Zagaje Formation

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Zagaje Formation
Stratigraphic range: Latest Rhaetian-Lower Sinemurian~202–196  Ma
CE Dinosaur Safar - Soltykow Jet Preserve (Rezerwat Gagaty Soltykowskie) - http-pl.wikipedia.org-wiki-Rezerwat przyrody Gagaty So^C5^82tykowskie - panoramio (1).jpg
Exposed Layers at Sołtyków
Type Geological formation
Unit of Kamienna Group
Sub-unitsHuta Mudstone Member
Underlies
OverliesUnnamed Rhaetian Beds
AreaPolish epicontinental basin except of the Mazury region and Czêstochowa region. Reaches also into north Germany
Thickness157.5 m
Lithology
Primary Sandstone
Other Mudstone
Location
Coordinates 51°06′N20°30′E / 51.1°N 20.5°E / 51.1; 20.5
Approximate paleocoordinates 43°06′N18°48′E / 43.1°N 18.8°E / 43.1; 18.8
Region Swietokrzyskie
Country
Type section
Named forThe Town of Zagaje near Gromadzice
Named byKaraszewski (as an informal unit) [3]
Relief Map of Poland.svg
Blue pog.svg
Zagaje Formation (Poland)

The Zagaje Formation is a Latest Triassic-Early Jurassic Epoch (Rhaetian-Sinemurian) geologic formation located mostly in Poland with layers also exposed in north Germany. This unit is known for its diverse Ichnofossil assemblages, with traces of invertebrates along vertebrate footprints, as well plants, large coal accumulations, invertebrate remains and ichnofossils. [4] The Zagaje Formation correlates with The lower part of the Höganäs Formation in Scania, as well the Munkerup Member and the Gassum Formation in Denmark. [1]

Contents

Paleoenvironment

Okarito + Whitebaiting * Nimmo * MRD 15.jpg
Lucas Creek in Kell Park at low tide seen from a footbridge.jpg
The Zagaje Formation is a mostly continental unit, with riverine and lacustrine sediments (Modern equivalent examples include Lake Wahapo and Lucas Creek in New Zealand)

The Zagaje Formation is particularly visible in the Sołtyków region and is made mostly of Early Jurassic continental mudstone-sandstone deposits linked to the onset of "depositional sequence I". Its age is confirmed as mostly Early Hettangian through stratigraphic and paleontological analyses, including fossil flora and conchostraca findings. Sedimentological studies divide the Sołtyków profile into three parts: ephemeral reservoir deposits, floodplain and lacustrine sediments, and river channel deposits, highlighting dynamic depositional environments influenced by tectonic subsidence and varying hydrological conditions. [1] [5] [6]

Climate wise, the area was located back in the Hettangian around 45°N paleolatitude in Laurasia within a rise of 5–10°C above present, were it experienced significant climatic and environmental change related with sea-level fluctuations, manifested locally with a notorious retrogradational fluvial-lacustrine sedimentation, with evidence of a humid climate interspersed with drier seasons. Some plant fossils like Hirmeriella mark points of aridity on what was mostly a humid swampy alluvial-lacustrine habitat. [7] [8]

