Starweb

Last updated

Starweb
Text version of Starweb logo.jpg
Designers Rick Loomis
Publishers Flying Buffalo Inc., Rick Loomis PBM Games
Years active1975–present
Genres Science fiction, play-by-mail
LanguagesEnglish
Players15
Playing timeMonths
Materials requiredInstructions, order sheets, turn results, paper, pencil
Media type Play-by-mail or email
Website http://rickloomispbm.com/

Starweb (or StarWeb) is a closed-end, space-based, play-by-mail (PBM) game. First published by Flying Buffalo Inc. in 1975, it was the company's second PBM game after Nuclear Destruction , the game that started the PBM industry in 1970. Players today can choose a postal mail or email format. Fifteen players per game assume one of six available roles and explore and conquer planets within a universe comprising 225 worlds. The object of the game is to attain a predetermined number of points which are generated by various actions during gameplay. Multiple game variants are available. Starweb is still available for play as of 2021 through the company Rick Loomis PBM Games.

Contents

Starweb has received numerous reviews from the 1970s to the 21st century with positive and negative comments. Reviewer and game designer Timothy B. Brown stated in 1990 that "StarWeb is arguably the best-loved, most widely known play-by-mail game in history," [1] and the editor of Flagship magazine said in 2009 that it was "one of the best turn-based games ever". [2] The game has won awards across multiple decades from the 1980s to the 21st century. These include the 1984 Charles S. Roberts Award for Best Play-by-Mail Game, the 1997 Origins Award for Best Ongoing Play-by-Mail Game, the 2000 and 2003 Origins Awards for Best Play-by-Mail Game, and the 2006 Origins Award for Play By Mail Game of the Year.

Play-by-mail genre

Example turn 1 order sheet for the Border Kingdom Example command sheet for a turn in the game Hyborian War with the Border Kingdom, Version 2.gif
Example turn 1 order sheet for the Border Kingdom

Play-by-mail (PBM) games feature a number of differences from tabletop games. The typical PBM game involves many more players than an average tabletop game can support. [3] [lower-alpha 1] PBM game lengths are usually longer, depending on a number of factors. Turnaround time is how long a player has to prepare and submit "orders" (moves and changes to make in the game) and the company has to process them and send back turn results. [5] The average turnaround time in the 1980s was two weeks, but some modern PBM games are play-by-email (PBEM) with shorter turnaround times of twice per week or faster. [6] [lower-alpha 2] Open ended games allow players to strengthen their positions without end, with players continually entering and leaving the game. Examples include Heroic Fantasy and Monster Island. [7] Conversely, closed end games typically have all players starting on equal terms, with rapid, intense, player vs. player gameplay that ends when a player or group achieves some victory condition or is unopposed. [8] Examples include Hyborian War and It's a Crime . [9] The complexity of PBM games can range from the relatively simple to the PBM game Empyrean Challenge , once described as "the most complex game system on Earth". [10] [lower-alpha 3]

Once a player has chosen a game and receives an initial game setup, gameplay begins. This generally involves players filling out order sheets for a game (see example image) and sending them to the gaming company. [5] The company processes the turns and returns the results to the player, who completes a subsequent order sheet. [5] Diplomacy is also frequently an important—sometimes indispensable—part of gameplay. [12] The initial choice of a PBM game requires consideration as there is a wide array of possible roles to play, from pirates to space characters to "previously unknown creatures". [13] Close identification with a role typically increases a player's game satisfaction. [8] [lower-alpha 4]

History

Some games have long been played by mail between two players, such as chess and Go. [14] PBM play of Diplomacy —a multiplayer game—began in 1963. [15] The emergence of the professional PBM industry occurred less than a decade later. Rick Loomis, "generally recognized as the founder of the PBM industry", [16] accomplished this by launching Flying Buffalo Inc. and his first PBM game, Nuclear Destruction, in 1970. [14] Professional game moderation started in 1971 at Flying Buffalo. [17] [lower-alpha 5] For approximately five years, Flying Buffalo was the single dominant company in the US PBM industry until Schubel & Son entered the field in about 1976 with the human-moderated Tribes of Crane . [17] It was within this environment that Starweb entered the PBM field.

