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The media of Indonesia consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Web sites.
Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media and restricted foreign media. Long suppressed and harassed by the New Order, the Indonesian press is now among the freest and liveliest in Asia. [1] The trend toward somewhat greater pluralism and openness had begun in the late New Order, when the regime allowed the founding of a number of new television and radio stations. [1] (The television stations all had to be Jakarta-based at first. [1] ) Many of the new television stations enjoyed penetration rates of around 70 to 75 percent of the population within a few years. [1] Although the television licenses were all given to various Suharto family members, cronies, and other wealthy conglomerates, competition for advertising revenue and a large potential national audience meant that some of these stations were tempted to push the boundaries, especially regarding the ban on news programs other than those produced by the state-run Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI). [1] These stations were very lucrative, so it became difficult for the regime to punish its own cronies by shutting down a station if it crossed the line by broadcasting independently produced news. [1] Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV) and Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI) news programs, in particular, were very popular with viewers across the country as an alternative, albeit still relatively tame, to the stultifying TVRI. [1]
In 2003 the authorities reported that more than 2,000 illegal TV and radio stations were broadcasting across the country.[ citation needed ] The government urged them to apply for licences, or face closure.[ citation needed ]
The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998.[ citation needed ] There are hundreds of new magazines, newspapers, and tabloids.[ citation needed ] More than 50 principal daily newspapers are published throughout the archipelago, the majority in Java. [1] Those with the largest readership are Kompas (Jakarta), circulation of 523,000; Suara Merdeka (Semarang), circulation of 200,000; Berita Buana (Jakarta), circulation of 150,000; Pikiran Rakyat (Bandung), circulation of 150,000; and Sinar Indonesia Baru (Medan), also with a circulation of 150,000. [1] The largest English-language dailies, both published in Jakarta with print runs of 40,000, are the Jakarta Post and the Jakarta Globe . [1] As of 2003, newspapers have a penetration rate of 8.6 percent. [2] The principal weekly news magazines are Tempo , which also produces an English-language edition, and Gatra . [1] All of these newspapers and magazines have online editions as well. [1]
Several leading Indonesian newspaper such as Kompas can be obtained at digital newspaper printing services in several foreign countries.[ citation needed ] Some large newspapers also use remote digital printing to solve the distribution problems in remote areas in Indonesia.[ citation needed ]
ANTARA is the official news agency of the government of Indonesia.
The National Press Monument has a collection of over a million newspapers and magazines, [3] as well as a variety of exhibitions and artefacts related to the history of the press in Indonesia.
Television is regulated by the government through the Directorate General of Radio, Television, and Film. [1] Television and radio traditionally have been dominated by government networks, but private commercial channels have been emerging since the introduction of RCTI in the Jakarta area in 1988. [4] By early in the new century, the improved communications system had brought television signals to every village in the country, and most Indonesians could choose from 11 channels. [4] In addition to the state-owned TVRI, there were 10 national private channels, the best known are Indosiar, RCTI, SCTV, Metro TV, and Trans 7. [4] Some channels have a specific orientation, for instance, Global TV, which initially offered broadcasts from MTV Indonesia, and MNCTV (formerly Indonesian Educational Television, or TPI), which originally carried only educational programming but expanded into quiz programs, sports, reality shows, and other popular entertainment. [4] There were also 54 local television stations in 2009, such as Bali TV in Bali, Jak TV in Jakarta, and Pacific TV in Manado. [4]
Radio, like television, is regulated by the government through the Directorate General of Radio, Television, and Film. [1] There are about 3,000 live radio stations throughout Indonesia, but only a few broadcast nationally. [4] Examples include Jakarta News, Sonora, and Prambors in the nation's capital; JJFM, Radio DJ, and Radio Istra in Surabaya; Swaragama in Yogyakarta; and Global FM Bali in Denpasar. [4] Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters can supply programmes.[ citation needed ] Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) is the state radio network of Indonesia. It has a national news network, as well as regional stations in major cities throughout the country. Voice of Indonesia is its division for overseas broadcasting.
There are now also several digital radio stations in Jakarta and Surabaya, based on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and Hybrid HD-Radio (IBOC).[ citation needed ] There are also several Indonesian radio stations that stream live on the internet.