The Zagaje Formation’s deposits are know from both outcrops and borehole profiles that consist primarily of sandstones, mudstones, and interspersed coal and siderite layers. It represents a stratigraphic gap with the underlying Upper Triassic formations and is capped by a transgressive contact with the Skłoby Formation. [1] This unit contains freshwater fauna and diverse trace fossils, including vertebrate tracks. [5] [9] The paleoenvironment reflects a dynamic alluvial plain shaped predominantly by high-sinuosity stream processes, transitioning from earlier braided and low-sinuosity stream systems. This evolution is attributed to climatic changes, rising base levels, and decreasing geomorphological gradients. Observations, both from exposures and borehole data, highlight the dominance of avulsion processes, with several depositional subsystems identified. Facies with organic remains are diverse: riverbed biofacies, derived from meandering channels characterized by fining-upward sequences composed of channel lag deposits, point-bar sands, and finer overlying sediments. [6] These deposits exhibit lateral accretion bedding and significant fossil bivalves and large-sized floated plant remains (stems and trunks of large plants) consistent with subaqueous dune migration within the channels; levee deposits derived from successive floods with scarce root traces, while plant remnants are common; Paleosoils with sparse traces of plant roots and remains of floating plants of highly variable size (mainly organic detritus, but also fragments of wood), fragments of bivalve shells and vertebrate remains (amniote bones, tracks, fish scales); the biofacies of the ephemeral water reservoir with plant remains, mainly horsetails, and fossils of insects, ostracods, and conchostraca; The pedogenic soil biofacies with remains of plant roots with preserved organic matter and rhizomes and stems in a living position; Floodplain biofacies with traces of numerous plant roots and plant macroremains, and remains of sedge stems preserved in a living position; Lake-marsh biofacies, dark, laminated mudstones with plant roots and coal, with few fossil bivalves, a large amount of organic matter in the form of plant detritus, and layers of coal and numerous finds of miospores and megaspores. [5] [6] [8] The local presence of charcoal fragments and high concentrations of PAHs, along with possible burnt plants, provides evidence for wildfires in the region, that likely occurred near the surface with charred wood fragments were subsequently incorporated into sediments by river transport. [10]

The high presence of coprolites has allow also to stablish the tropic chain of the local biota, with a clear full ecosystemical substitution of the older Triassic archosaurs by Dinosaurs. [11] [12]

Biota

Indet. Invertebrates

Several unname Ichnofossils are recovered at Soltyków, including conical domichnia ( Conichnus ?), bivalve straight to winding linear trails, smooth vertical and subvertical branching tunnels, knob-walled tunnels, mace-shaped or irregular ellipsoid chambers, etc. [13] [14]

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialMade By

Cruziana [13] [14]

  • C. problematica
  • cf.C. isp
  • Soltyków

Dwelling structures

  • Annelids
  • Insect larvae
  • Nematodes

Cochlichnus [1] [13]

  • C. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków

Traces

  • Annelids
  • Insect larvae
  • Nematodes

Conichnus [1] [13] [14]

  • C. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków

Subcylindrical burrows

  • Annelids
  • Nematodes
  • Crustaceans

Diplichnites [13] [14]

  • D. isp.
  • Soltyków

Hypichnial trackway

  • Insects
  • Myriapods
  • Arachnids

Diplocraterion [1] [13]

  • D. parallelum
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków

U-Shaped Burrows

  • Crustaceans
  • Annelids
  • Poronidans
  • Insects
  • Fish

Imbrichnus [1] [13]

  • I. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
Burrows
  • Annelids
  • Bivalves
  • Crustaceans

Kouphichnium [13] [14]

  • cf. K. isp.
  • Soltyków

V-shaped hypichnial marks

  • Xiphosura
  • Malacostraca

Palaeophycus [14]

  • P. isp.
  • Soltyków

Straight or slightly curved burrows

  • Annelids
  • Bivalves
  • Crustaceans

Planolites [14]

  • P. isp.
  • Soltyków

Horizontal burrows

  • Annelids
  • Bivalves
  • Crustaceans

Rusophycus [14]

  • R. isp.
  • Soltyków

Resting Traces

  • Resting traces of arthropods

Scolicia [1] [13]

  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków

Moving Traces

  • Locomotion trace of gastropods

Scoyenia [13] [14]

  • S. isp.
  • Soltyków

Linear slender burrows

  • Beetles?

