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Riḥla refers to both a journey and the written account of that journey, or travelogue. It constitutes a genre of Arabic literature. Associated with the medieval Islamic notion of "travel in search of knowledge", the riḥla as a genre of medieval and early-modern Arabic literature usually describes a journey taken with the intent of performing the Hajj, but can include an itinerary that vastly exceeds that original route. The classical riḥla in medieval Arabic travel literature, like those written by Ibn Battuta and Ibn Jubayr, includes a description of the "personalities, places, governments, customs, and curiosities" experienced by the traveler, and usually within the boundaries of the Muslim world. However, the term rihla can be applied to other Arabic travel narratives describing journeys taken for reasons other than pilgrimage; for instance, the 19th–century riḥlas of Muhammad as-Saffar and Rifa'a al-Tahtawi both follow conventions of the riḥla genre by recording not only the journey to France from Morocco and Egypt, respectively, but also their experiences and observations.
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689) was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler. Tavernier, a private individual and merchant traveling at his own expense, covered, by his own account, 60,000 leagues in making six voyages to Persia and India between the years 1630 and 1668. In 1675, Tavernier, at the behest of his patron Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, published Les Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier.
The genre of travel literature or travelogue encompasses outdoor literature, guide books, nature writing, and travel memoirs.
Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri (1651–1725) was an Italian adventurer and traveler. He was among the first Europeans to tour the world by securing passage on ships involved in the carrying trade; his travels, undertaken for pleasure rather than profit saw him travel through the Middle East, India, China and the New World within a span of five years. Some suspected him of spying for the Vatican on his journey. The reliability of his travels were once doubted, but is now considered to be authentic due to the details observed in his writings.
Niccolò de' Conti was a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer. Born in Chioggia, he traveled to India and Southeast Asia, and possibly to Southern China, during the early 15th century. He was one of the sources used to create the 1450 Fra Mauro map, which indicated that there was a sea route from Europe around Africa to India.
Jan Huygen van Linschoten was a Dutch spy, merchant, traveller and writer.
This is a chronology of the early European exploration of Asia.
Hugues Krafft was a photographer born in Paris. He travelled around the world, and visited Japan in 1882–1883. He left numerous quality photographs of the period.
Johann Grueber or GrüberSJ was an Austrian Jesuit missionary who served as an explorer of China and Tibet. He worked as an imperial astronomer in China.
A travel documentary is a documentary film, television program, or online series that describes travel in general or tourist attractions without recommending particular package deals or tour operators. A travelogue film is an early type of travel documentary, serving as an exploratory ethnographic film. Ethnographic films have been made for the spectators to see the other half to relate with the world in relative relations. These films are a spectacle to see beyond the cultural differences as explained by the Allison Griffith in her journal. Before the 1930s, it was difficult to see the importance of documentary films in Hollywood cinema but the 1930s brought about a change in the history of these films with the popularity of independent filmmakers.
Anthony Jenkinson was born at Market Harborough, Leicestershire. He was one of the first Englishmen to explore Muscovy and present-day Russia. Jenkinson was a traveller and explorer on behalf of the Muscovy Company and the English crown. He also met Ivan the Terrible several times during his trips to Moscow and Russia. He detailed the accounts of his travel through several written works over his life.
Eliza Fay was an English letter writer. She left graphic accounts of her travels and experiences in Europe and the Middle East.
Travelogues of Palestine are the written descriptions of the region of Palestine by travellers, particularly prior to the 20th century. The works are important sources in the study of the history of Palestine and of Israel. Surveys of the geographical literature on Palestine were published by Edward Robinson in 1841, Titus Tobler in 1867 and subsequently by Reinhold Röhricht in 1890. Röhricht catalogued 177 works between 333 – 1300 CE, 19 works in the 14th century, 279 works in the 15th century, 333 works in the 16th century, 390 works in the 17th century, 318 works in the 18th century and 1,915 works in the 19th century.