Publication history

In the mid-1970s, Flying Buffalo discovered significant demand for a space-based PBM game through survey. [18] Consequently, Rick Loomis invented Starweb which Flying Buffalo released as its second PBM game. [18] [19] [20] The game launched in 1975. [21] By 1979, the company had about 360 active Starweb games. [22] Starweb was Flying Buffalo's most popular game in 1984. [23] [lower-alpha 6] The original game instructions were in a "mimeographed" manual which eventually required a second edition to address player confusion. [24] The instructions went through multiple additional revisions over the following decade. [25] By 1992, the company had run more than 1,100 games of Starweb. [26]

Starweb has been featured in various gaming magazines. The Nuts & Bolts of Starweb was the first PBM magazine not published by a PBM company. [27] Although it morphed over time, its publisher, Rick Buda, started it as a fanzine for Starweb in June 1980, especially to discuss how to play his favorite character, the Berserker. [28] Starweb has also been reviewed in gaming magazines such as Challenge, The Space Gamer , and White Dwarf as well as PBM magazines such as Flagship and Paper Mayhem . In 1980, the game enjoyed substantial growth from advertising in science fiction magazines. [24]

Starweb is still available for play. After the August 4, 2021 sale of Flying Buffalo Inc. to Webbed Sphere, [29] the PBM games—which were not included in the sale—continued under a new company: Rick Loomis PBM Games. [30] The company, run by Loomis' sisters and their PBM computer expert, continues to offer Starweb by postal mail and play-by-email (PBEM) as of August 2021 to include several variants. [30] [31] [lower-alpha 7]

Gameplay

According to reviewer Jay Reese, Starweb "is a science fiction game of stars and star fleets". [24] Each game has fifteen players, each with one homeworld. [32] [lower-alpha 8] These players compete for the 225 available worlds. [32] Six different identities are available for play: Apostle, Artifact Collector, Berserker, [lower-alpha 9] Empire Builder, Merchant, and Pirate. [24] Each character type obtains points for different actions. For example, Apostles earn five points per world controlled and one point per ten existing converts, among other methods, to gain points in a given turn. [25] Artifacts provide points as well—the game has ninety standard and various special artifacts available during gameplay. [24] Holding a standard artifact provides a player five points per turn while a special artifact can provide a larger number of points, such as the Treasure of Polaris at 20 points per turn. [25] [lower-alpha 10] Diplomacy and player interaction is a critical aspect of gameplay, [20] and Timothy B. Brown emphasizes that "Starweb is a game of diplomacy." [34]

The editors of Flagship magazine provided the following as a summary of gameplay in 1983:

You are the ruler of a single planet of beings just beginning to explore a web of 225 planets linked by complex and unmapped paths. You can build ships to explore and conquer; each of your ships and planets will get a report on enemy forces at or moving past the planet, as well as a list of the neighboring worlds, thereby enabling you gradually to build up a map of the Web. [35]

Loomis stated that in 1979 the Merchant character was winning the most, and was, at the time, "the easiest position to play, generally, and the hardest to stop, once he gets started" while an Empire Builder or Apostle would likely require a longer game to score a victory. [36] As of 1980, player's moves were written in a precise, but complex coded format. [24] However, according to reviewer Paul S. Person, game mechanics were simple—even simplistic for some—with a universe limited in size and "easily written" orders. [20]