Skolithos [1] [13] [14]

  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków

Sac/Bottle shaped burrows

  • Annelids
  • Crustaceans
  • Insects

Spongeliomorpha [1] [13] [14]

  • S. carlsbergi
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków

Sac/Bottle shaped burrows

  • Annelids
  • Crustaceans
  • Insects

Molluscs

Indeterminate gastropod egg capsules are know, similar to the ones recovered in the extant Neritina . [15] 4 unnamed morphotypes of freshwater bivalves of the family Unionidae are know. [5]

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Anodonta [16] [17]
  • A. liasokeuperina
  • Soltyków
Isolated ShellsA freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae
Example of extant specimen of Anodonta Anodonta kennerlyi.jpg
Example of extant specimen of Anodonta
Calceoformites [13] [14]
  • C. uchmani
  • Soltyków
Clog-shaped protrusionsBivalve estabilization traces
Cardinia [15]
  • C. follini
  • C. inglensis
  • C. cf.kullensis
  • Gromadzice
  • Odrowaz
  • Podole
  • Soltyków
Isolated ShellsA Carditidae Bivalve. Indicator of oligohaline settings and found also on the younger Skłoby Formation
Lockeia [1] [13]
  • L. siliquaria
  • L. amygdaloides
  • L. czarnockii
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
Dwelling tracesResting traces of Bivalves
DevonianLockeia121911.jpg
Ptychoplasma [18]
  • P. conica
  • Soltyków
Locomotion traceGastropod Locomotion traces
Scalichnus [1] [13] [14]
  • S. phiale
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
Sac/Bottle shaped burrowsEscape structure of mud-dwelling bivalves
Scolicia [1] [13]
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
TracesLocomotion and feeding trace of gastropods
Unio [16] [19]
  • U. minutus
  • Soltyków
Isolated ShellsA freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae
Example of extant specimen of Unio Unio mancus2 A MRKVICKA.JPG
Example of extant specimen of Unio
Viviparus [16] [20]
  • V. spp.
  • Soltyków
Isolated ShellsA freshwater snail, member of the family Viviparidae
Example of extant specimen of Viviparus Viviparus contectus 3.JPG
Example of extant specimen of Viviparus

Crustacea

GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Bulbilimnadia [5] [9]
  • B. kilianorum
  • Hucisko
  • Soltyków
ValvesA freshwater Ostracodan of the family Bulbilimnadiidae
Darwinula [5]
  • D. sarytirmenensis
  • D. spp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
ValvesA freshwater Ostracodan of the family Darwinulidae
Example of Darwinula specimens Darwinula stevensoni - 1988 Fig 2.tif
Example of Darwinula specimens
Euestheria [21] [16] [17]
  • E. opalina
  • E. loczyi
  • E. brodieana
  • E. minuta
  • Euestheria sp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Hucisko
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
ValvesA Freshwater Clam shrimp (Phyllopodan) of the family Lioestheriidae.
Isopodichnus [1] [13]
  • I. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
Hypichnial marksFeeding and moving traces of phyllopod and notostracan crustaceans

Insects

Radial chambers around large tunnels have been recovered, they may be arthropod burrows or traces of roots. [13] [14] Large nest structures with septa, similar to nesting behaviour of insects like Cicadas are know. [14]

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Artematopodites [22] A. ssp.
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/36, 39, 40A Coleopteran, member of the family Permosynidae
Blattodea [22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/54Indeterminate Blattodean remains
Blattulidae [22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/1Indeterminate Cockroach remains
Caraboidea [22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/12, 15Indeterminate Beetle remains
Coleoptera [22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
Isolated WingsIndeterminate Beetle remains
Helminthoidichnites [14] cf. H. isp.
  • Sołtyków
Gnawing tracessurficial gnawing traces made by insects
Hydrobiites [22] H. sp.
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 33A Coleopteran, member of the family Permosynidae
Linckichnus [14] L. terebrans
  • Sołtyków
Boring TracesDetritivorous habitation dwellings or oviposition structures of insects in dead wood
Memptus [22] M. sp.
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/44A Coleopteran, Incertade sedis
Notocupes [22] N. sp.
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/6A Coleopteran, Incertade sedis
Odrowazicoris [23] O. polonicus
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/2An Hemipteran, member of the family Belostomatidae
Polysitum [22] P.? sp.
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/14, 29A Coleopteran, Incertade sedis
Phoroschizidae [22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
MPK 5/4,5, 8, 20, 35Indeterminate Beetle remains
Xylonichnus [14] Cf.X. isp.
  • Sołtyków
Boring TracesBorings in the wood made probably by insect larvae

