National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

Last updated

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
PredecessorAgricultural Refinance and Development Corporation
Formation12 July 1982;42 years ago (1982-07-12) [1]
Type All India Financial Institution / Regulatory Body
Purpose
Headquarters Mumbai, India [2]
Coordinates 19°03′52″N72°51′46″E / 19.064511°N 72.862738°E / 19.064511; 72.862738
Owner Ministry of Finance, Government of India
Chairman
Shaji K V [lower-alpha 1]
Development Finance Institution of
Flag of India.svg  India
Subsidiaries NABkisan, NABsamruddhi, NABfins, NABsanrakshan, NABfoundation, NABcons, NABventure
Website www.nabard.org
NABARD Act 1981

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an All India Financial Institution (AIFI) [4] and an apex Supervisory Body for overall supervision of Regional Rural Banks, State Cooperative Banks and District Central Cooperative Banks in India. [5] It was established under the NABARD Act 1981 passed by the Parliament of India. [6] It is fully owned by Government of India and functions under the Department of Financial Services (DFS) under the Ministry of Finance. [7]

Contents

History

NABARD HO, Mumbai (Aerial View) NABARD Aerial View.jpg
NABARD HO, Mumbai (Aerial View)

The importance of institutional credit in boosting rural economy has been clear to the Government of India right from its early stages of planning. Therefore, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) at the insistence of the Government of India, constituted a Committee to Review the Arrangements For Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD) to look into these very critical aspects. [8] The Committee was formed on 30 March 1979, under the Chairmanship of Shri B. Sivaraman, former member of the Planning Commission, Government of India.

The Committee’s interim report, submitted on 28 November 1979, outlined the need for a new organisational device for providing undivided attention, forceful direction and pointed focus to credit related issues linked with rural development. Its recommendation was the formation of a unique development financial institution which would address these aspirations, and the formation of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was approved by the Parliament through Act 61 of 1981. [9]

NABARD came into existence on 12 July 1982 by transferring the agricultural credit functions of RBI and refinance functions of the then Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It was dedicated to the service of the nation by the late Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi on 5 November 1982. Set up with an initial capital of Rs.100 crore, its paid up capital stood at Rs.14,080 crore as of 31 March 2020. Consequent to the revision in the composition of share capital between the Government of India and RBI, NABARD today is fully owned by the Government of India. [9] The authorized share capital is Rs.30,000 crore. [10] [11]

International Partners

World Bank: International associates of NABARD include World Bank-affiliated organisations and global developmental agencies working in the field of agriculture and rural development. These organisations help NABARD by advising and giving monetary aid for the upliftment of the people in the rural areas and optimising the agricultural process. [12] UNDP : The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to co-create data-driven innovations in agriculture and food systems to support smallholder farmers. Under this MoU, both organizations will work to improve the lives and livelihoods of smallholder farmers by sharing open-source data for product development, transfer of technology and supporting the framing of agrarian policies. [13]

KfW: Several initiatives are underway to design and implement development projects in India, including the KfW-NABARD Adivasi development programme, the Indo-German watershed development programme, the Indo-German Umbrella Programme for Natural Resource Management, and the NABARD- SDC Rural Innovations Programme. These programs aim to address various challenges faced by rural communities in India. [14]

Women World Banking : In a bid to enhance financial inclusion, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and Women's World Banking entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to promote the Jan Dhan Plus program through Regional Rural Banks. This collaboration targets increased utilization and adoption of basic financial services amongst the 8.09 crore Jan Dhan account holders, with a specific focus on empowering the 5.45 crore women account holders. [15]

Role

NABARD has been instrumental in grounding rural, social innovations and social enterprises in the rural hinterlands. As of May 2023, NABARD operates at 31 Regional Offices in the country. [16] It has in the process partnered with about 4000 partner organisations in grounding many of the interventions, be it the SHG-Bank Linkage programme, tree-based tribal communities’ livelihoods initiative, the watershed approach in soil and water conservation, increasing crop productivity initiatives through the lead crop initiative or dissemination of information flow to agrarian communities through farmer clubs. Despite all this, it pays huge taxes too, to the national treasury – figuring in the top 50 tax payers consistently. NABARD virtually ploughs back all the profits for development spending. Thus the organisation had developed a huge amount of trust capital in its 3 decades of work with rural communities. [17] [18] NABARD's role could be broadly categorised into three functions:

1. Refinancing

NABARD serves as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas. It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with the Government of India, state governments, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation. [19] It also refinances fund from World Bank and Asian Development Bank to state co-operative agriculture and rural development banks (SCARDBs), state co-operative banks (SCBs), regional rural banks (RRBs), commercial banks (CBs) and other financial institutions approved by RBI. While the ultimate beneficiaries of investment credit can be individuals, partnership concerns, companies, State-owned corporations or co-operative societies, production credit is generally given to individuals. [20] [21]

2. Banking Supervision

NABARD supervises State Cooperative Banks (StCBs), District Cooperative Central Banks (DCCBs), and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and conducts statutory inspections of these banks. [22] It akes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc. It also undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it.

3. Development

NABARD is also known for its 'SHG Bank Linkage Programme' which encourages India's banks to lend to self-help groups (SHGs). Largely because SHGs are composed mainly of poor women, this has evolved into an important Indian tool for microfinance. By March 2006, 22 lakh SHGs representing 3.3 crore members had to be linked to credit through this programme. [23]

NABARD also has a portfolio of Natural Resource Management Programmes involving diverse fields like Watershed Development, Tribal Development and Farm Innovation through dedicated funds set up for the purpose. [24]

Regional Offices

NABARD has its head office at Mumbai, India and regional offices in all states, as well as one special cell at Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The Regional Office [RO] is headed by a Chief General Manager [CGM] as Officer in Charge, and the Head Office has several top executives viz the Directors, Deputy Managing Directors [DMD], and the Chairperson. The Board of Directors are appointed by the Government of India in consonance with NABARD Act. It has 336 District Offices across the country which are staffed by District Development Managers (DDMs). It also has six training establishments. [25]

Subsidiaries

NABARD has seven subsidiaries, established to leverage the institute’s expertise with its own specialists catering to specific sectors.

NABKISAN

The main objective of the NABKISAN is to provide credit for promotion, expansion and commercialization of enterprises in agriculture, allied and rural non-farm activities. It has extended support to 550 FPOs across various states in the country with cumulative assistance of more than Rs 225 crore. [26]

NABSAMRUDDHI

The objective of NABSAMRUDDHI is to provide credit facilities to legal entities for promotion, expansion, commercialization and modernization in non-farm activities including microfinance, MSME, housing, education, transport, etc. In March 2024, it launched the first phase of a nationwide funding awareness campaign, 'Climate Ready WASH', for women joint liability group (JLG) borrowers of microfinance institutions, to take forward the common mandate of sustainable rural development. [27]

NABFINS

Nabfins logo Nabfins logo.png
Nabfins logo

NABFINS' approach to the business of microfinance is defined by its tagline “Balancing Business with Inclusion”. It adopts a unique model which leverages social collateral provided by the Self Help Groups (SHGs) & Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) by offering micro-credit at their doorstep, at the lowest interest rate among NBFC-MFIs to low income households, comprising predominantly women.

NABFOUNDATION

Nabfoundation logo Nabfoundation logo.jpg
Nabfoundation logo

NABFOUNDATION is Non-Profit entity of NABARD which was established for executing impactful projects either on its own, or, in partnership with other stakeholders (like civil society organizations, agri-universities, Government departments and CSR outfits of both public and private organizations). In 2021, it has entered into an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Dalmia Bharat Foundation to develop a unique skill mapping programme for unemployed youths in all the North Eastern states of Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura. An MoU was signed between NABFOUNDATION and Dalmia Bharat Foundation (DBF) in Delhi recently to collaborate on the project. NABSAMRUDDHI and NABFINS, two other subsidiaries of NABARD, have also stepped forward to support this unique initiative. [28]

NABCONS

Nabcons Logo.png

It is a Consultancy Wing of NABARD. NABCONS' objective is to provide consultancy in all spheres of agriculture, rural development and allied areas. In 2023, the agriculture department in Kerala state was on the verge of creating the first-ever Digital Crop Survey (DCS). The implementation of this programme was to be carried out by NABCONS. [29]

NABVENTURES

It is the Investment Manager of NABVENTURES Fund I with a target corpus of INR 500 crore. The fund focus on investments in early to mid-stage start-ups in agriculture, agtech, agri-biotech, food, agri/rural fintech and rural businesses.

