Protected areas of Scotland

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The mountain of Stob Binnein lies in the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Stob Binnein.jpg
The mountain of Stob Binnein lies in the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.

Many parts of Scotland are protected in accordance with a number of national and international designations because of their environmental, historical or cultural value. Protected areas can be divided according to the type of resource which each seeks to protect. NatureScot has various roles in the delivery of many environmental designations in Scotland, i.e. those aimed at protecting flora and fauna, scenic qualities and geological features. [1] Historic Environment Scotland is responsible for designations that protect sites of historic and cultural importance. [2] Some international designations, such as World Heritage Sites, can cover both categories of site. [3]

Contents

Part of a series on the
Biodiversity of Scotland
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Biodiversity
Conservation
Special Areas of Conservation
Organisations
Wildlife Trusts
Areas
Natural history
Natural history

The various designations overlap considerably with many protected areas being covered by multiple designations with different boundaries.

National environmental designations

National parks

Map of the national parks of Scotland National parks of scotland.png
Map of the national parks of Scotland

The national parks of Scotland are managed areas of outstanding landscape where some forms of development are restricted to preserve the landscape and natural environment. At present, Scotland has two national parks: Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park, created in 2002, and the Cairngorms National Park, created in 2003. [4]

Unlike the national parks of many other countries, the national parks of Scotland are not areas of uninhabited land owned by the state. The majority of the land is in the ownership of private landowners (including conservation bodies such as the National Trust for Scotland), and people continue to live and work in the parks. Although the landscapes often appear "wild" in character, the land is not wilderness, as it has been worked by humans for thousands of years. [5] Like their English and Welsh counterparts the national parks of Scotland are effectively "managed landscapes", and are classified as IUCN Category V Protected Landscapes because of this. [6]

National nature reserves

National nature reserves (NNRs) are areas of land or water designated under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to contain habitats and species of national importance. NNRs can be owned by public, private, community or voluntary organisations but must be managed to conserve their important habitats and species, as well as providing opportunities for the public to enjoy and engage with nature. There are currently 43 NNRs in Scotland, which cover less than 1.5% of the land area of Scotland. Many of these reserves are IUCN Category II (national park) areas, such as Glen Affric, Rùm, Abernethy Forest and The Great Trossachs Forest. There are 19 NNRs with IUCN Category II status in Scotland. There are none with this status in England, Wales or NI. This is mainly due to Scotland’s natural habitats being more intact than in the rest of the UK. [7]

NatureScot is responsible for declaring NNRs in Scotland, having taken advice from the NNR Partnership comprising representatives of the NNR managing and community and land-owning organisations. [8] The majority of NNRs are directly managed by NatureScot; however, some are managed by, or in co-operation with other bodies such as Forestry and Land Scotland, the National Trust for Scotland and RSPB Scotland. Most NNRs in Scotland overlap Sites of Special Scientific Interest; many are also Special Areas of Conservation and/or Special Protection Areas. [9]

National scenic areas

Glen Affric is designated as both a NSA and NNR. GlenAffric.jpg
Glen Affric is designated as both a NSA and NNR.

There are 40 national scenic areas (NSAs) in Scotland, covering 13% of the land area of Scotland. The 40 NSAs were originally identified by the Countryside Commission for Scotland in 1978 as areas of "national scenic significance... of unsurpassed attractiveness which must be conserved as part of our national heritage". [10]

Sites of Special Scientific Interest

There are 1,422 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Scotland, in total covering around 10,110 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi), or about 12.6% of the country's total land area. They cover sites that are considered worthy of protection due to their flora, fauna, geology or geomorphology. Sites notified for their flora or fauna are known as Biological SSSIs, whilst those notified for geological or geomorphological interest are Earth Science SSSIs; sites may be notified under both categories. [11] SSSIs are considered to form the basic building block of site-based nature conservation in Great Britain, and most other legal nature/earth science conservation designations, including national nature reserves, Ramsar sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation are based upon them.[ citation needed ] Most SSSIs are in private ownership, and NatureScot works with the owners and managers to ensure the special features are preserved. Each SSSI has a site management statement produced by NatureScot which describes these features and details the actions and restrictions required to conserve them. [11]

The SSSI designation was originally introduced across Great Britain by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 (the similar Areas of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) operates in Northern Ireland). SSSIs in Scotland now fall under the remit of the Scottish Parliament and Government, and are designated by NatureScot under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. [11] The Register of Sites of Special Scientific Interest is held and maintained by the Registers of Scotland. [12]