Fish

Unidentified Actinopterygian fish scales and teeth were collected from clayish, organic-rich lake deposits, while some coprolites have been referred to Hybodontiform sharks. [12]

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Semionotus [24] S. cf. bergeriCzarniecka GóraSingle specimenA Semionotiform bony fish of the family Semionotidae
Semionotus (cropped).jpg
Paleoniscidae [12] IndeterminateSołtykówScales & TeethIndeterminate Palaeonisciformes specimens

Testudinata

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Chelonipus [12] C. isp.SołtykówFootprintsTurtle Tracks
Testudinata [12] IndeterminateSołtykówCarapace FragmentsUnidentified Turtle remains, quoted to belong to a large sized taxon

Synapsids

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Ameghinichnus [5] [6] [12] Cf.A. isp.SołtykówFootprintsSmall Synapsid tracks, likely from Mammaliaformes
A genus similar to Morganucodon is most probably the best candidate for the local Brasilichnium footprints Morganucodon.jpg
A genus similar to Morganucodon is most probably the best candidate for the local Brasilichnium footprints
Brasilichnium [5] [6] B. isp.SołtykówFootprintsSmall Synapsid tracks, likely from Mammaliaformes
Dicynodontipus [12] D. isp.SołtykówFootprintsTracks referred to Eucynodonts, maybe Tritylodontidae
A genus similar to Tritylodon is most probably the best candidate for the local Dicynodontipus & Therapsipus footprints Tritylodon longaevusDB24.jpg
A genus similar to Tritylodon is most probably the best candidate for the local Dicynodontipus & Therapsipus footprints
Therapsipus [5] [12] Cf.T. isp.SołtykówFootprintsTracks referred to Eucynodonts

Rhynchocephalia

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Rhynchosauroides [5] [12] R. isp.SołtykówFootprintsTracks referable to both Sphenodontidae and Lepidosauromorpha
A small taxon coeval in age like Gephyrosaurus is a good reference for the local Rhynchosauroides tracks Gephyrosaurus NT small.jpg
A small taxon coeval in age like Gephyrosaurus is a good reference for the local Rhynchosauroides tracks

Crocodrylomorphs

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Batrachopus [5] [12] B. isp.SołtykówFootprintsCrocodrylomorph Tracks, likely of terrestrial taxa
Terrestrial crocodylomorphs such as Protosuchus, were most likely the Batrachopus trackmakers. The dinosaur book - the ruling reptiles and their relatives (1945) (20335774633).jpg
Terrestrial crocodylomorphs such as Protosuchus , were most likely the Batrachopus trackmakers.
Crocodylomorpha [12] IndeterminateSołtykówBones inside a large bromaliteAn Indeterminate Crocodrylomorph, likely preyed on by a large Theropod
Crocodylomorpha [5] IndeterminateSołtykówFootprintsUnnamed 3rd type of Footprint
Malutitetrapodiscus [5] [12] Cf.M. isp.SołtykówFootprintsProbably left by small terrestrial crocodylomorphs

Pterosauria

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Pteraichnus [5] [12] cf. P. isp.SołtykówFootprintsPterosaur Tracks, the individuals that left them probably had a wingspan of about 30-40 cm
A small taxon coeval in age like Dimorphodon is a good reference for the local Pteraichnus tracks Dimorphodon.png
A small taxon coeval in age like Dimorphodon is a good reference for the local Pteraichnus tracks

Theropods

Some elliptical "post-egg" structures egshells & eggs with embryo remains have been referred to theropods, yet may also belong to Ornithischians. [5]

