hồ [胡 Hu] were descendants of the surname Ngu [虞 Yu] in China, so Quí Ly created a new name for his country Đại-ngu 大虞.