MasterChef is a competitive cooking showtelevision format created by Franc Roddam, which originated with the UK version in July 1990. The show aims to discover the culinary talent of chefs of varying skill levels, through a series of cooking challenges, watched over by various acclaimed food critics and chefs. Dave Ross commissioned the show for the BBC and gave it the name; he had already produced Masterteam, a quiz with Angela Rippon, and worked on Mastermind, and so the name was a continuation of that. The format was revived and updated for the BBC in February 2005 by executive producers Roddam and John Silver with series producer Karen Ross.
The revived format is sold internationally by Banijay. Its first international adaptation was MasterChef Australia, which began in 2009. The show has since been adapted in several other countries.
Format
The show's format has been exported around the world under the same MasterChef logo, and is now produced in more than 50 countries and airs in over 200 territories.[1][2]
The format has appeared most often in four major versions: the main MasterChef series, MasterChef: The Professionals for professional working chefs, Celebrity MasterChef featuring celebrities as the contestants, and Junior MasterChef, a version created and adapted for children, which was first developed in 1994 and has also expanded to other countries in recent years.[3]
Despite the four major versions, in 2012, Australia created the fifth version called MasterChef All-Stars, for former contestants to raise money for charity.[4] In 2018, Ukraine created MasterChef Teens, for teenage contestants. In 2019, Brazil created MasterChef: Para Tudo (MasterChef: Stop Everything), a TV show featuring interviews with judges and former contestants, plus recipes and memes, presented by Ana Paula Padrão.[5] In Brazil, MasterChef All-Stars was titled MasterChef: A Revanche (MasterChef: The Rematch), being released in 2019 and featuring former contestants who did not win the competition before.[6] In 2022, Brazil created MasterChef +, for seniors over 60 years old contestants.
As of 2010[update], MasterChef Australia was the most watched television series in Australia,[7][8] with the season 2 finale being the third most watched show in Australian television history.[9][10]MasterChef Australia also won the award for 'Most Popular Reality Program' at the 2010 Logie Awards. Many other countries also broadcast the Australian version, either dubbed or with subtitles in the local language.
In 2018, the mobile game developer Animoca secured the licence to make MasterChef games.[11]
Gary Mehigan (Season 1–11) George Calombaris (Season 1–11) Matt Preston (Season 1–11) Donna Hay(Guest Judge, Season 2) Matt Moran(Guest Judge, Season 3) Andy Allen (Season 12–) Melissa Leong (Season 12–15) Jock Zonfrillo (Season 12–15) Poh Ling Yeow (Season 16–) Jean-Christophe Novelli (Season 16–) Sofia Levin (Season 16–)
27 April – 19 July 2009 (Season 1) 19 April – 25 July 2010 (Season 2) 1 May – 7 August 2011 (Season 3) 6 May – 25 July 2012 (Season 4) 2 June – 1 September 2013 (Season 5) 5 May – 28 July 2014 (Season 6) 5 May – 27 July 2015 (Season 7) 1 May – 26 July 2016 (Season 8) 1 May – 24 July 2017 (Season 9) 7 May – 31 July 2018 (Season 10) 29 April – 23 July 2019 (Season 11) 13 April – 20 July 2020 (Season 12) 19 April – 13 July 2021 (Season 13) 18 April – 12 July 2022 (Season 14) 7 May – 16 July 2023 (Season 15)
Gary Mehigan (Season 1–2) George Calombaris (Season 1–2) Matt Preston (Season 1) Andy Allen (Season 3) Melissa Leong (Season 3) Jock Zonfrillo (Season 3)