Marine protected areas

Scotland's network of Marine protected areas (MPAs) consists of more than 230 designated areas, covered by various designations including Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas and Sites of Special Scientific Interest. [13] In order to strengthen the protection of marine areas seventeen Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas (NCMPAs) were designated within Scotland's territorial waters (i.e. within 12 nautical miles (22 km)). [14] A further thirteen protected areas are beyond the 12 mile limit and are therefore designated by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee rather than NatureScot. [15]

National designations for historic and cultural sites

Scheduled ancient monuments

A scheduled monument is a "nationally important" archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change. The protection provided to scheduled monuments is given under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, [16] which is a different law from that used for listed buildings (see below). [16] According to the 1979 Act, a monument cannot be a structure which is occupied as a dwelling, used as a place of worship or protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973. As a rule of thumb, a protected historic asset that is occupied would be designated as a listed building.

Listed buildings

The Forth Bridge is designated as both a Category A listed building and a World Heritage Site ForthRailwayBridge 27-06-2005 2150 TakenByEuchiasmus.JPG
The Forth Bridge is designated as both a Category A listed building and a World Heritage Site

A listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on the statutory list maintained by Historic Environment Scotland. A listed building may not be demolished, extended, or altered without special permission from the local planning authority, which typically consults the relevant central government agency, particularly for significant alterations to the more notable listed buildings. The degree of protection depends on whether a building is classified as Category A, B or C, Category A denoting the highest level of protection. [17]

There are about 47,400 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, around 8 percent (some 3,800) are Category A, and 50 percent are Category B, with the rest listed at Category C. [18]

Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland

The Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland is a listing of gardens and designed landscapes of national artistic and/or historical significance, in Scotland. The inventory was originally compiled in 1987, and now covers sites dating from the medieval period through to the 20th century. From 1991 the inventory, which is a continually evolving list, was maintained by Historic Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage, and it is now updated by a dedicated team within Historic Environment Scotland. As of 2019 the inventory included over 300 sites across Scotland, ranging in size from one hectare to well over 1000 hectares. [19]

Inventory of Historic Battlefields

The Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland lists nationally significant battlefields. It was first published for consultation in December 2010 by Historic Scotland, [20] and formally launched in May 2011. [21] As of 2019 the inventory, which is now maintained by Historic Environment Scotland (successor body to Historic Scotland), lists 40 battlefields on the inventory, the most recent addition being the Battle of Sark which was listed in 2016. [22]

International designations

World Heritage Sites

World Heritage Sites are locations that have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage Programme list of sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humankind. Historic Environment Scotland is responsible for cultural sites, whilst the Scottish Government's Environment & Forestry Directorate is responsible for natural sites. [3] As of 2018 there are 6 sites in the country, with a further 2 undergoing a process of formal evaluation.

Ramsar sites

Ramsar sites are internationally recognised wetland sites, protected under the terms of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, which was developed and adopted by participating nations at a meeting in Ramsar, Iran, on 2 February 1971. At the end of 2010, 160 states were contracting parties to the Convention, and the worldwide total of sites was 1,920. The United Kingdom was one of 18 original signatories to the Convention, and has since designated 168 Ramsar sites. 51 of these sites are within Scotland, including one site, the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes, which covers parts of both Scotland and England in the Solway Firth. The total area of all Ramsar sites in Scotland is approximately 313,500 hectares (775,000 acres). [23] All of Scotland's Ramsar sites form part of the European Natura 2000 network as either Special Protection Areas or Special Areas of Conservation, and many sites are further protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

Natura 2000

Natura 2000 is a network of nature protection areas in the territory of the European Union. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) designated under the Habitats Directive and Birds Directive respectively. The network includes both terrestrial and marine sites (Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)).

