Opinion polls on the British national identity card

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The United Kingdom last had compulsory national identity cards during World War II when they were introduced for security purposes. [1] Wartime ID cards were finally withdrawn by the Churchill government in 1952 because of the tension they created between the police and innocent citizens. Proposals to reintroduce them have been raised on a number of occasions since then. During the early 2000s and 2010s, organisations such as NO2ID campaigned against these proposals.

Contents

Identity cards were re-introduced in Britain in the Identity Cards Act 2006 as part of a state-approved counterterrorism initiative by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair, in response to the September 11 attacks in 2001 and 7/7 bombings in July 2005. This was subsequently repealed by the Identity Documents Act 2010 during the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition of 2010.

In 2018, the question was raised again, with articles in The Economist and The Times considering whether it might help address concerns about citizenship and migration, particularly in the light of the Windrush scandal. [2] [3] [4] At the end of April 2018, two former Home Secretaries, Charles Clarke and Alan Johnson called for a rethink on ID cards, saying that immigration targets would be useless without them. [5] [6] In September 2018 former Home Secretary Amber Rudd added her voice, saying that "Britain should adopt a new high-tech version of ID cards to tackle fraud, illegal immigration and welfare abuse." [7] This was followed by similar considerations from another Home Office minister, Caroline Nokes, in 2019. [8]

2003

The announcement of the scheme followed a public consultation, particularly among "stakeholder groups". [9] At March 2003 the government stated that the overall results were:

in favour: 2606 responses (61%)
against: 1587 responses (38%)
neutral: 48 responses (1%)

2004

Some polls have indicated that public opinion on the issue varies across the UK. The 2004 State of the Nation poll by the Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust showed that opinion in Scotland was far less supportive than that in the rest of the UK. [10]

In a poll for Detica conducted by MORI in March 2004 [11] showed that 80% of those polled were in favour of a national identity card (11% opposed), although 67% of them have little or no knowledge about the Government's proposed national ID card scheme. Furthermore, only 54% were prepared to pay for a card, with 80% unwilling to pay more than £25. 83% were in favour of carrying the card at all times, though only 44% were in favour of the police being given powers to see it on demand. 58% doubted that the Government could bring in such a scheme smoothly.

In May 2004 a YouGov poll for Privacy International [12] indicated that 61% of the population supported compulsory identity cards. However, in respect of the database maintenance elements, 47% opposed the legal requirement to notify a change of address (compared to 41% in favour), while 45% were against the legal requirement to report lost, stolen or damaged cards (44% in favour). 27% of those polled were 'strongly opposed' to fines. In the under 30 age group, 61% were opposed to fines. Of those opposing the scheme (percentage unstated), 28% would take part in demonstrations, 16% would take part in civil disobedience, and 6% would prefer prison to registering.

2005

Meeting in London against ID cards, 2005. Identification cards meeting in London-2July 2005.jpg
Meeting in London against ID cards, 2005.

National opinion polls suggest that the expected cost of the cards affects levels of support. An estimate from the Home Office placed the cost of a 10-year passport and ID card package at £85, while after the 2005 General Election in May 2005 they issued a revised figure of over £93, [13] and announced that a "standalone" ID card would cost £30. [14] Two polls conducted by TNS at the end of 2005 amongst British Citizens and Foreign Residents demonstrated over 65% support for identity cards backed by a central database with a cost of an identity card at £30 and a passport/identity card package at approximately £100 [ citation needed ]. However, the research conducted by MORI in 2004 showed that only 20% were willing to pay more than £25. The publicised costs also do not include an estimated £30 for processing fees, making the total costs up to £60 for a standalone card, and £123 for a passport/identity card. [15]

A 2005 poll on the BBC web site indicated that of the nearly 9,000 votes, 17% were in favour and 83% were against Do you support ID cards?. However, the wording under the poll result states that results of such uncontrolled polls cannot be taken as indicative of public opinion.

Before the July 2005 London bombings, a Daily Telegraph /YouGov poll [16] showed that 66% of people were opposed to the scheme if it cost £6bn and 81% opposed if it cost £10–19bn.

2006

In February 2006, a YouGov/Daily Telegraph poll [17] indicated that public support for the scheme had fallen to 52% (with 37% opposed), despite 60% of those polled stating that those with nothing to hide should have no objection to the scheme. It revealed that the following percentages of people thought that the scheme would:

At the same time, it showed that the following percentages thought:

In July 2006, an ICM poll [18] indicated that public support had fallen further to 46%, with opposition growing to 51%:

Q1. The government has proposed the introduction of identity cards that in combination with your passport, will cost around £93. From what you have seen or heard do you think the proposal is...?

Q2. As part of the National Identity Scheme the government has also proposed that everyone is required to attend an interview to give personal details about themselves for use by the police, tax authorities and all other government departments. From what you have seen or heard do you think that this is a..?