Anna Gare(Season 1–2) Gary Mehigan (Season 1–2) George Calombaris (Season 1–2) Matt Preston (Season 1) Matt Moran (Season 2) Andy Allen (Season 3) Melissa Leong (Season 3) Jock Zonfrillo (Season 3)
12 September – 15 November 2010 (Season 1) 25 September – 23 November 2011 (Season 2) 11 October – 9 November 2020 (Season 3)
2 September – 16 December 2014 (Season 1) 19 May – 15 September 2015 (Season 2) 15 March – 23 August 2016 (Season 3) 7 March – 22 August 2017 (Season 4) 6 March – 31 July 2018 (Season 5) 24 March – 25 August 2019 (Season 6) 14 July – 29 December 2020 (Season 7) 6 July – 14 December 2021 (Season 8) 17 May – 6 September 2022 (Season 9) 2 May – 12 September 2023 (Season 10) 28 May – 2024 (Season 11)
4 October – 13 December 2016 (Season 1) 5 September – 5 December 2017 (Season 2) 21 August – 11 December 2018 (Season 3) 13 September – 8 November 2022 (Season 4) 19 September – 14 November 2023 (Season 5)
3 March – 2 June 2015 (Season 1) 1 March – 1 June 2016 (Season 2) 27 February – 30 May 2017 (Season 3) 26 February – 29 May 2018 (Season 4) 25 February – 28 May 2019 (Season 5) 24 February – 12 May 2020 13 September – 6 December 2020 (Season 6) 23 February – 26 May 2021 (Season 7) 8 September – 2 December 2023 (Season 8)
27 October 2014 – 1 February 2015 (Season 1) 18 October 2015 – 28 January 2016 (Season 2) 5 March – 11 June 2017 (Season 3) 3 March – 23 June 2019 (Season 4)
21 March – 17 June 2011 (Season 1) 24 September – 24 December 2012 (Season 2) 22 March – 5 June 2015 (Season 3) 19 September – 30 December 2021 (Season 4) 18 September – 30 December 2022 (Season 5) 4 September 2023 – 29 December 2023 (Season 6)
7 October – 16 December 2015 (Season 1) 21 August – 23 November 2016 (Season 2) 9 January – 12 June 2019 (Season 3) 5 February – 3 November 2020 (Season 4) 31 August – 24 November 2021 (Season 5) 30 August – 14 December 2022 (Season 6) 30 August 2023 – present (Season 7)
Thomas Herman (Season 1–4) Henrik-Yde-Andersen (Season 1) Anders Aagaard (Season 1–2) Henrik Boserup (Season 3–4) David Johansen (Season 4) Thomas Castberg (Season 2-present) Jakob Mielcke (Season 4-present) Jesper Koch (Season 5-present)
5 September – December 2011 (Season 1) September – December 2012 (Season 2) January – May 2013 (Season 3) January – May 2014 (Season 4) January – May 2015 (Season 5) January – May 2016 (Season 6) January – May 2017 (Season 7) February – June 2018 (Season 8)
16 September – 16 December 2019 (Season 1) 16 November 2020 – 22 February 2021 (Season 2) 15 November 2021 – 21 February 2022 (Season 3) 28 November 2022 – 21 March 2023 (Season 4)
Estonia
MasterChef Eesti
Orm Oja (Also a judge)
Orm Oja Õie Pritson Mihkel Heinmets (Season 1-Season 2) Imre Kose (Season 3-)
19 August – 4 November 2010 (Season 1) 18 August – 3 November 2011 (Season 2) 23 August – 8 November 2012 (Season 3) 20 September – 20 December 2013 (Season 4) 25 June – 3 September 2015 (Season 5) 26 August – 27 September 2022 (Season 6)
18 May – 20 July 2019 (Season 1) 27 October 2019 – 1 January 2020 (Season 2) 24 May – 26 July 2020 (Season 3) 20 September – 29 November 2020 (Season 4) 4 April – 20 June 2021 (Season 5) 19 September – 28 November 2021 (Season 6) 1 January – 19 June 2022 (Season 7) 25 September 2023 – present (Season 8)
3 October – 28 December 2010 (Season 1) 24 December 2012 – 17 March 2013 (Season 2) 4 May – 30 July 2017 (Season 3) 10 January – 7 May 2018 (Season 4) 21 January – 22 May 2019 (Season 5) 27 January – 17 June 2020 (Season 6) 23 January – 9 June 2021 (Season 7) 10 January – 15 June 2022 (Season 8) 16 January – 14 June 2023 (Season 9) 15 January – 13 June 2024 (Season 10) January 2025 (Season 11)