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Anchisauripus [5] [6] [25] [26] [27]
  • A. ispp.
  • Cf.A. isp.
SołtykówFootprintsAdscribed to smal slender primitive predatory dinosaurs, related with genera such as Coelophysis
Anchisauripus may belong to a genus similar to Procompsognathus Procompsognathus.jpg
Anchisauripus may belong to a genus similar to Procompsognathus
Eubrontes [5] [6] [26] [27]
  • E. isp.
  • Cf.E. isp.
SołtykówFootprintsEubrontes is related to the Genus Dilophosaurus , representing a basal Neotheropods
Oudated Dilophosaurus model nicknamed "Dyzio", who was done in honor of the Zagaje Finds Dilophosaurus wetherilli 1.jpg
Oudated Dilophosaurus model nicknamed "Dyzio", who was done in honor of the Zagaje Finds
Grallator [5] [6] [25] [26] [28]
  • G. ispp.
  • Cf.G. isp.
SołtykówFootprintsSimilar pes with Coelophysidae-alike dinosaurs, related with neotheropods such as Dracoraptor .
Grallator footprints may belong to a genus similar to Dracoraptor Dracoraptor.jpg
Grallator footprints may belong to a genus similar to Dracoraptor
Kayentapus [5] [6] [25] [26] [27]
  • K. soltykovensis [29]
  • K. ispp.
  • Cf.K. isp.
SołtykówFootprintsAssumed to come from Genera similar to Sarcosaurus
Kayentapus footprints may belong to a genus similar to Sarcosaurus Sarcosaurus life restoration.jpg
Kayentapus footprints may belong to a genus similar to Sarcosaurus
Megalosauripus [5] [6] [26] [30] Cf.M. isp.SołtykówFootprintsLarge bodied taxa, maybe related with Sinosaurus . Among the largest early Jurassic theropod tracks worldwide.
Megalosauripus footprints can belong to a large relative of Sinosaurus or regional taxa such as Dornraptor Dornraptor normani.png
Megalosauripus footprints can belong to a large relative of Sinosaurus or regional taxa such as Dornraptor
Plesiornis [5] [6] [26]
  • cf. P. isp.
SołtykówFootprintsTheropod Tracks from small sized taxa with convergent features with latter Avians
Stenonyx [5] [31]
  • Cf.S. isp.
SołtykówFootprintsSmall Theropod tracks, likely from juveniles of larger taxa
Theropoda [5] [12] Indeterminate
  • Hucisko
  • Sołtyków
  • Teeth
  • Isolated Bones
  • Bromalites
Some coprolites, referred to Theropods include plant material, probably ingested acidentally by drinking water. [11] Others include large bone remains or fish scales. [12] Teeth corroborate the presence of large taxa in the area. [12]

Sauropodomorpha

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Kalosauropus [26]
  • K. pollex
GromadziceFootprintsTracks referred to early quadrupedal or semibipedal sauropodomorphs
Local Kalosauropus resemble the feet of the genus Massospondylus Massospondylus UDL.png
Local Kalosauropus resemble the feet of the genus Massospondylus
Megaloolithidae? [32] IndeterminateSołtykówEggshells, eggs with embryo remains & spherical "post-egg" structuresNesting structures & associated eggs referred to sauropods
Example of Megaloolithus, a fossil Sauropod egg Underside of a clutch of Megaloolithus siruguei at Pinyes locality - Tremp Formation.jpg
Example of Megaloolithus, a fossil Sauropod egg
Otozoum [5] [6] [12] Cf.O. isp.SołtykówFootprintsTracks referred to early quadrupedal or semibipedal sauropodomorphs
Parabrontopodus [5] [6] [12] P. isp.SołtykówFootprintsSauropod tracks, usually referred to taxa similar to Vulcanodon
Local Parabrontopodus resemble the feet of the genus Vulcanodon Vulcanodon.png
Local Parabrontopodus resemble the feet of the genus Vulcanodon
Sauropodomorpha [12] IndeterminateHucisko
  • Isolated bones
  • Bromalites
Indeterminate Sauropodomorph bones
Tetrasauropus [5] [6] [12] Cf.T. ispSołtykówFootprintsTracks referred to early quadrupedal or semibipedal sauropodomorphs
Local Tetrasauropus resemble the feet of the genus Aardonyx Aardonyx UDL.png
Local Tetrasauropus resemble the feet of the genus Aardonyx