NABSanrakshan

Nabsanrakshan logo.png

It aims to carry out credit guarantee and related activities towards sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development.

Rural innovation

NABARD's role in rural development in India is phenomenal. [30] The credit flow to agriculture activities sanctioned by NABARD reached Rs 1,57,480 crore in 2005–2006.[ citation needed ]

Through assistance of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, NABARD set up the Rural Innovation Fund. The Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) is another noted scheme for the bank for rural development. [31] Under the RIDF scheme, Rs. 51,283 crore have been sanctioned for 2,44,651 projects covering irrigation, rural roads and bridges, health and education, soil conservation, water schemes etc. The Rural Innovation Fund is a fund designed to support innovative, risk friendly, unconventional experiments in these sectors that would have the potential to promote livelihood opportunities and employment in rural areas. [32] The assistance is extended to individuals, NGOs, cooperatives, Self Help Groups, and Panchayati Raj Institutions who have the expertise and willingness to implement innovative ideas for improving the quality of life in rural areas. Through a member base of 25 crore, 600000 cooperatives are working in India at a grassroots level in almost every sector of the economy. There are linkages between SHGs and other type institutes with that of cooperatives.

The purpose of RIDF is to promote innovation in rural and agricultural sector through viable means. [33]

In 2007–08, NABARD has started a new direct lending facility under 'Umbrella Programme for Natural Resource Management' (UPNRM). Under this facility financial support for natural resource management activities can be provided as a loan at reasonable rate of interest. [34] [35]

All India Competitive Examinations

NABARD also conducts various examinations to induct various direct recruits in its Group 'A' and Group 'B' Services. Some of them are mentioned below.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microcredit</span> Small loans to impoverished borrowers

Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, and a verifiable credit history. It is designed to support entrepreneurship and alleviate poverty. Many recipients are illiterate, and therefore unable to complete paperwork required to get conventional loans. As of 2009 an estimated 74 million people held microloans that totaled nearly US$40 billion. Grameen Bank reports that repayment success rates are between 95 and 98 percent. The first economist who had invented the idea of micro loans was The Very Reverend Jonathan Swift in the 1720’s. Microcredit is part of microfinance, which provides a wider range of financial services, especially savings accounts, to the poor. Modern microcredit is generally considered to have originated with the Grameen Bank founded in Bangladesh in 1983 by their current Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus. Many traditional banks subsequently introduced microcredit despite initial misgivings. The United Nations declared 2005 the International Year of Microcredit. As of 2012, microcredit is widely used in developing countries and is presented as having "enormous potential as a tool for poverty alleviation." Microcredit is a tool that can possibly be helpful to reduce feminization of poverty in developing countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICICI Bank</span> Indian private sector bank

ICICI Bank Limited is an Indian multinational bank and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai with a registered office in Vadodara. It offers a wide range of banking and financial services for corporate and retail customers through various delivery channels and specialized subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking, life, non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cooperative banking</span> Type of retail or commercial bank organized cooperatively

Cooperative banking is retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis. Cooperative banking institutions take deposits and lend money in most parts of the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small Industries Development Bank of India</span> Regulatory Body

Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is the apex regulatory body for overall licensing and regulation of micro, small and medium enterprise finance companies in India. It is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance, Government of India headquartered at Lucknow and having its offices all over the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BASIX (India)</span>

BASIX is an institution concerning the promotion of livelihood established in 1996 in India. It is headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana. Around 2010 it's NBFC arm raised funds from private equity investors and declared bankruptcy after couple of years.

