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Music of Minang is a traditional and living genre of Indonesian music that grows and develops in the Minangkabau culture area. [1] Music whose origins are related to Malay Music is generally played by musical instruments such as Talempong, Saluang, Minang rebab, Serunai, Tmbourine, Aguang, Gandang, and Violin. Minang music is also played to accompany various dances such as the Pasambahan dance and the Piring dance. [2]
With hindsight, the beginning of Malay Music has its roots in Qasidah which originated as the arrival and spread of Islam in the archipelago in the years 635 - 1600 from Arabic, Gujarati and Persian, its character was readings of poetry and then sung. Therefore, initially the poetry used was originally sung from Gurindam, and was gradually used to accompany the dance. [3]
At the time since the opening of the Suez Canal there was a flow of migration of Arabs and Egyptians to the Dutch East Indies in 1870 until after 1888, they brought Gambus instruments and played Arabic music. This influence is also mixed with traditional music with Gurindam poetry and local traditional musical instruments such as the gong, saluang, serunai, tambourine, talempong, violin, etc. [4]
Then around 1955 Modern Minang Music was born, of course this style of playing music is far different from its origin as Qasidah, because the development of this period is not only singing Gurindam poetry, but has far developed as entertainment music for singing and accompaniment of Pas added dance, plate dance, dance. Payung, Serampang Twelve dance typical of the Minang people on the west coast of Sumatra. [5]
Minang music was originally from Qasidah which originated as the arrival and spread of Islam in the archipelago in the years 635 - 1600 from Arabic, Gujarat and Persian, its character is reading religious poetry and then reading Gurindam, then gradually used also to accompany dances. The musical instruments used are only limited to percussion instruments in the form of striking bamboo, wood and stone, then also tambourines. [6]
Traditional Minang music is characterized by the Minang style or rent and traditional Minang musical instruments . Minang traditional musical instruments (see description below), namely: Saluang, Agung, Gondang, Rebana, Serunai, Talempong, Rebab, Bansi. [7]
Modern Minang music played by Gumarang, Teruna Ria, Kumbang Tjari, and Zaenal Combo. Modern Minang music is influenced by Latin music with bongo punches and marakas games, usually a rhythm similar to rumba, cha-cha, or mambo. Modern Minang music is also the forerunner of Dangdut along with Malay Music. The musical instruments used developed with the entry of European musical instruments such as accordion, violin, guitar, piano or keyboard, bass, drums, bongo, saxophone, clarinet, trumpet, flute, maracas, etc. [8]
Saluang is a traditional musical instrument typical of Minangkabau, West Sumatra. This wind instrument is made of thin bamboo or gutters, where the Minangkabau people believe that the best material for making saluang comes from gutters for clothespins or gutters that are found drifting in the river. [9]
In this class of musical instruments is the flute, but there are only four holes. Saluang length is approximately 40–60 cm, with a diameter of 3–4 cm. Talang is also used to make lemang, the traditional Minangkabau sticky rice cake. This instrument can produce sound by blowing it at the corner of the edge or the upper cavity. So that in accordance with the principles of acoustic physics, the blow that comes out of the mouth will vibrate the inner walls of the saluang in such a way as to produce sound. Saluang is set with several holes, usually there are 4 holes. That way saluang can produce diatonic tone frequencies. This is also one of the hallmarks of this instrument. [10]
The legendary saluang player named Idris Sutan Sati with his singer Syamsimar. [11]
The virtue of these saluang players is that they can play the saluang by blowing and inhaling simultaneously, so that the saluang player can play the instrument from the beginning of the end of the song without breaking. This mode of breathing is developed with constant practice. This technique is also known as the angok elimination technique. Not just anyone who can blow this Saluang, requires special training in order to be able to make Saluang's distinctive sound, which is dark, mysterious and ghotic. Each village in Minangkabau has developed a way of blowing the saluang, so that each village has its own style. Examples of this style are Singgalang, Pariaman, Solok Salayo, Koto Tuo, Suayan and Pauah.
The Singgalang style is considered quite difficult to play by beginners, and usually this Singgalang tone is played at the beginning of the song. The saddest style is Ratok Solok from the Solok area. Meanwhile, the type of saluang which can be said to be deadly, comes from the Payakumbuah area, has a magical nuance, as an introduction to magic, is colored with magic lyrics, known as Saluang Sirompak, derived from the root word rompak, which means force.
Basirompak is an effort to force one's mind -with the help of supernatural powers- to obey the wishes of those who pirate. This ritual is performed by a pawang (sirompak craftsman) who is assisted by a saluang sirompak player and a soybean craftsman. The handler is tasked with singing mantras and playing a top (gasiang tangkurak), one part of which is made from pieces of a human skull.