Ornithischia

GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
Anomoepus [5] [6] [12]
  • A. scambus
  • A. ispp.
  • Cf.A. isp.
  • Sołtyków
  • Gromadzice
FootprintsTracks that resemble the feet of " Stormbergia" and various Genasauria of different sizes
"Stormbergia"'s feet matches with the Anomoepus tracks Stormbergia.jpg
"Stormbergia"´s feet matches with the Anomoepus tracks
Delatorrichnus [5] [6] [12]
  • D. isp.
SołtykówFootprintsTracks usually referred to Heterodontosauridae or similar taxa
Heterodontosaurus's feet matches with the Delatorrichnus tracks Heterodontosaurus restoration.jpg
Heterodontosaurus´s feet matches with the Delatorrichnus tracks
Moyenisauropus [33]
  • M. karaszevskii
  • M. isp.
  • Cf.M. isp.
KontrewersFootprintsTracks adscribed to basal Thyreophora, vinculated with genera such as Scelidosaurus
Scelidosaurus feet matches with the Moyenisauropus trackmaker Scelidosaurus2.jpg
Scelidosaurus feet matches with the Moyenisauropus trackmaker

Plants

In Palynology, the Zagaje Formation belongs to the Nathorstisporites hopliticus assemblage (Isoetales), indicating a spike in marshland and lacustrine settings. [34] The Sołtyków outcrop is dominated by Classopollis (Cheirolepidiaceae), Aratrisporites (Cycadidae), Concavisporites (Dipteridaceae) and Cyathidites (Cyatheaceae). [8]

GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Aciphyllum [11]
  • A. triangulatum
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesAffinities with Pinaceae inside Pinales. The oldest record of a Pinus-like needle in the fossil record
Brachyphyllum [11]
  • B. sp.
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesAffinities with Cheirolepidiaceae or Araucariaceae inside Pinales
Brachyphyllum specimen Brachyphyllum (36275546803) (cropped).jpg
Brachyphyllum specimen
Caytonia [12] [35] [36]
  • C. sp.
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
Reproductive structureAffinities with Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales
Czekanowskia [12]
  • C. sp.
  • Hucisko
Branched ShootsAffinities with the Czekanowskiales inside Ginkgoopsida. This Genus is related with relatively drier-cooler conditions.
Desmiophyllum [11]
  • D. harrisii
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesA possible Conifer leaf, recent finds of it associated with the cone genera Sphaerostrobus and Ourostrobus points to a coniferophyte affinity, maybe as a member of Palissyaceae. [37]
Dictyophyllum [12] [35] [36]
  • D. sp.
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
PinnaeAffinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Dictyophyllum specimen Dictyophyllum nilssonii.jpg
Dictyophyllum specimen
Goepertella [12] [35] [36]
  • G. microloba
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
PinnaeAffinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales
Hirmeriella [12] [38]
  • H. muensteri
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowąż
Branched Shoots and reproductive conesAffinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.
Komlopteris [11]
  • K. distinctiva
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesAffinities Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.
Matonia [39]
  • M. braunii
  • Niekłań PGI-1
PinnaeAffinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales
Neocalamites [12] [35] [36]
  • N. lehmannianus
  • Sołtyków
StemsAffinities with Calamitaceae inside Equisetopsida. A common horsetail on the Liassic of Europe.
Neocalamites specimens Neocalamites meriani 873.jpg
Neocalamites specimens
Nilssonia [11]
  • N. sp.
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesAffinities with Cycadeoidaceae in the Bennettitales or alternatively a member of Nilssoniales
Nilssonia specimen Nilssonia polymorpha.JPG
Nilssonia specimen
Odrolepis [12] [35] [36]
  • O. liassica
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
Complete PlantsAffinities with Lycopodiales
Otozamites [12] [35] [36]
  • O. brevifolius
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
LeafletsAffinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales.
Otozamites specimen Otozamites Anina jurassic (15586380432).jpg
Otozamites specimen
Pachypteris [11] [12] [35] [36]
  • P. lanceolata
  • P. papillosa
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
PinnaeAffinities Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.
Paracycas [12] [35] [36]
  • P. minuta
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
LeafletsAffinities with Cycadales in the Cycadopsida.
Piroconites [12] [35] [36]
  • P. kuespertii
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
Reproductive structureAffinities with Gnetales, maybe with Welwitschiaceae
Phlebopteris [12] [35] [36]
  • P. angustiloba
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesAffinities with Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Phlebopteris specimen Phlebopteris (7991991163).jpg
Phlebopteris specimen
Podozamites [11] [12] [35] [36]
  • P. cf. schenkii 
  • P. sp.
  • Cf. P. sp.
  • Sołtyków
Branched shootsAffinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales
Podozamites reconstruction Krassilovia mongolica and Podozamites harrisii.png
Podozamites reconstruction
Pseudotorellia [11]
  • Cf.P. sp.
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesAffinities with the Pseudotorelliaceae inside Ginkgoopsida.
Pterophyllum [11] [12] [35] [36]
  • P. sp.
  • Cf.P. sp.
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
LeafletsAffinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales.
Pterophyllum specimen Pterophyllum longifolium fossil - Botanischer Garten, Dresden, Germany - DSC08505.JPG
Pterophyllum specimen
Ptilozamites [11]
  • P. cycadea
  • Sołtyków
CuticlesAffinities Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.
Sagenopteris [12] [35] [36]
  • S. nilssoniana
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
LeavesAffinities with Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales
Sagenopteris specimen Sagenopteris phillipsi Natural History Museum v18596 Retallack 1980.jpg
Sagenopteris specimen
Schmeissneria [12] [40] [36]
  • S. microstachys
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
Reproductive structureAffinities with Ginkgoopsida or with Angiosperm-convergent Gimnosperms
Swedenborgia [5] [40]
  • S. sp.
  • Sołtyków
Branched ShootsAffinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales.
Swedenborgia specimens Swedenborgia sp.jpg
Swedenborgia specimens
Thaumatopteris [12] [40] [36]
  • T. brauniana
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowąż
PinnaeAffinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales
Todites [12] [40] [36]
  • T. princeps
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowąż
PinnaeAffinities with Osmundaceae in the Osmundales.

