Tubulin in molecular biology can refer either to the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins, or one of the member proteins of that superfamily. α- and β-tubulins polymerize into microtubules, a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. It was discovered and named by Hideo Mōri in 1968. Microtubules function in many essential cellular processes, including mitosis. Tubulin-binding drugs kill cancerous cells by inhibiting microtubule dynamics, which are required for DNA segregation and therefore cell division.
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta. Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits. Treponema succinifaciens has been found in the gut microbiome of traditional rural human populations.
The Spirochaetales are an order of spirochete bacteria. Some species within this order are known to causes syphilis, Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and other illnesses.
The Leptospiraceae are a family of spirochete bacteria. It includes the genus Leptospira which contains some pathogenic species.
Streptomycetaceae is a family of the class Actinomycetota, making up the monotypic order Streptomycetales. It includes the important genus Streptomyces. This was the original source of many antibiotics, namely streptomycin, the first antibiotic against tuberculosis.
Campylobacterota are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. Until the 2021 revision of bacterial taxonomy by the ICSP, the entire phylum was classified within the Proteobacteria as the Epsilonproteobacteria and the Desulfurellales. The separation of this phylum from "Proteobacteria" was originally proposed in 2017, using GTDB-based methods.
In the taxonomy of microorganisms, the Methanomicrobia are a class of the Euryarchaeota.
Thermoproteales are an order of archaeans in the class Thermoprotei. They are the only organisms known to lack the SSB proteins, instead possessing the protein ThermoDBP that has displaced them. The rRNA genes of these organisms contain multiple introns, which can be homing endonuclease encoding genes, and their presence can impact the binding of "universal" 16S rRNA primers often used in environmental sequencing surveys.
The Negativicutes are a class of bacteria in the phylum Bacillota, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Bacillota. Although several neighbouring Clostridia species also stain gram-negative, the proteins responsible for the unusual diderm structure of the Negativicutes may have actually been laterally acquired from Pseudomonadota. Additional research is required to confirm the origin of the diderm cell envelope in the Negativicutes.
The Cryptosporangiaceae are the only family of the order Cryptosporangiales, which is a part of the phylum Actinomycetota.
The Syntrophomonadaceae are a family of anaerobic bacteria in the order of Clostridiales. As a source of energy, these organisms use carboxylic acids.
Cutibacterium is a bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae.
Phycisphaeraceae is a family of bacteria.
The Propionibacteriales are an order of bacteria.
The Micrococcales are an order of bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota.
The Actinopolymorphaceae are a family of bacteria.
The Rhodothermales are an order of bacteria.
Isosphaeraceae is a family of bacteria.
The Pirellulaceae are a family of bacteria.
Geodermatophilus is a Gram-positive genus of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota.