Often this ritual is performed in Saluang media, so it is known as Basirompak, an art related to shamanic ritual activities or magic song. If a man is insulted and insulted by a woman whom the man likes, then the man asks the devil for help with the help of the shaman through syringe. So, the insulting woman became crazy about him and found it difficult to forget the man.
The game of Saluang is usually in a crowd event such as a marriage ceremony, a house batagak, a pangulu batagak, and others. This game is usually held after the Isha prayer and ends near dawn. On another occasion, the beautiful Minang virgins contain messages, satire, and also subtle criticism that restore the listener's memory of their hometown or of the life that has been, is, and will be lived.
Bansi or Suling Minang with 7 holes (like a recorder), is short, and can play traditional and modern songs because it has a standard (diatonic) tone. Bansi size is about 33.5 – 36 cm with a diameter between 2.5–3 cm. Bansi is also made of gutters (thin bamboo) or sariak (a type of thin, thin bamboo). [12]
This musical instrument is a bit difficult to play, in addition to the length that is hard to reach by the fingers, it is also difficult to blow it.
This traditional musical instrument is made from rice stalks. At the end of the stem segment is made a tongue, if it is blown it will produce a gap, causing a sound. While the ends are wrapped with coconut leaves that resemble trumpets. The sound is shrill and the tone is generated by playing the fingers on the coiled coconut leaves. Now before the new year there is a new year's trumpet which is similar to this musical instrument, the difference is that now using plastic and a funnel using cardboard, and given the color gold. [13]
The chrysanthemum, derived from the word Shehnai, is a musical instrument in the Indian Kashmir valley, consisting of two pieces of bamboo that are not equal in size; a small piece can fit into a larger piece; with a function as a tone generator. This instrument has four tone holes, which will produce a melodic sound. This tool is rarely used, in addition to being difficult to make, the resulting tone is also not used much. [14]
This musical instrument is made from buffalo horn (hoorn), and the ends are cut flat for blowing. The shape is shiny and clean black. Does not function as a singing or dance accompaniment, so as a whistle, without holes, so that only a single note. In the past, it was used for cues to the community, for example notifications at dawn and sunset or there were announcements from village leaders. In the past, the horns were used by large sailing ships as a sign or command to the crew, while the Arabs used drums and Europeans used bells and horns, and in the past, steam trains used bells when passing through crowds. [15]
Talempong, In Java it is called Bonang, which is in the form of a small gong that is laid flat, and is made of brass, but some are also made of wood and stone. sounded it with a wooden punch. Usually talempong is used to accompany the Plate Dance, where the dancer rings the plate with the ring, and is interlocked. The chord starts with Do and ends with Si. How to play like marimba or kempul with a double note (left and right hand). [16]
comes from Arabic as Rebab, there are also other areas such as Deli, Sunda, Java, etc. Rabab Minang is very unique, besides being rubbed there is also a sound membrane under the bridge, so it has another effect (hoarseness). This unique property makes swiping difficult too. This Rabab body is made from coconut shells (Cocos nucifera). [17]
The term gong in the Minang language is aguang, the form is the same as in other areas, such as in Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, etc. The gong is usually the first, third, or closing stroke, while the gong is small in the second and fourth strokes. Then there are also variations according to the range. [18]
The term gendang in the Minang language is gandang (in the Karo Batak gondang language), the shape is the same as in other areas, such as in Malay, Batak, Sundanese, Javanese, etc. The way to play is the same, namely the small circle side on the left and the bigger one on the right. However, the method of hitting between each region is very different, namely in Minang depending on the type of song beat. Gandang Tasa is a traditional art of drumming which is popular in Padang Pariaman Regency. [19]
The violin later also became a traditional Minang musical instrument with several modifications according to the Minang tradition: the rabala and rabab darek. Rabab Pesisir Selatan (Rabab Pasisia) is one of the famous rabab games in West Sumatra with the famous rabab player, Hasan Basri. [20]
Minangkabau people, also known as Minang, are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The Minangkabau's West Sumatera homelands was the seat of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, believed by early historians to have been the cradle of the Malay race, and the location of the Padri War.
As it is a country with many different tribes and ethnic groups, the music of Indonesia itself is also very diverse, coming in hundreds of different forms and styles. Every region has its own culture and art, and as a result traditional music from area to area also uniquely differs from one another. For example, each traditional music are often accompanied by their very own dance and theatre. Contemporary music scene have also been heavily shaped by various foreign influences, such as America, Britain, Japan, Korea, and India.