The game ends when a player reaches an unrevealed point total determined at the beginning of the game. [24] Although this total is normally between 1,000 and 10,000 points, "[s]trategy changes radically in longer games". [35] Graham Bucknell described a version of Starweb called "25,000 Starweb" in the Winter 1983 issue of Flagship where the game ended when a player achieved 25,000 points. [37] In a March 1983 issue of The Space Gamer , A.D. Young stated that the average game ended on turn 22 with an average of 7,500 points. [38] [lower-alpha 11] In 1980, turns took three to four weeks, allowing fifteen to twenty turns annually, causing some games to take longer than a year, [39] as full games take about eighteen turns, according to reviewer Timothy Brown. [1] In late 2008, the publisher stated that approximately 10,000 points was the game's goal. [32]

Variations

Rick Loomis stated in 2014 that a "Multi" game of Starweb allows each of its five players to roleplay three different identities as one position. [40] According to the game publisher, this is more costly, more challenging, and for advanced players. [32] Another variation is anonymous play, which prevents player interaction. [32] "Bitter End Starweb" is played without points, ending when "one player owns more than half of the worlds on the map". [32] Games of this version have lasted longer than four years. [41] A longer variant, played with points, is "Extra-long Starweb", where 50,000 versus 25,000 points won. [42] Other variations include combinations of variables, such as "Slow Multi Anonymous Starweb". [32] In 1980, the company offered a computer version, where custom programs could play each other (human assistance not allowed). [43]

In the late 1970s, Flying Buffalo had additional Starweb variations. These included "Blitz Starweb" with 9-day versus 14-day order turnarounds, "Slow Starweb" with 3-week turnarounds (automatic for foreign players), "Anonymous Starweb" which prohibited diplomacy, "Bribery Starweb" which allowed players to purchase extra game items, and "California Starweb" which comprised players from the state of California. [44] Flying Buffalo offered similar versions for New York, Chicago, and Florida. [45] "War Against Robots" pitted empire builders and Berserkers against each other in equal numbers. [46] Reviewer Glenn T. Wilson described a pending variant called "15-Character Solitaire" in 1985, as one-player race to 10,000 points for each of 15 characters. [47] In 1986, Flying Buffalo attempted an All-Female version based on recommendations. [48] In 1997, there was a "Time Travel" variant offered where players could redo their previous turn once during the game. [49]

Reception

Starweb received various reviews in the 1970s and 1980s after publication. Jay Reese reviewed the game in an April 1977 issue of The Space Gamer and concluded that, "If you can get past the early errors and discouragement, you will find that Starweb can be a fascinating game." [50] Chris Harvey reviewed the game for White Dwarf in its June–July 1980 issue, stating that, "if you like what you've read, then save up your pennies, cross those empty evenings off your diary and jump into the new hobby of CM PBM." [51] Also in July 1980, Paul S. Person provided a review in The Space Gamer, commenting that "Starweb is a smoothly-run game ... which emphasizes diplomacy at the expense of detail. It is recommended for those who like galactic empire themes and who would like a game with lots of hidden intelligence." [20] In the April 1983 edition of Dragon , Michael Gray stated, "This is Flying Buffalo's science fiction play-by-mail game of conquest, trade, exploration and diplomacy. And it's nothing short of a masterpiece!" [52] In a 1987 issue of White Wolf, reviewer Stewart Wieck stated that "Starweb is a superior PBM game," ranking it a 9 out of a possible 10. [53]

Reviewers continued commenting on Starweb in the 1990s. In a 1990 issue of Challenge magazine, Timothy B. Brown stated that, with over 1,000 games run, "StarWeb is arguably the best-loved, most widely known play-by-mail game in history", and—while noting that aspects of the point system could be a drawback—recommended it as an enjoyable game. [54] [lower-alpha 12] In 1999, Pyramid magazine named Starweb as one of the Millennium's Best Games. Editor Scott Haring said "Starweb is the king of [PBM games] – the industry's most popular and longest running. ... Beautifully balanced, with a design so well-polished it gleams." [55] In a 2009 issue of Flagship magazine, its editor Carol Mulholland called Starweb "one of the best turn-based games ever". [2]