A further poll by YouGov/The Daily Telegraph, published on 4 December 2006, indicated support for the identity card element of the scheme at 50%, with 39% opposed. Support for the national database was weaker, with 41% happy and 52% unhappy with the prospect of having their data recorded. Only 11% trusted the government to keep the data confidential. 3.12% of the sample were prepared to undergo long prison sentences rather than have a card. [19]

Identity Cards Act 2006

Identity cards were re-introduced in British law in the Identity Cards Act 2006, enacted during Tony Blair's third Labour government, as part of its counterterrorism initiative (part of the "war on terror", in response to the September 11 attacks and 7 July 2005 London bombings). Only workers in certain high-security professions, such as airport workers, were required to have an identity card in 2009.[ citation needed ]As of May 2022, it is not evident that any opinion polling has been carried out on this Act.

2010

The 2006 Act was repealed by the Identity Documents Act 2010 during the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition of 2010, following opposition to ID cards from the then-Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg and Prime Minister David Cameron. Although the Act ends the validity of ID cards as travel documents, no action was to be taken to withdraw the National Identity Cards already issued. [20]

2018

A YouGov survey for The Times found a majority in favour of reintroducing identity cards, with high levels of support for granting extra powers and tools to the security services. [5] "The survey reveals that most people would support the compulsory carrying of ID cards, with 57% support among the control group and 61–63% among those who were asked the crime/terrorism variants." [5]

2022

The Elections Act 2022 requires voters to show photo ID at UK Parliamentary elections, police and crime commissioner elections and at local elections in England. [21] The act was criticised in Parliament for permitting as acceptable voter identification "an Older Person’s Bus Pass, an Oyster 60+ Card, a Freedom Pass", while not allowing 18+ student Oyster cards, national railcards, or student ID cards. [22] [23] An amendment in the House of Lords to list these as accepted forms of voter identification was rejected by Boris Johnson's second Conservative government. [22] As of May 2022, it is not evident that any opinion polling has been carried out on this Act.

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An identity document is a document proving a person's identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Identity Cards Act 2006</span> United Kingdom legislation

The Identity Cards Act 2006 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was repealed in 2011. It created National Identity Cards, a personal identification document and European Economic Area travel document, which were voluntarily issued to British citizens. It also created a resident registry database known as the National Identity Register (NIR), which has since been destroyed. In all around 15,000 National Identity Cards were issued until the act was repealed in 2011. The Identity Card for Foreign nationals was continued in the form of Biometric Residence Permits after 2011 under the provisions of the UK Borders Act 2007 and the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NO2ID</span> British campaign group

NO2ID is a non-partisan public campaign group in the United Kingdom, formed in 2004 to campaign against the UK government's plans to introduce British national identity cards linked to a centralised computer database, the National Identity Register (NIR). NO2ID claims the growth of government data-sharing initiatives has brought the UK to the "verge of a surveillance state in which every action of the citizen is potentially subject to monitoring". The NIR and ID cards have since been abolished by the Identity Documents Act 2010, leading NO2ID to focus on other campaigns surrounding government infringement on civil liberties and data privacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Real ID Act</span> 2005 United States law on identification documents

The Real ID Act of 2005 is an Act of Congress that establishes requirements that driver licenses and identification cards issued by U.S. states and territories must satisfy to be accepted for accessing federal government facilities, nuclear power plants, and for boarding airline flights in the United States. The requirements include verification of the personal information presented when applying for the identification document, security features on the document, and electronic sharing of databases between states. The act also made various modifications to U.S. immigration law regarding asylum, border security, deportation, and specific work visas.

In the United States, identity documents are typically the regional state-issued driver's license or identity card, while also the Social Security card and the United States passport card may serve as national identification. The United States passport itself also may serve as identification. There is, however, no official "national identity card" in the United States, in the sense that there is no federal agency with nationwide jurisdiction that directly issues an identity document to all US citizens for mandatory regular use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proof of Age Standards Scheme</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States passport card</span> U.S. identification card

The United States passport card is an optional national identity card and a travel document issued by the U.S. federal government in the size of a credit card. Like a United States passport book, the passport card is only issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals exclusively by the U.S. Department of State. The passport card allows its holders to travel by domestic air flights within the U.S., and to travel by land and sea within North America. However, the passport card cannot be used for international air travel. US passport cards are used to verify identity and US citizenship. The requirements to attain the passport card are identical to the passport book and compliant to the standards for identity documents set by the REAL ID Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aadhaar</span> Indian national identification number

Aadhaar (Hindi: आधार, lit. 'base, foundation') is a twelve-digit unique identity number that can be obtained voluntarily by all residents of India, based on their biometrics and demographic data. The data is collected by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), a statutory authority established in January 2016 by the Government of India, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Identity Documents Act 2010</span> United Kingdom legislation