Minangkabau is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau. The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where the language is called Aneuk Jamee.
West Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau to the northeast, Jambi to the southeast, and Bengkulu to the south. The province has an area of 42,119.54 km2 (16,262.45 sq mi),or about the same size as Switzerland,with a population of 5,534,472 at the 2020 census. The official estimate at mid 2022 was 5,640,629. The province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside Java, although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. Padang is the province's capital and largest city.
The rebana or terbangan is a tambourine that is used in Islamic devotional music in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. The sound of the rebana often accompany Islamic ritual such as the zikir. The name rebana came from the Arabic word robbana. The rebana is also used by the Cham people of Cambodia and also gave rise to the Rabana which is used by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka.
The saluang is a traditional musical instrument of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is similar to the ney in general, in that it is an oblique flute, but made of bamboo. It is related to the suling of other parts of Indonesia.
Talempong is a traditional music of the Minangkabau people of Western Sumatra, Indonesia. The talempong produce a static texture consisting of interlocking rhythms.
The Batin are a sub-group of Malay people that inhabits the interior parts of Jambi province
Hj Wandly Yazid is an acclaimed composer, arranger and musician, recognised for his contribution to the Malay film and music industry in the 1940s to the 1960s. He performed as a violinist with the Singapore Symphony Orchestra. In 2001, he received the COMPASS Meritorious Award by Composers and Authors Society of Singapore. Fondly remembered as Pak Wandly, he is renowned for the popular evergreen Gurindam Jiwa, the theme song for the classic film of the same name. In 2015, the song bagged the Top Song Award at Viva Musik SG50 by Suria, Warna 94.2FM, and Ria 89.7 FM in 2015.
The Overseas Minangkabau is a demographic group of Minangkabau people of Minangkabau Highlands origin in Central Sumatra, Indonesia who have settled in other parts of the world. Over half of the Minangkabau people can be considered overseas Minangkabaus. They make up the majority of the population of Negeri Sembilan and Pekanbaru. They also form a significant minority in the populations of Jakarta, Bandung, Medan, Batam, Surabaya and Palembang in Indonesia as well as Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam in the rest of the Malay world. Minangkabaus have also emigrated as skilled professionals and merchants to the Netherlands, United States, Saudi Arabia and Australia. The matrilineal culture and economic conditions in West Sumatra have made the Minangkabau people one of the most mobile ethnic group in Maritime Southeast Asia.
The Simeulue language is spoken by the Simeulue people of Simeulue off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
Palembang, also known as Palembang Malay, is a Malayic variety of the Musi dialect group primarily spoken in the city of Palembang and nearby lowlands, as well as a lingua franca throughout South Sumatra. Since parts of the region used to be under direct Javanese rule for quite a long time, Palembang is significantly influenced by Javanese, down to its core vocabularies.
Sakai is a tribal community in Indonesia, traditionally living in the interior of Riau, Sumatra. Some of them still lead a nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle in the remote interior of Sumatra, while most settled into major cities and towns in Sumatra with the rise of industrialization.
Talempong orchestra is an Indonesian orchestra that uses the diatonic scale, played on Minang instruments. This orchestra is formed by the Conservatory Minang in Padang Panjang in 1960. Most of the instruments used in this orchestra are metallophone and idiophone. Talempong orchestra plays Minang song like Tak Tontong and other traditional songs.
Rangkiang is a granary or rice barn that the Minangkabau people used to keep rice in. The rangkiang is a distinctive feature of Minangkabau architecture. The structure is traditionally found in the courtyard of a rumah gadang, the traditional house of Minangkabau people.
Dr. Abubakar Jaar was a civil servant and lawyer for the Dutch East Indies. After the independence of Indonesia, he was mayor of Padang and resident of North Sumatra replacing Luat Siregar and resident of West Sumatra.
A balairung is a village hall of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, Indonesia. It has a similar architectural form to the rumah gadang, the domestic architecture of the Minangkabau people. Whereas a rumah gadang is a proper building, the balairung is a pavilion-like structure used solely for holding a consensus decision-making process in the Minang society.
Huriah Adam was a famous dance artist from West Sumatra.
Minangkabau culture is the culture of the Minangkabau ethnic group in Indonesia, part of the Indonesian culture. This culture is one of the two major cultures in the Indonesian archipelago which is very prominent and influential.
The Medan City Regional House of Representatives is the unicameral municipal legislature of the city of Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. It has 50 members, who are elected every five years, simultaneously with the national legislative election.
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