Le Tour du monde, nouveau journal des voyages was a French weekly travel journal first published in January 1860. It also bore the name of Le Tour du monde, journal des voyages et des voyageurs (1895–1914).
Jacob Gotfried Haafner was a German-Dutch travel writer who lived in and wrote extensively on India and Ceylon. His travelogues were noted for their Romantic undertones, lively descriptions of Indian cultures and peoples, as well as criticisms of European colonialism, slavery, and cultural domination.
Béláné Mocsáry (1845–1917) was a Hungarian geographer and one of the first people from her country to write extensively about her journeys to Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. Sometimes she called herself Mrs. Bélán Mocsáry, Mária Fáy.
Historical sources of the Crusades: pilgrimages and exploration include those authors whose work describes pilgrimages to the Holy Land and other explorations to the Middle East and Asia that are relevant to Crusader history. In his seminal article in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Dominican friar and historian Bede Jarrett (1881–1934) wrote on the subject of Pilgrimage and identified that the "Crusades also naturally arose out of the idea of pilgrimages." This was reinforced by the Reverend Florentine Stanislaus Bechtel in his article Itineraria in the same encyclopedia. Pilgrims, missionaries, and other travelers to the Holy Land have documented their experiences through accounts of travel and even guides of sites to visit. Many of these have been recognized by historians, for example, the travels of ibn Jubayr and Marco Polo. Some of the more important travel accounts are listed here. Many of these are also of relevance to the study of historical geography and some can be found in the publications of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) and Corpus Scriptorum Eccesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL), particularly CSEL 39, Itinerarium Hierosolymitana. Much of this information is from the seminal work of 19th-century scholars including Edward Robinson, Titus Tobler and Reinhold Röhricht. Recently, the Independent Crusaders Project has been initiated by the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies providing a database of Crusaders who traveled to the Holy Land independent of military expeditions.
Travelogues of Latin America are published accounts describing Latin America and the Caribbean by foreign travelers from early Iberian conquest to the early 20th century. The Spanish and Portuguese monarchs' efforts to restrict non-Iberian's access to Latin America during the colonial era mean that most of the works published before 1800 were by authorized Spanish or Portuguese chroniclers, or European Catholic missionaries. However, the popularity of Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt's twenty-one volume account of his travels in Latin America marked a turning point. Starting in the 1820s, most independent Latin American governments welcomed increased exchanges with European visitors, increasing the number of German, British, French, and U.S. travelogues published. Many foreigners were interested in economic opportunities available in Latin America. At least 394 travelogues describing Mexico were published between 1810 and 1910. For Brazil, European and U.S. visitors published at least 158 travelogues between 1800 and 1899.
Jean Mocquet was a French traveller and royal apothecary. He made six long sea voyages, and attempted a circumnavigation of Earth, apparently in order mainly to collect plants and animal specimen for King Henry IV of France. He published an account of his travels in 1617, Voyages en Afrique, Asie, Indes orientales et occidentales.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Godfrey Cox, Edward (7 February 2018). "A Reference Guide To The Literature Of Travel Vol I". By The University Of Washington. – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Mozer, Isolde, ed. (2010-11-16). Bernhard von Breydenbach: Peregrinatio in terram sanctam. doi:10.1515/9783110215816. ISBN 978-3-11-020951-8.
- ↑ Cox (1935), p. 28.
- ↑ Head, Dominic, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1124.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ↑
- ↑ Youngs, Tim (2015). "'Take out your machine': Narratives of Early Motorcycle Travel". New Directions in Travel Writing Studies. Palgrave Macmillan UK: 145–160. doi:10.1057/9781137457257_10. ISBN 978-1-349-56767-6.
- ↑ "LOWELL THOMAS TRAVEL JOURNALISM COMPETITION" . Retrieved 2018-02-13.
- ↑ "awards - Christopher P Baker - Travel Writer Photographer - travel writer, photographer, tour leader, lecturer, adventure motorcyclist". Christopher P Baker - Travel Writer & Photographer.
- ↑ "The Richness of Literary Deserts – Greenlitfest" . Retrieved 2024-10-10.