16 October – 25 December 2010 (Season 1) 22 October 2011 – 1 January 2012 (Season 2) 11 March – 9 June 2013 (Season 3) 26 January 2015 – 12 April 2015 (Season 4) 1 October 2016 – 25 December 2016 (Season 5) 7 December 2019 – 1 March 2020 (Season 6) 2 January 2023 – 31 March 2023 (Season 7) 16 October 2023 – present (Season 8)
1 May – 21 August 2011 (Season 1) 8 July – 28 October 2012 (Season 2) 5 May – 17 August 2013 (Season 3) 31 May – 12 September 2015 (Season 4) 3 March – 16 June 2019 (Season 5) 21 December 2019 – 8 March 2020 (Season 6) 29 September – 27 December 2020 (Season 7) 29 May – 29 August 2021 (Season 8) 22 January – 24 April 2022 (Season 9) 24 December 2022 – 26 March 2023 (Season 10) 26 August – 26 November 2023 (Season 11)
Degan Septoadji (Season 1) Rinrin Marinka (Season 1-present) Arnold Poernomo (Season 1-present) Bara Pattiradjawane(Season 2) Juna Rorimpandey (Season 3-present)
6 April – 29 June 2014 (Season 1) 7 December 2014 – 15 May 2015 (Season 2) 2 July – 20 August 2022 (Season 3)
Rerun Sky Uno (Season 1) Cielo (Season 2–4) TV8(Season 5-present)
21 September – 7 December 2011 (Season 1) 13 December 2012 – 21 February 2013 (Season 2) 19 December 2013 – 6 March 2014 (Season 3) 18 December 2014 – 5 March 2015 (Season 4) 17 December 2015 – 3 March 2016 (Season 5) 22 December 2016 – 9 March 2017 (Season 6) 21 December 2017 – 8 March 2018 (Season 7) 17 January – 4 April 2019 (Season 8) 19 December 2019 – 5 March 2020 (Season 9) 17 December 2020 – 4 March 2021 (Season 10) 16 December 2021 – 3 March 2022 (Season 11) 15 December 2022 – 2 March 2023 (Season 12)
Celebrity MasterChef Italia
Bruno Barbieri Joe Bastianich Antonino Cannavacciuolo
16 March – 6 April 2017 (Season 1) 15 March – 5 April 2018 (Season 2)
28 June – 18 October 2015 (Season 1) 4 September – 18 December 2016 (Season 2) 27 August – 16 December 2017 (Season 3) 14 October 2018 – 10 February 2019 (Season 4) 30 October 2020 – 5 March 2021 (Season 5)
Hans van Wolde (2010) Alain Caron (2010–2014) Peter Lute (2010–2014) Julius Jaspers (2014) Michiel van der Eerde (2015–2016) Marcus Polman (2015–2016) Robert Kranenborg (2015–2016)
Ray McVinnie (Season 1–5) Josh Emett(Season 2–6) Simon Gault(Season 1–5) Ross Burden(Season 1) Al Brown (Season 6) Mark Wallbank (Season 6) Michael P Dearth (Season 7) Nadia Lim (Season 7) Vaughan Mabee (Season 7)
3 February – 28 April 2010 (Season 1) 20 February – 15 May 2011 (Season 2) 21 February – 12 June 2012 (Season 3) 21 February – 2 June 2013 (Season 4) 2 February – 4 May 2014 (Season 5) 26 July – 28 September 2015 (Season 6) 29 May – 17 July 2022 (Season 7)
2 September – 25 November 2012 (Season 1) 1 September – 1 December 2013 (Season 2) 7 September – 7 December 2014 (Season 3) 6 September – 13 December 2015 (Season 4) 4 September – 4 December 2016 (Season 5) 10 September – 10 December 2017 (Season 6 9 September – 9 December 2018 (Season 7) 8 September – 8 December 2019 (Season 8) 6 September – 6 December 2020 (Season 9) 12 September – 5 December 2021 (Season 10) 4 September – 4 December 2022 (Season 11) September 2023 – December 2023 (Season 12) Upcoming season(Season 13)
Michel Moran (Season 1–8) Anna Starmach (Season 1–8) Tomasz Jakubiak (Season 7–8) Mateusz Gessler(Season 1–6)
21 February – 24 April 2016 (Season 1) 19 February – 7 May 2017 (Season 2) 4 March – 13 May 2018 (Season 3) 3 March – 5 May 2019 (Season 4) 8 March – 10 May 2020 (Season 5) 7 March – 9 May 2021 (Season 6) 6 March – 15 May 2022 (Season 7) 5 March – 7 May 2023 (Season 8)
MasterChef Teen
Michał Korkosz