Special Areas of Conservation

A Special Area of Conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are to protect the 220 habitats and approximately 1000 species listed in annex I and II of the directive which are considered to be of European interest following criteria given in the directive. They must be chosen from the Sites of Community Importance by the State Members and designated SAC by an act assuring the conservation measures of the natural habitat. [24]

Special Protection Areas

A Special Protection Area (SPA) is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. [25] Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union (EU) have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and certain particularly threatened birds. [25]

Local designations

Local nature reserves

Local nature reserves, of which there are 74, are designated by local authorities, and are usually close to towns and cities. The land is usually owned or leased by the local authority: where another person or body is the owner, the owner must formally agree to the designation. [26]

Conservation areas

A conservation area is an area considered worthy of preservation or enhancement because of its special architectural or historic interest. In conservation areas, it is the protection of the quality and special interest of the neighbourhood or area as a whole that is intended, rather than specific buildings, which are protected by having listed status. Conservation areas are used to protect features such as groups of buildings, open spaces, street patterns, trees, and historic gardens. Scotland has around 600 conservation areas, which are controlled by local authorities. [27]

Regional parks

Regional parks are defined to co-ordinate the management of areas of attractive countryside that are of importance for recreation due to their proximity to population centres. The parks have been defined and are managed by local authorities. Currently Scotland has three regional parks: [28]

Non-statutory protected areas

In addition to statutory designations, many areas are protected by virtue of being owned by a conservation organisation. Such areas may also have legal protection, however there are many areas that are protected despite having no statutory designation. Examples of bodies owning land and property for conservation purposes in Scotland include:

Forest parks

Forest parks are areas of forest managed by Forestry and Land Scotland (FLS) that are managed for multiple benefits, with an emphasis on recreation facilities for visitors. [29] There are currently six forest parks in Scotland. [30]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Site of Special Scientific Interest</span> Protected area in the United Kingdom

A site of special scientific interest (SSSI) in Great Britain, or an area of special scientific interest (ASSI) in the Isle of Man and Northern Ireland, is a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom and Isle of Man. SSSI/ASSIs are the basic building block of site-based nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations in the United Kingdom are based upon them, including national nature reserves, Ramsar sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation. The acronym "SSSI" is often pronounced "triple-S I".

A special protection area (SPA) is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union (EU) have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and certain particularly threatened birds. Together with special areas of conservation (SACs), the SPAs form a network of protected sites across the EU, called Natura 2000. Each SPA has an EU code – for example the North Norfolk Coast SPA has the code UK9009031.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protected areas of the United Kingdom</span> Designated area for protection in the United Kingdom

Protected areas of the United Kingdom are areas in the United Kingdom which need and /or receive protection because of their environmental, historical or cultural value to the nation. Methods and aims of protection vary depending on the nature and importance of the resource. Protection operates at local, regional, national and international levels, and may be backed by legislation and international treaty, or less formally by planning policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NatureScot</span> Scottish government agency for natural heritage conservation

NatureScot is the operating name for the body formally called Scottish Natural Heritage. It is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government responsible for the country's natural heritage, especially its natural, genetic and scenic diversity. It advises the Scottish Government on nature conservation, and acts as a government agent in the delivery of conservation designations, i.e. national nature reserves, local nature reserves, national parks, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas and the national scenic areas. It receives annual funding from the Government in the form of Grant in Aid to deliver Government priorities for the natural heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National nature reserve (Scotland)</span>

The national nature reserves (NNRs) of Scotland are areas of land or water designated under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 as containing habitats and species of national importance. National nature reserves can be owned by public, private, community or voluntary organisations but must be managed to conserve their important habitats and species, as well as providing opportunities for the public to enjoy and engage with nature. There are currently 43 NNRs in Scotland, which cover 154,250 hectares (1,542.5 km2), or less than 1.5% of the land area of Scotland. They range in size from Corrieshalloch Gorge at 7 ha to Mar Lodge Estate, which covers 29,324 ha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve</span>

Caerlaverock is a national nature reserve (NNR) covering parts of the mudflats and shoreline of the Solway Firth about 10 km south of Dumfries, in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It lies between the River Nith and the Lochar Water, and consists of a variety of wetland habitats including bare mud and sand, merse and marshes, and is fringed by neutral grassland on the landward side. A nature reserve was designated in 1957 at the instigation of the Duke of Norfolk. The NNR covers an area of 82 square kilometres (32 sq mi) and is an internationally important wintering site for waterfowl and wading birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loch Leven (Kinross)</span> Freshwater loch

Loch Leven is a fresh water loch located immediately to the east of the burgh of Kinross in Perth and Kinross council area, central Scotland. Roughly triangular, the loch is about 6 km (3.7 mi) at its longest. Prior to the canalisation of the River Leven, and the partial draining of the loch in 1826–36, Loch Leven was considerably larger. The drop in water level by 1.4 m reduced the loch to 75% of its former size, and exposed several small islands, as well as greatly increasing the size of the existing ones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loch Fleet</span>