Starweb has been recognized and won various awards over multiple decades. These include the first PBM game listed in Games magazine's "Games 100" in 1981, "Best Science Fiction PBM Game" by the PBM Association in 1985, and best game in the Game Manufacturer's Association (GAMA) PBM category in 1985. [56] Starweb also won the 1984 Charles S. Roberts Award for Best Play-by-Mail Game, [57] the 1997 Origins Award for Best Ongoing Play-by-Mail Game, [58] the 2000 and 2003 Origins Awards for Best Play-by-Mail Game, [59] and the 2007 Origins Award for Play By Mail Game of the Year. [60]

Reviews

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For example, the PBM game It's a Crime can accommodate 110 players per game. [4]
  2. ↑ For example, the PBM game Covert Operations allows twice-per-week moves, daily moves, and private games where players can specify turn around times. [6]
  3. ↑ Vern Holford, owner of Superior Simulations, developed Empyrean Challenge , a PBM game that reviewer Jim Townsend described in 1988 as "the most complex game system on Earth" with some turn results for large positions at 1,000 pages in length. [11] According to Townsend, in those cases there was a significant investment in time to understand what happened on a turn as well as to fill out future turn orders. [11] He said a player without a spreadsheet was "nearly doomed from the outset". [11]
  4. ↑ This section is taken from the Play-by-mail genre section of the Hyborian War Wikipedia article.
  5. ↑ Flying Buffalo later added games such as Battleplan and Heroic Fantasy along with Starweb and others. By the late 1980s these games were all computer moderated. [17]
  6. ↑ The next most popular games were Heroic Fantasy in a "distant second", Battle Plan , and Starlord , respectively.
  7. ↑ As of the company's August 2021 newsletter, variants offered are "Multi game", "Anonymous multi game", and "Bitter end anonymous multi game". [31]
  8. ↑ The game was limited to fifteen players because Flying Buffalo's computer only had 16 kilobytes of RAM. [33]
  9. ↑ Starweb uses the term "Berserker" with implicit permission of Fred Saberhagen; Saberhagen returned the favor by using a fictionalized Starweb game as a backdrop for his novel Octagon (1981). [19]
  10. ↑ Artifacts can also cause a player to lose points such as the Radioactive Isotope, which causes a player to lose 30 points per turn. [25]
  11. ↑ Young stated that the standard deviation for the score required to win was "about 1600" points. [38]
  12. ↑ Brown also pointed to the game's longevity itself as evidence of its quality.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Play-by-mail game</span> Games played through postal mail, email or other digital media

A play-by-mail game is a game played through postal mail, email, or other digital media. Correspondence chess and Go were among the first PBM games. Diplomacy has been played by mail since 1963, introducing a multi-player aspect to PBM games. Flying Buffalo Inc. pioneered the first commercially available PBM game in 1970. A small number of PBM companies followed in the 1970s, with an explosion of hundreds of startup PBM companies in the 1980s at the peak of PBM gaming popularity, many of them small hobby companies—more than 90 percent of which eventually folded. A number of independent PBM magazines also started in the 1980s, including The Nuts & Bolts of PBM, Gaming Universal, Paper Mayhem and Flagship. These magazines eventually went out of print, replaced in the 21st century by the online PBM journal Suspense and Decision.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flying Buffalo</span> Role-playing game publisher

Flying Buffalo Inc. (FBI) is a game company with a line of role playing games, card games, and other gaming materials. The company's founder, Rick Loomis, began game publishing with Nuclear Destruction, a play-by-mail game which started the professional PBM industry in the United States. Loomis added games and players while introducing computer moderation and soon incorporated into the company Flying Buffalo Inc. The company published games in other genres, including card games such as Nuclear War and a role playing game called Tunnels & Trolls, a game similar to Dungeons & Dragons. Flying Buffalo acquired its 10,000th customer account number in 1980 and reached its largest size of 21 employees in 1983.