Vijay Mahajan is the chief executive officer (CEO) of the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and the director of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Contemporary Studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-help group (finance)</span> Small financial intermediary structure

A self-help group is a financial intermediary committee usually composed of 12 to 25 local women between the ages of 18 and 50. Most self-help groups are in India, though they can be found in other countries, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia. A SHG is generally a group of people who work on daily wages who form a loose grouping or union. Money is collected from those who are able to donate and given to members in need.

Financial inclusion is the availability and equality of opportunities to access financial services. It refers to processes by which individuals and businesses can access appropriate, affordable, and timely financial products and services - which include banking, loan, equity, and insurance products. It provides paths to enhance inclusiveness in economic growth by enabling the unbanked population to access the means for savings, investment, and insurance towards improving household income and reducing income inequality

Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 of India, engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares, stock, bonds, hire-purchase insurance business or chit-fund business, but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regional rural bank</span> Government banks at regional level

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are government owned scheduled commercial banks of India that operate at regional level in different states of India. These banks are under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India, Sponsored Bank and concerned State Government in the ratio of 50:35:15 respectively. They were created to serve rural areas with basic banking and financial services. However, RRBs also have urban branches.

All India Financial Institutions (AIFI) is a group composed of financial regulatory bodies that play a pivotal role in the financial markets. Also known as "financial instruments", the financial institutions assist in the proper allocation of resources, sourcing from businesses that have a surplus and distributing to others who have deficits - this also assists with ensuring the continued circulation of money in the economy. Possibly of greatest significance, the financial institutions act as an intermediary between borrowers and final lenders, providing safety and liquidity. This process subsequently ensures earnings on the investments and savings involved. In Post-Independence India, people were encouraged to increase savings, a tactic intended to provide funds for investment by the Indian government. However, there was a huge gap between the supply of savings and demand for the investment opportunities in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services</span> Indian credit bureau

CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services Pvt. Ltd. is an RBI-approved credit bureau in India. It serves retail, agriculture and rural, MSME, commercial and microfinance.

The SIDBI foundation for Microcredit (SFMC) is an Indian financial division that provides bulk loans to microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India. It is a division of Indian governments Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). In practice, it acts as an oversight over MFIs which are the intermediaries between the retail borrowers consisting of poor people and individual borrowers living in rural areas or urban slums and the public sector development finance institutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty</span> Indian state organization in Andhra Pradesh

Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP) is an autonomous society of the Department of Rural Development, Government of Andhra Pradesh. SERP is implementing Indira Kranthi Patham (IKP), a statewide community driven rural poverty reduction project to enable the poor to improve their livelihoods and quality of life through their own organizations. It aims to cover all the rural poor households in the state with a special focus on the poorest of the poor households. SERP also played an active part in the relief efforts taken up by the Andhra Pradesh Government during the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank</span> Italian regional rural bank

Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank is a regional rural bank (RRB) in the State of Bihar, India. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It is one of the largest regional rural banks in India in terms of branch network, staff strength and area of operation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RBL Bank</span> Indian bank

RBL Bank, formerly known as Ratnakar Bank Limited, is an Indian private sector bank founded in 1943 and headquartered in Mumbai. It offers services across five verticals: corporate banking, commercial banking, branch banking and retail liabilities, retail assets, and treasury and financial markets operations.

Joint liability groups are a concept established in India in 2014 by the rural development agency, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to provide institutional credit to small farmers.

Bandhan Bank Ltd. is a banking and financial services company, headquartered in Kolkata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying</span> Government Agency

The Department of Animal husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) is an Indian government department. It is a subsidiary department of the Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries which was formed as a new Indian ministry in 2019. The DAHD or the erstwhile Department of Animal husbandry, Fishiries and Dairying was formed in 1991 by merging together into a separate department, of two divisions of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, namely animal husbandry and dairy development. In 1997 the fisheries division of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation and a part of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries was transferred to it. In February 2019 the Department of Fisheries was carved out from the Department of Animal husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries and it has been functioning as Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying since then.

The Network of Microfinance Institutions, or RIM is a non-profit association of microfinance institutions in Burundi.