Michel Moran (Season 1-) Dorota Szelągowska(Season 1-) Tomasz Jakubiak (Season 1-)
20 March – 6 June 2012 (Season 1) 15 March – 28 May 2013 (Season 2) 8 October – 24 December 2013 (The Celebrity Test) 18 March – 10 June 2014 (Season 3) 15 September – 23 December 2014 (Season 4) 14 September – 14 December 2015 (Season 5) 13 February – 15 May 2017 (Season 6) 9 September – 14 November 2019 (Season 7) 12 January – 2 June 2022 (Season 8)
1 April – 18 June 2015 (Season 1) 10 March – 9 June 2016 (Season 2) 8 March – 7 June 2017 (Season 3) 27 March – 28 June 2018 (Season 4) 27 March – 20 June 2019 (Season 5) 19 March – 12 November 2020 (Season 6) 18 March – 18 June 2021 (Season 7) 17 March 2022 – Present (Season 8)
20 March – 14 July 2012 (Season 1) 11 June – 11 September 2013 (Season 2) 21 August – 11 December 2014 (Season 3) 28 February – 31 March 2022 (Season 4)
10 April – 2 July 2013 (Season 1) 9 April – 23 July 2014 (Season 2) 7 April – 30 June 2015 (Season 3) 6 April – 29 June 2016 (Season 4) 16 April – 28 June 2017 (Season 5) 22 April – 9 July 2018 (Season 6) 26 March – 25 June 2019 (Season 7) 13 April – 6 July 2020 (Season 8) 13 April – 13 July 2021 (Season 9) 19 April – 18 July 2022 (season 10) 27 March – 19 June 2023 (season 11) 1 April – 2024 (season 12)
23 December 2013 – 6 January 2014 (Season 1) 30 December 2014 – 3 February 2015 (Season 2) 1 December 2015 – 5 January 2016 (Season 3) 20 December 2016 – 17 January 2017 (Season 4) 20 December 2017 – 10 January 2018 (Season 5) 23 December 2018 – 13 January 2019 (Season 6) 23 December 2019 – 24 January 2020 (Season 7) 15 December 2020 – 19 January 2021 (Season 8) 20 December 2021 – 6 January 2022 (Season 9)
6 November – 13 December 2016 (Season 1) 19 September – 21 November 2017 (Season 2) 9 September – 25 November 2018 (Season 3) 11 September – 27 November 2019 (Season 4) 15 September – 8 December 2020 (Season 5) 13 September – 29 November 2021 (Season 6) 12 September – 28 November 2022 (Season 7)
12 January – 20 April 2011 (Season 1) 9 January – 28 March 2012 (Season 2) 7 January – 10 April 2013 (Season 3) 6 January – 2 April 2014 (Season 4) 7 January – 1 April 2015 (Season 5) 13 January – 6 April 2016 (Season 6) 11 January – 5 April 2017 (Season 7) 11 January – 5 April 2018 (Season 8) 9 January – 3 April 2019 (Season 9) 8 January – 1 April 2020 (Season 10) 13 January – 7 April 2021 (Season 11) 5 January – 13 April 2022 (Season 12)
Original series (Channel 3): 3 February – 2 June 2013 (Season 1) Revived series (Channel 7): 19 August – 9 December 2018 (Season 1) 22 September – 22 December 2019 (Season 2) 2 June - 8 September 2024 (Season 3)
4 June – 24 September 2017 (Season 1) 4 February – 27 May 2018 (Season 2) 3 February – 9 June 2019 (Season 3) 21 February – 11 July 2021 (Season 4) 13 February – 19 June 2022 (Season 5) 11 June – 8 October 2023 (Season 6)
2011 (Season 1) 1 September – 23 December 2018 (Season 2) 18 August – 30 December 2019 (Season 3) 17 July 2020 – 3 January 2021 (Season 4) 26 June 2021 – 14 January 2022 (Season 5) 1 July 2022 – present (Season 6)
31 August – 28 December 2011 (Season 1) 29 August – 26 December 2012 (Season 2) 30 August – 25 December 2013 (Season 3) 27 August – 24 December 2014 (Season 4) 26 August – 23 December 2015 (Season 5) 30 August – 27 December 2016 (Season 6) 29 August – 27 December 2017 (Season 7) 28 August – 26 December 2018 (Season 8) 30 August – 27 December 2019 (Season 9) 29 August – 26 December 2020 (Season 10) 28 August – 25 December 2021 (Season 11) 26 August – 30 December 2023 (Season 12) 10 February – 8 June 2024 (Season 13) 24 August 2024 – present (Season 14)