<i>Legends</i> (play-by-mail game) Role-playing game with a medieval setting

Legends is a turn-based, role-playing game with a medieval setting. It is currently published in English by Harlequin Games. Jim Landes—owner of Midnight Games, the game's first publisher—began developing the game in 1984, eventually publishing it in December 1989 as a play-by-mail (PBM) game after over a year of playtesting. The initial game comprised a module and game system built on the publisher's existing game, Epic, and was run briefly as Swords of Pelarn before publication as Legends. The first of multiple game modules was Crown of Avalon, which allowed up to 200 players per game. Demand by 1991 was "incredible" according to Bruce R. Daniel in White Wolf. Games could be lengthy, initially between three and ten years of play, settling into an average of three years by 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rick Loomis</span> American game designer (1946–2019)

Rick Loomis was an American game designer, most notable as the founder of game publisher Flying Buffalo, which he managed until his death.

<i>Empyrean Challenge</i> Science fiction play-by-mail game

Empyrean Challenge is a strategic science fiction play-by-mail (PBM) game. Published by Superior Simulations in 1978, its introduction was important to the nascent PBM industry. 150 players per game strove to dominate a cluster of star systems. Diplomacy, combat, economics, technological development, colonization, and other factors were important aspects of gameplay. Detailed work was required in all aspects of the game, requiring a significant investment in time for players. Reviewer Jim Townsend stated in 1988 that Empyrean Challenge was "the most complex game system on Earth".

Pellic Quest was a computer-moderated science fiction play-by-mail (PBM) game appearing as early as 1978. Conflict Interaction Associates published it as a spinoff of Flying Buffalo's game Starweb. In the game, 10–15 players competed to dominate a universe strewn with artifacts left by a super-race, the Pellics. Players role-played one of six character types with options to develop their position, expand through conquest, conduct diplomacy, and other actions. The game received generally positive reviews in gaming magazines in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The publisher appeared to close the game by 1988.

<i>The Nuts & Bolts of PBM</i> American play-by-mail magazine

The Nuts & Bolts of PBM was a magazine dedicated to play-by-mail games, first published in June 1980 as Nuts and Bolts of Starweb, and edited by Richard J. Buda. The magazine incorporated in 1983 to Bolt Publications. Rick Loomis of Flying Buffalo Games stated in 1985 that the Nuts & Bolts of PBM was the first PBM magazine not published by a PBM company. He stated that "It was a fun magazine, but somewhat ahead of its time, and it had no financial backing." Afterward, the name changed to Nuts & Bolts of Gaming.

<i>Heroic Fantasy</i> Play-by-mail fantasy game

Heroic Fantasy is a computer-moderated, dungeon crawl play-by-mail game. It has been active since 1982 when it was published by Flying Buffalo. The initial edition involved nine dungeon levels. Flying Buffalo published subsequent editions due to challenging gameplay initially, eventually limiting the game to four dungeon levels with a fifth outdoors level where players can assemble an army and capture one or more castles. The game is open-ended; gameplay continues until players decide to stop.

<i>Galactic Conflict</i> Science fiction play-by-mail game

Galactic Conflict is a space-based, computer-moderated, play-by-mail game originally published by Flying Buffalo in 1982. As August 2021, Rick Loomis PBM Games took over as game publisher. During gameplay, six to fifteen players expand across the galaxy, building industrial capacity and pursuing Civilian Projects through various means. Some player diplomacy is typical. The game received multiple reviews in the early 1980s, receiving generally positive comments.

<i>Hyborian War</i> Fantasy role-playing game

Hyborian War is a play-by-mail game published by Reality Simulations, Inc. It takes place during the Hyborian Age in the world of Conan the Barbarian created by Robert E. Howard. The game has been continuously available for worldwide play since its inception in 1985 and has changed little in its overall format. It uses a computer program to adjudicate player orders. Although it relies on postal mail or email and has turnaround times which are relatively long for the digital age of video games, Hyborian War has remained active into the 21st century.