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finnish identity card</span> National identity card of Finland

The Finnish identity card is one of two official identity documents in Finland, the other being the Finnish passport. Any citizen or resident can get an identification card. Finnish citizens will get indication of citizenship on the card. It is available as an electronic ID card, which enables logging into certain services on the Internet, local computers or adding digital signatures into LibreOffice ODF documents or creating DigiDoc formatted containers that also allows encryption during content transfer. ID card is applied at a police station and it is issued by the police.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greek identity card</span> National identity card of Greece

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghana Card</span> National identity card of Ghana

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Biometrics refers to the automated recognition of individuals based on their biological and behavioral characteristics, not to be confused with statistical biometrics; which is used to analyse data in the biological sciences. Biometrics for the purposes of identification may involve DNA matching, facial recognition, fingerprints, retina and iris scanning, voice analysis, handwriting, gait, and even body odor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National identity cards in the European Economic Area and Switzerland</span> Identity cards issued by member states of the European Economic Area

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norwegian identity card</span> National identity card of Norway

The Norwegian identity card, commonly referred to as the national identity card in Norway, is a non-compulsory biometric identity document issued since 30 November 2020. It is one of two official identity documents issued by the Norwegian Police Service, the other being the Norwegian passport. It is only issued to Norwegian citizens, and may indicate citizenship so that it can be used as a travel document facilitating freedom of movement within the European Free Trade Association and the European Economic Area. For travel within the Nordic countries no identity documentation is legally required for Nordic citizens due to the Nordic Passport Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National identity card (Bangladesh)</span> National identity card of Bangladesh

The National Identity Card or NID card is a compulsory identity document issued to every Bangladeshi citizen upon turning 18 years of age by Bangladesh Election Commission (EC). The NID is also a biometric, microchip embedded smart identity card. The NID is required by Bangladeshi citizens for multiple essential public services & private services in Bangladesh. Initially, paper-based laminated NID cards were issued in 2006. Then, the paper-based laminated NID cards were replaced by the Smart NID cards in 2016. This was done to ensure security for the cardholder as well as prevent counterfeiting and fraudulence. Bangladesh government provides the Smart NID card with zero cost for all above 14 years Bangladeshi citizens.

Australia does not have a national identity card. Various Identity documents of Australia may be used or required to prove a person's identity instead of a national identity card, whether for government or commercial purposes such as:

References

  1. ↑ Service, Islington Education Library (22 March 2003). "Identity Cards, World War II, Original | Object Lessons - Conflict & Protest: 20th Century - Present". Islington Education Library Service.
  2. ↑ "Britain's Windrush mess revives support for ID cards: Establishing who does and doesn't have the right to be in the country might be easier—and fairer—with a national register". The Economist . 3 May 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  3. ↑ "Britain needs a national identity register: Editorial". The Economist . 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  4. ↑ Aaronovitch, David (26 April 2018). "ID cards are best way to tackle immigration". The Times . Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Smith, Matthew (12 May 2018). "Majority of Brits support introducing ID cards". YouGov . Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  6. ↑ Wright, Oliver (30 April 2018). "Reconsider ID cards, say ex-home secretaries". The Times . Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  7. ↑ Chorley, Matt (12 September 2018). "Amber Rudd urges rethink over nationwide ID scheme". The Times . Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  8. ↑ Walker, Peter (13 March 2019). "ID cards a possibility after Brexit, says UK immigration minister". Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022– via www.theguardian.com.
  9. ↑ "Identity cards bill | Race equality impact assessment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  10. ↑ "The state of British democracy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  11. ↑ "mori" Archived 2006-12-15 at the Wayback Machine . mori.com. Retrieved on 11 November 2015.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ Tempest, Matthew (25 May 2005). "ID card cost soars as new bill published". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  14. ↑ "Q&A: Identity cards". BBC News. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  15. ↑ "Retailers reject ID security fear". BBC News. 6 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  16. ↑ "YouGov / Daily Telegraph Survey on ID cards and other Government proposals" (PDF). YouGov . 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  17. ↑ "YouGov / Daily Telegraph Survey Results" (PDF). YouGov. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  18. ↑ "ICM Research: ID Card Survey". Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  19. ↑ "YouGov | What the world thinks" Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine . yougov.com. Retrieved on 11 November 2015.
  20. ↑ Cancellation of identity cards: FAQs Archived 2010-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Identity and Passport Service
  21. ↑ "Elections Act 2022". Library of the House of Commons, UK.
  22. 1 2 "'A full-fronted attack on our democracy': New voter ID laws make it harder for young people to vote". The Big Issue. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  23. ↑ "Elections Bill, as introduced in the Lords".
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