Loch Fleet is a sea loch on the east coast of Scotland, located between Golspie and Dornoch. It forms the estuary of the River Fleet, a small spate river that rises in the hills east of Lairg. The loch was designated a National Nature Reserve (NNR) in 1998, and is managed by a partnership between NatureScot, the Scottish Wildlife Trust (SWT) and Sutherland Estates. The NNR extends to 1058 hectares, including the Loch Fleet tidal basin, sand dunes, shingle ridges and the adjacent pine woods, including Balbair Wood and Ferry Wood. The tidal basin of the loch covers over 630 ha, and forms the largest habitat on the NNR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insh Marshes</span>

Insh Marshes are an area of floodplain of the River Spey between Kingussie and Kincraig in Badenoch and Strathspey, Highland, Scotland. The marshes are said to be one of the most important wetlands in Europe. They lie at altitude of approximately 240 to 220 m above sea level, and form one of the largest areas of floodplain mire and fen vegetation in Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glenmore Forest Park</span> Park in Highland, Scotland, UK

Glenmore Forest Park is a remnant of the Caledonian Forest near Aviemore in the Badenoch and Strathspey district of Highland, Scotland. Owned and managed by Forestry and Land Scotland, it lies within the Cairngorms National Park, and is one of six forest parks in the country. The forest park, which was established in 1948, covers 35.7 km2, of which 21.1 km2 is designated as a national nature reserve (NNR). Glenmore surrounds Loch Morlich, and is below the rise of the Cairngorms to the south; to the north the park extends to the summit of Meall a' Bhuachaille. The forest forms part of an expanse of Caledonian Forest that stretches from Glen Feshie to Abernethy, and which as a whole forms the largest single area of this habitat remaining in Scotland. It is home to much wildlife including Scottish crossbills, crested tits, capercaillie, narrow-headed ants, red squirrels and red deer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abernethy Forest</span> Forest in Highland, Scotland, UK

Abernethy Forest is a remnant of the Caledonian Forest in Strathspey, in the Highland council area of Scotland. It lies within the Cairngorms National Park, close to the villages of Nethy Bridge, Boat of Garten, and Aviemore. The forest is an RSPB reserve, close to Loch Garten Osprey Centre, which is also owned by the RSPB. It is popular with walkers, as there are various trails throughout the reserve. The forest forms part of the wider Abernethy National Nature Reserve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muir of Dinnet</span>

Muir of Dinnet is a national nature reserve (NNR) situated close to the village of Dinnet in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The reserve extends 1166 hectares from the River Dee to Culbean hill, and encompasses a wide range of habitats including dry heath, raised bog, woodland, and two lochs: Loch Kinord and Loch Davan. Muir of Dinnet was first declared a NNR in 1977 due to its value as a habitat for flora and fauna, and its important geomorphological features, the most striking of which is the Burn O'Vat. Muir of Dinnet is owned by Dinnet Estate and managed by NatureScot, who provide a visitor centre and a range of other facilities including waymarked paths and a car park. As of 2012 it was estimated that approximately 40,000 people visited Muir of Dinnet each year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protected areas of Wales</span> Designated area for protection in Wales

Wales, a country that is part of the United Kingdom, contains protected areas under various designations. The largest designation by land area is Wales' three national parks, followed by the five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve</span>

The Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve (NNR) comprises six separate woodland sites in the Clyde Valley region of South Lanarkshire, Scotland. These six sites are located along a 12 km section of the River Clyde and its tributaries, and lie close to built-up areas such as Hamilton and Lanark on the southern outskirts of Greater Glasgow. The sites can be easily accessed by about two million people living in the surrounding urban areas, making the reserve unique amongst Scotland's NNRs, most of which tend to be located in more remote areas. The six sites are:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tentsmuir National Nature Reserve</span>

Tentsmuir National Nature Reserve (NNR) is located southeast of Tayport in Fife, Scotland. The reserve is made up of three parts, encompassing Morton Lochs, Tentsmuir Point and Tayport Heath, and is managed by NatureScot. The different sections of Tentsmuir NNR were originally designated as separate national nature reserves at different times: the Morton Lochs section was designated in 1952; Tentsmuir Point in 1954; and Tayport Heath in 1988. While these discrete sections are distant from one another, they form part of the extensive dune system at Tentsmuir, and in 2003 SNH combined the three sites to form Tentsmuir National Nature Reserve. The adjoining Tentsmuir Forest is managed by Forestry and Land Scotland and covers most of the land between the three portions of the NNR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taynish National Nature Reserve</span>