References

  1. ↑ "25 YEARS OF DEDICATION TO RURAL PROSPERITY". Nabard.org. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  2. ↑ "Contact Us". NABARD.
  3. ↑ "Board Of Directors". www.nabard.org. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  4. ↑ "Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases". www.rbi.org.in. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  5. ↑ "Nabard to switch to risk-based supervision of co-operative banks, RRBs". Business Standard. 9 July 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  6. ↑ "National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) | Department of Financial Services | Ministry of Finance | Government of India". financialservices.gov.in. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  7. ↑ "Nabard Rural Innovation Fund | Agriculture and Industry Survey". Agriculture information.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  8. ↑ https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CR353_1981356136CD0C1747659CDBCFE63094C356.PDF [ bare URL PDF ]
  9. 1 2 "National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) | Department of Financial Services | Ministry of Finance | Government of India". financialservices.gov.in. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  10. ↑ "Nabard - mission". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  11. ↑ "RBI sells Nabard stake to govt". 15 October 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  12. ↑ "NABARD". Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  13. ↑ "UNDP India partners with NABARD to boost data-driven innovations in agriculture". UNDP. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  14. ↑ "Ex Post Evaluation Reports H-I | KfW Development Bank". www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  15. ↑ "Nabard partners Women's World Banking to promote financial inclusion through Jan Dhan Plus programme". The Times of India. 20 October 2023. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  16. ↑ "Regional Office :: NABARD". www.nabskillnabard.org. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  17. ↑ "NABARD is an institution and is in the business of development".
  18. ↑ Raj Bajwa, Des (June 2020). "ROLE OF NABARD IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA". ResearchGate.
  19. ↑ "NABARD pioneers agri-financing and developmental interventions to promote rural growth". The Economic Times. 13 July 2022. ISSN   0013-0389 . Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  20. ↑ Bank, The World (31 January 1986). "India - National Bank For Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Credit Project". worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  21. ↑ "India: Rural Cooperative Credit Restructuring and Development Program" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  22. ↑ "NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development". www.nabard.org. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  23. ↑ EDA and APMAS Self-Help Groups in India: A Study of the Lights and Shades, CARE, CRS, USAID and GTZ, 2006, p. 11
  24. ↑ "Critical role of NABARD in Rural Development of Country". legalserviceindia.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  25. ↑ "List of Regional Offices of NABARD in India 2022: देखें भारत में नाबार्ड के क्षेत्रीय कार्यालयों की पूरी सूची, सिलेक्शन के बाद कहाँ हो सकती है पोस्टिंग". adda247. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  26. ↑ PTI (8 December 2022). "Bengal FPOs get corporate structure to avail of more fund". ThePrint. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  27. ↑ "NABSAMRUDDHI's 'Climate Ready WASH' awareness campaign to cover 40 block-level camps in vulnerable areas". CNBCTV18. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  28. ↑ Singh, Bikash (14 February 2021). "NABFOUNDATION, Dalmia Bharat Foundation to develop skill mapping programme for unemployed youths in North East". The Economic Times. ISSN   0013-0389 . Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  29. ↑ Vidyanandan, M. S. (24 July 2023). "Kerala to conduct first-ever digital crop survey". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  30. ↑ "Nabard can help change face of rural India". The Hindu Business Line. 28 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  31. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ↑ "NABARD – SDC rural innovation fund". India microfinance.com. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  33. ↑ Vrajlal K. Sapovadia (13 May 2007). "Evaluating Effectiveness Among Cooperatives vis-a-vis Other Social Institutes - A Case Study of Nabard's Rural Innovation Fund & Other Schemes". SSRN   985884.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ↑ Kulkarni, Mahesh (12 April 2010). "india lags in using Nabard rural infra fund". Business Standard India. Business-standard.com. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  35. ↑ "National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development". Nabard.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  36. ↑ "NABARD Grade A & B 2024 Notification, Apply Online, Eligibility Criteria and Admit Card". Anujjindal.in. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  37. ↑ "NABARD Grade B Exam 2024, Recruitment Details, Application Procedure: ixamBee". www.ixambee.com. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  38. ↑ Suruchi (28 August 2023). "NABARD Development Assistant Syllabus 2023 and Exam Pattern". adda247. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

Notes

  1. ↑ Appointed with effect from 5 December 2022 [3]
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.