27 July – 15 September 2010 (Season 1) 6 June – 16 August 2011 (Season 2) 4 June – 10 September 2012 (Season 3) 22 May – 11 September 2013 (Season 4) 26 May – 15 September 2014 (Season 5) 20 May – 16 September 2015 (Season 6) 1 June – 14 September 2016 (Season 7) 31 May – 20 September 2017 (Season 8) 30 May – 19 September 2018 (Season 9) 29 May – 18 September 2019 (Season 10) 2 June – 15 September 2021 (Season 11) 25 May – 14 September 2022 (Season 12) 24 May – 20 September 2023(Season 13)
Gordon Ramsay (Seasons 1–present) Graham Elliot (Seasons 1–4) Christina Tosi (Seasons 4–7) Joe Bastianich (Seasons 1–3 & 6) Guest Judges for each challenge (Season 5) Aarón Sanchez (Seasons 7–present) Daphne Oz(Seasons 8–present)
27 September – 28 November 2013 (Season 1) 4 November – 16 December 2014 (Season 2) 6 January – 24 February 2015 (Season 3) 6 November 2015 – 29 January 2016 (Season 4) 9 February – 18 May 2017 (Season 5) 2 March – 18 May 2018 (Season 6) 12 March – 4 June 2019 (Season 7) 17 March – 23 June 2022 (Season 8)
3 April – 24 July 2017 (Season 1) 21 August – 11 December 2017 (Season 2) 2 April – 9 July 2018 (Season 3) 22 April – 5 September 2019 (Season 4)
MasterChef: Profesionales
Sergio Puglia Lucía Soria Laurent Lainé
20 August – 27 November 2018 (Season 1)
MasterChef Celebrity
No presenters
Sergio Puglia Ximena Torres Laurent Lainé
1 September – 26 November 2020 (Season 1) 3 August – 9 December 2021 (Season 2) 19 April – 8 November 2022 (Season 3) 11 April – 8 August 2023 (Season 4)
Phan Tôn Tịnh Hải (Season 1) Phạm Tuấn Hải (Season 1) Jack Lee (Season 1)
22 October 2017 – 7 January 2018 (Season 1)
MasterChef: Dream Plate (Mobile game)
MasterChef: Dream Plate allows players to play as a MasterChef TV show contestant who cooks and presents dishes in competition with other contestants, using challenging ingredients and recipes. The dishes are judged by fellow players in real-time.[74]
Marco Pierre White is a British chef, restaurateur, and television personality. In 1995, he became the youngest chef to be awarded three Michelin stars. He has trained chefs including Mario Batali, Shannon Bennett, Gordon Ramsay, Curtis Stone, Phil Howard and Stephen Terry. He has been dubbed "the first celebrity chef" and the enfant terrible of the UK restaurant scene.
MasterChef is a British competitive cooking reality show produced by Endemol Shine UK and Banijay and broadcast in 60 countries around the world. The show initially ran from 1990 to 2001 and was revived in 2005 as MasterChef Goes Large. The revival featured a new format devised by Franc Roddam and John Silver, with Karen Ross producing. In 2008, the name was changed back to MasterChef but the format remained unchanged.
Francis George "Franc" Roddam is an English film director, businessman, screenwriter, television producer and publisher, best known as the creator of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet and Masterchef and as the director of Quadrophenia (1979). He is a graduate of the London Film School.
Banijay UK Productions Limited, trading as Banijay UK, is a British production company. Since 2020, the company has been a subsidiary of Banijay Entertainment. Banijay UK incorporates a number of production brands, including Artists Studio, Darlow Smithson Productions, House of Tomorrow, Initial, Remarkable Entertainment, Tiger Aspect, Tigress Productions, Zeppotron, and their digital divisions: Endemol Games and Endemol Digital Studio.
Endemol Shine North America is the American division of Banijay Entertainment that was founded on March 15, 2012, as a merger of Shine Americas, Shine USA, and Reveille Productions.