In 2016, 88 million Indonesians used the Internet, of which 93% used smartphones, 5% tablets and 11% computers. Broadband reached 8% of the households. [5]
Since the transition to democracy, thousands of new print publications and radio stations have started up across the country, and more television broadcasters, including regional stations, have licenses. [1] The government cannot revoke these publishing and broadcasting licenses based on what the outlets write and say. [1] President Abdurrahman Wahid further weakened the government's ability to control the media when he abolished the Ministry of Information at the outset of his administration. [1] The censorship board for motion pictures (Indonesian Film Censorship Board, Lembaga Sensor Film) remained in existence, however, mainly to police "public morality" (nudity, sexuality) rather than political statements, and President Megawati Sukarnoputri reestablished the Ministry of Information on her ascension to power. [1] In the absence of significant government repression, spurious defamation lawsuits by private individuals have become the principal means of stifling media scrutiny. [1] The most prominent of these cases involved businessman Tomy Winata, who sued Tempo editor-in-chief Bambang Harymurti. [1] Harymurti was convicted and given a one-year prison sentence, which the Supreme Court overturned. [1]
As of 2018, foreign journalists still require permission from the government to visit Papua. [6]
Commercial broadcasting is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship. It was the United States′ first model of radio during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model in Europe during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States and Brazil, until the 1980s.
RCTI is an Indonesian free-to-air television network based in West Jakarta. Its programming consists of news bulletins, sports events and soap operas.
Surya Citra TV (SCTV) is an Indonesian free-to-air television network. It was launched on 24 August 1990 in Surabaya, East Java as Surabaya Citra Televisi, broadcasting to the city and its surrounding area. At first, the programming was similar to that of RCTI, using some of their news programs until they could produce their own. On 1 August 1993, SCTV obtained a national license and eventually moved its operations to Jakarta, changing its name to Surya Citra Televisi. Its main offices are located in Central Jakarta, with studios in West Jakarta. It is owned by Surya Citra Media, part of the technology company Emtek.
TVRI is a state-owned, public broadcasting television network and the oldest television entity in Indonesia. Its national headquarters is in Gelora, Central Jakarta.
The media of Brunei are strictly controlled by the government under Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, which has effectively imposed martial law in the country since the Brunei Revolt of 1962. News coverage consists of police-beat reporting, lifestyle features and community events, with little in the way of diverse viewpoints. Reporters Without Borders reports there is "virtually no criticism of the government". The liberal democracy watchdog Freedom House lists Brunei's media as "not free".
Kompas Gramedia is the largest media conglomerate in Indonesia.
Transvision is a subscription-based direct broadcast satellite provider service for Indonesia. It is a joint venture between Telkom Group and Trans Corp Now Transvision is fully owned by joint venture between Telkom Group and Trans Corp.
State-run station TVRI held a television monopoly in Indonesia until 1989, when the first commercial station, RCTI began as a local station and was subsequently granted a national license a year later.
PT MNC Investama Tbk, formerly known as PT Bhakti Investama Tbk, doing business as MNC Corporation or MNC Group, is an Indonesian multinational conglomerate engaged in media, finance, property, natural resources and transportation based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was established on 2 November 1989 as a financial security company. It holds a majority shareholding of Global Mediacom, MNC Financial Services, and MNC Land.
MNCTV, formerly known as TPI and Televisi Keluarga Indonesia is an Indonesian private television station. MNCTV was established by Tutut Soeharto, the first daughter of former president Soeharto. It began broadcasting on 1 August 1990, at first broadcasting only educational programs, but has since become similar to other Indonesian TV stations, showing programs such as quizzes, sinetron, reality TV shows, sports shows, and recently, dangdut music.
Indonesian terrestrial digital television is the replacement of Indonesian analogue TV and runs in digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T2).
Bali Post Media Group (BPMG) is an Indonesian media conglomerate founded by Ketut Nadha in 1948. Bali Post Media Group is said to be the largest media holder in Bali, Indonesia. It is currently led by ABG Satria Naradha, the son of Ketut Nadha. It has diversified businesses and interests in media industry. BPMG businesses include broadcast media, print media, online media, and a number of other businesses.
PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk is an Indonesian technology, telecommunication and media conglomerate and headquartered in Jakarta. As of 2013, it is Indonesia’s second largest media company. It is the parent company for subsidiaries which include terrestrial television subscription NexMedia and three television stations – SCTV, Indosiar and O Channel. It was established in 1983 by Eddy K. Sariaatmadja. Currently, the company is headed by Alvin W. Sariaatmadja as its President Director.
Media Group is an Indonesian media group founded by Surya Paloh. The group owns three newspapers, a tabloid Prioritas, and a television channel MetroTV.
Peter Frans Gontha is an Indonesian businessman, commercial television pioneer, and jazz impresario. He served as Indonesian ambassador to Poland from October 2014 to January 2019.
iNews is an Indonesian free-to-air television network founded by Media Nusantara Citra.
PT Surya Citra Media Tbk (SCM) is an Indonesian mass media company owned by Elang Mahkota Teknologi and is based in Jakarta. It operates four television stations, SCTV, Indosiar and O Channel.