Taynish National Nature Reserve is situated southwest of the village of Tayvallich in the council area of Argyll and Bute on the west coast of Scotland. The reserve encompasses almost all of the Taynish peninsula, which is around 5 km long and 1 km wide. The woodlands at Taynish are often described as a 'temperate rainforest', benefiting from the mild and moist climate brought about by the Gulf Stream. Taynish is owned and managed by NatureScot and was declared a national nature reserve (NNR) in 1977. The reserve was formerly also a biosphere reserve, but this status was withdrawn in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve</span> A nature reserve in Scotland

Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve (NNR) encompasses 430 hectares of land at the southeastern part of Loch Lomond in the council areas of Stirling and West Dunbartonshire, in Scotland. It covers the islands of Inchcailloch, Clairinsh, Torrinch, Creinch and Aber Isle, alongside areas of woodland and wetlands to either side of the mouth of the Endrick Water. NatureScot owns two parts of the reserve - the island of Inchcailloch and part of Gartfairn Wood - and the rest is privately owned. The reserve is managed by a partnership consisting of NatureScot, the RSPB Scotland and the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park, along with the owners and tenants of the land under agreements. Within this framework NatureScot directly manage the islands of Clairinsh, Inchcailloch, Torrinch and Creinch, and land to the north of the Endrick Water. The RSPB manages the area to the south of the Endrick Water, and the national park manages visitor facilities on Inchcailloch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glen Tanar</span> Glen of the Water of Tanar and national nature reserve in northeast Scotland

Glen Tanar is a glen in Aberdeenshire, eastern Scotland, through which the Water of Tanar flows. Near the mouth of the glen, at Tower o' Ess, the Water of Tanar flows into the River Dee. This flows through Deeside into the North Sea at Aberdeen. Glen Tanar contains the third largest area of Caledonian Forest in Scotland, and is of national and European importance. It lies 29 km east from the British royal family's private residence of Balmoral Castle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upper Tweeddale National Scenic Area</span>

The Upper Tweeddale National Scenic Area lies in the Borders region of Scotland. It is one of 40 national scenic areas (NSA) in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure their protection from inappropriate development. The designated area covers 12,770 ha of countryside surrounding the upper reaches of the River Tweed between Broughton and Peebles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservation in Scotland</span>

This article gives an overview of the structure of environmental and cultural conservation in Scotland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom.

References

  1. ↑ "Protected Areas". NatureScot. 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "Advise and regulate". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  3. 1 2 "What is A World Heritage Site?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  4. ↑ "National Park". Scottish Natural Heritage. 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  5. ↑ "Wildness in Scotland's Countryside" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  6. ↑ "The IUCN Categories". National Parks UK. 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  7. ↑ "National Nature Reserves". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  8. ↑ "NNR Partnership". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
  9. ↑ "About NNRs". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
  10. ↑ "Scotland's Scenic Heritage" (PDF). Countryside Commission for Scotland. April 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  11. 1 2 3 "Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)". NatureScot. 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  12. ↑ "Register of Sites of Special Scientific Interest". Registers of Scotland. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  13. ↑ "Scotland's Marine Protected Area network". Scottish Natural History. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  14. ↑ "Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas". Scottish Natural History. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  15. ↑ "Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)". JNCC. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  16. 1 2 "Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979" . Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  17. ↑ "What is Listing?". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  18. ↑ 3 Categories of listed building. Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  19. ↑ "Scotland's Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes". Historic Environment Scotland. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  20. ↑ "Celebrating Scotland's Battlefields". Historic Scotland. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  21. ↑ "Scotland's Battlefields Inventory completed". Historic Scotland. 20 December 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015 – via web.archive.org.
  22. ↑ "Gretna Battlefield becomes 40th site on the National Inventory". Historic Environment Scotland. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  23. ↑ "Ramsar List" (PDF). Ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  24. ↑ "SAC definition in the Directive". Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  25. 1 2 "The Birds Directive". Environment. European Union.
  26. ↑ "Local Nature Reserves". Scottish Natural Heritage. 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  27. ↑ "Living in a conservation area". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  28. ↑ "Regional parks". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  29. ↑ "Other national designations". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
  30. ↑ "Forest Parks". Forestry and Land Scotland. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
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