Midgard is an open-end, medieval fantasy play-by-mail game. It was published in 1984 by Time Space Simulations. Through 1996, the game passed through more than four different publishers, including Midgard USA. As of 2022, Talisman Games is the publisher. At initial publication, Midgard was computer moderated with partial human moderation.

Paper Mayhem is an out-of-print play-by-mail (PBM) game magazine that was published in Ottawa, Illinois. The staff published the initial issue in July 1983 and the magazine ran until mid-1998. Its format was 40 pages published six times per year. The magazine was the most well-known of the play-by-mail periodicals of the period, providing articles and reviews of play-by-mail games, as well as reader-informed ratings of play-by-mail companies, game masters (GMs) and games, both intermittently and on an annual basis. The magazine, along with its long-time editor-in-chief, David Webber, was influential in the play-by-mail community, even echoing into 21st century play-by-mail activities. The publication ceased suddenly in mid-1998 following the unexpected death of Webber.

CTF 2187 is a closed-end, computer-moderated, play-by-mail (PBM) game that was published by Advanced Gaming Enterprises in the 1980s. It involved teams of robots, of varying size and capabilities, battling on a hex-grid arena with the purpose of defeating the opposing team or their command post. Players assumed the role of a battle robot pilot. The game was tactically-focused, with combat action beginning on the first turn. Games lasted 5–10 turns, or about six months. Players began at the rank of cadet but could spend experience points earned from a completed game to increase in rank for future games, up to the rank of General.

Lords of the Earth (LOTE) is a play-by-email game, first published by Thomas Harlan in 1983 during a growing era of PBM games. Initially played by postal mail, the game featured mixed moderation—computer moderated with some human assistance. By 2002, the publisher processed turns by email (PBeM). Lords of the Earth comprises multiple campaigns, each one a separate game. Campaign 1 is the oldest, set in the mid-1800s in the "Age of Air and Steam". Other campaigns begin from 2000 BCE to 1400 CE. Settings were global in scale, with one campaign featuring an outer space setting.

<i>Battle Plan</i> Play-by-mail wargame

Battle Plan is a closed-end, military strategy, play-by-mail (PBM) wargame. It was first published by Flying Buffalo Inc. in 1972, as one of the company's game offerings after Nuclear Destruction, the game that started the PBM industry in 1970. In August 2021, Rick Loomis PBM Games began publishing the game.

<i>Galac-Tac</i> Play-by-mail space exploration game

Galac-Tac is a closed-end, science fiction, play-by-mail (PBM) wargame. It was first published by Phoenix Publications in 1982. By 1990, the publisher had changed its name to Delta Games, and then later to Talisman Games. In 2010, Talisman Games changed ownership and transitioned Galac-Tac to a web-based game. It is still available for play by postal mail or email for those with web access challenges. The game has been updated as well as reviewed multiple times in its 40 years of active play. Various reviews in the 1980s and 1990s provided both positive and negative comments as well as potential areas for the game to improve. The game has been featured numerous times in the modern PBM magazine, Suspense & Decision.

<i>Victory! The Battle for Europe</i> Play-by-mail wargame

Victory! The Battle for Europe is a closed-end, military strategy, play-by-mail (PBM) wargame. The game was first published by Rolling Thunder Games, Inc. in 1991 after a period of initial growth in the PBM industry. The game centers on Europe while including parts of North Africa, the Middle East, the United States, and Canada. Forty players start each game with equal resources among countries, although geography causes differences between starting positions. Games last for about three years each. The game received positive reviews and rankings in the PBM magazine Paper Mayhem in the 1990s, including tying for second place in its Best PBM Game of 1995 list.

<i>Feudal Lords</i> (play-by-mail game) Play-by-mail role-playing game

Feudal Lords is a closed-end, computer moderated, play-by-mail game set in medieval England. Starting as a game run through a magazine in 1977, it was first published by Graaf Simulations, later run by Flying Buffalo, Inc, and is today published by Rick Loomis PBM Games.