MasterChef Australia is an Australian competitive cooking reality show based on the original British MasterChef. It is produced by Endemol Shine Australia and screens on Network 10. Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan, chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston served as the show's main judges until 2019, when they were replaced by Series 4 winner and chef Andy Allen, food critic Melissa Leong, and restaurateur and chef Jock Zonfrillo.
Julie Goodwin is an Australian cook, author, radio and television presenter. She came to public attention when she won the inaugural season of MasterChef Australia in 2009, defeating artist Poh Ling Yeow in the final.
Celebrity MasterChef Australia is an Australian competitive cooking game show. It is a spin-off of MasterChef Australia, itself an adaptation of the British show MasterChef, and features celebrity contestants.
MasterChef New Zealand is a New Zealand competitive reality television cooking show based on the original British version of MasterChef.
The Million Pound Drop is a British quiz show which was broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. The show was first aired on 24 May 2010 and was presented by Davina McCall.
MasterChef is an American competitive cooking reality television series that premiered on Fox on July 27, 2010. Based on the British series of the same name and produced by Endemol Shine North America and One Potato Two Potato, the series features amateur and home chefs competing to win the title of 'MasterChef'. The current line-up of judges consists of Gordon Ramsay, Joe Bastianich, and Aarón Sánchez.
Junior MasterChef Australia is an Australian competitive cooking game show. It is a spin-off of MasterChef Australia, itself an adaptation of the British show MasterChef, and featured contestants aged 8 to 12. The first season of the show began production in July 2010 and included 50 contestants. Over 5,000 children from around the nation auditioned for the series.
MasterChefIndia – Hindi is an Indian Hindi-language competitive cooking reality television series based on MasterChef Australia and is part of MasterChef India. The series features amateur and home chefs competing to win the title of 'MasterChef'. The current line-up of judges consists of Vikas Khanna, Pooja Dhingra, and Ranveer Brar.
Endemol Shine Group B.V. was a Dutch production and distribution company of scripted and non-scripted content, responsible for programmes such as Big Brother, Deal or No Deal, The Money Drop, Fear Factor, MasterChef, Your Face Sounds Familiar, Peaky Blinders, Black Mirror, Humans, Grantchester and Tin Star.
MasterChef Ireland is an RTÉ television cooking game show based on the international format created by Franc Roddam.
MasterChef Romania is the Romanian version of the television cooking game show, open to amateur and home chefs. The first series started in March 2012 and was broadcast by Pro TV channel in Romania. The show was hosted by Romanian actor Răzvan Fodor. The panel was completed by Cătălin Scărlătescu, Sorin Bontea and Florin Dumitrescu. They were replaced in season 4 by Patrizia Paglieri, Adrian Hădean and Florin Scripcă Starting with the 6th Season, the MasterChef panel has been replaced by chefs Răzvan Exarhu, Samuel le Torriellec and Liviu Popescu. Seventh season had the panel was once again replaced by Joseph Hadad, Cosmin Tudoran and Silviu Chelaru, former participant of the show.
Your Face Sounds Familiar is a Spanish interactive reality television franchise series where celebrity contestants impersonate singers. The format, similar to Dutch television series Soundmixshow, was first used in Spain under the title Tu cara me suena in 2011.
MasterChef Junior is an American cooking competition involving children from the ages of 8–13 that premiered on Fox on September 27, 2013. It is based on the format of the British series Junior MasterChef.
MasterChef India – Telugu is an Indian Telugu-language competitive cooking reality show based on MasterChef Australia and is part of MasterChef India. Produced by Endemol Shine India and co-produced by Innovative film Academy, it started broadcasting on Gemini TV and Sun NXT on 27 August 2021.
MasterChef India is an Indian competitive cooking game show franchise based on the Australian show MasterChef Australia, which itself is based on the original British television show MasterChef. MasterChef India – Hindi and Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad were produced by Colosceum Media. Endemol Shine India has been producing MasterChef India – Hindi since season 5 onwards through Star India and Sun TV Network with Innovative Film Academy co-producing it for other language versions. Sony Pictures Networks have purchased the rights of the franchise and has been producing the show in all the three languages since then. The show has since been premiered on SonyLIV.
References
↑ "MasterChef". Banijay. Banijay Group. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
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