<i>Quest</i> (game) Play-by-mail fantasy game

Quest is an open-end, fantasy, play-by-mail (PBM) role-playing game. Initially released in the United Kingdom in 1991, by Adventures by Mail, it later became available for play in the United States, Australia, and other countries in Europe. The game has a First and Second Age, initially comprising about twenty worlds of up to 1,000 parties controlled by players. After the year 2000, the worlds consolidated into four. The current publisher is KJC Games.

References

  1. 1 2 Brown 1990. p. 76.
  2. 1 2 Mulholland 2009. p. 4.
  3. ↑ Greenberg 1993 pp. 8–9.
  4. ↑ KJC Games 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Paper Mayhem Jan/Feb 1993 p. 1.
  6. 1 2 Flying Buffalo 2020.
  7. ↑ Townsend 1987 p. 24; DuBois 1997 p. 4.
  8. 1 2 John Kevin Loth III 1986 p. 42; Paper Mayhem Jan/Feb 1993 p. 1.
  9. ↑ Lindahl 2020.
  10. ↑ John Kevin Loth III 1986 p. 42; Townsend 1988 p. 20.
  11. 1 2 3 Townsend 1988 p. 20.
  12. ↑ Townsend 1987 p. 29; Mouchet 2017 p. 11
  13. ↑ John Kevin Loth III 1986 pp. 42–43
  14. 1 2 McLain 1993
  15. ↑ Babcock 2013. p. 16.
  16. ↑ The Editors 1985. p. 35.
  17. 1 2 3 Townsend 1988. p. 20.
  18. 1 2 Loomis.
  19. 1 2 Appelcline 2011. p. 35.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Person 1980. p. 29.
  21. ↑ Loomis 1987. p. 26.
  22. ↑ Loomis 1979. p. 1.
  23. ↑ Loomis 1984. p. 4.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Reese 1977. p. 35.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Flying Buffalo Inc 2008.
  26. ↑ Loomis 1992. p. 51.
  27. ↑ Loomis 1985. p. 36.
  28. ↑ Buda 2015. p. 91.
  29. ↑ Flying Buffalo Inc. 2021.
  30. 1 2 Crompton 2021. p. 1.
  31. 1 2 Rick Loomis PBM 2021. p. 2.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Starweb 2008.
  33. ↑ Harvey 2003. p. 26.
  34. ↑ Brown 1990. p. 77.
  35. 1 2 Flagship staff 1983. p. 11.
  36. ↑ Loomis 1979. p. 1.
  37. ↑ Buckell 1983. p. 11.
  38. 1 2 Young 1983. p. 12.
  39. ↑ Reese 1977. p. 36.
  40. ↑ Loomis 2014. p. 35.
  41. ↑ Loomis 1984. p. 3.
  42. ↑ Loomis 1980. p. 2.
  43. ↑ Loomis 1980. p. 3.
  44. ↑ Flying Buffalo 1979. p. 16.
  45. ↑ Loomis 1978. p. 7.
  46. ↑ Loomis 1978. p. 12.
  47. ↑ Wilson 1985. p. 5.
  48. ↑ Loomis 1986. p. 2.
  49. ↑ Loomis 1998. p. 1.
  50. ↑ Reese 1977. pp. 35–36.
  51. ↑ Harvey 1980. p. 26.
  52. ↑ Gray 1983. pp. 32, 34.
  53. ↑ Wieck 1987. p. 61.
  54. ↑ Brown 1990. pp. 76–77.
  55. ↑ Haring 2007.
  56. ↑ Paper Mayhem 1986. p. 20.
  57. ↑ Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design 1984.
  58. ↑ Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design 1997.
  59. ↑ Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design 2000; Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design 2003.
  60. ↑ Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design 2007.
  61. ↑ Playboy Enterprises (1982-11-01). GAMES Magazine #33.

Bibliography

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.