See also

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The Ciechocinek Formation is a Jurassic geologic formation which extends across the Baltic coast from Grimmen, Germany, to Nida, Lithuania, with its major sequence in Poland and boreholes in Kaliningrad. Dinosaur species uncovered here, including Emausaurus and other unclassified genus.

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The Borucice Formation, also known in older literature as the Borucice Series, is a Jurassic geologic formation that extends to nearly whole of Poland. This formation represents the last sequence of the lower Jurassic in Poland, recovering the depositional sequences IX and X, and may even recover lowermost parts of the first Middle Jurassic sequence. It represents mostly a series of alluvial depositional systems with subordinate intervals of deltaic deposits. Dinosaur Tracks are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. Most of the sediments of the Polish realm come from deltaic, fluvial and marine deposits. It mainly consists of light whitish-grey, fine grained sandstones interbedded by clay containing plant detritus and minute fragments of coal. It also has dark grey mudstones with marine lamellibranches and an Upper Lias microfauna. Its main equivalents are the Jurensismergel Formation of Germany, upper part of the Rya Formation and the uppermost Sorthat Formation (Bornholm). There are also coeval abandoned informal units in Poland: Upper Lisiec beds, or the Kamień Beds.

The Höör Sandstone is a geologic formation in Skåne County, southern Sweden. It is Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian) in age. This unit outcrops in central Skane on a few isolated exposures, being traditionally subdivided into the lower “millstone” (“kvarnstenen”) and the upper “buildingstone”. The lowermost layers where also claimed to host Rhaetian strata, however latter works suggested that the layers devolved as red beds, were part of the new Hörby Formation, thus delimitating the Höör sandstone to the lower Jurassic. It has been assumed to be limited to Hettangian-Sinemurian layers, yet recent palynological analysis suggest the uppermost section is of Pliensbachian age, underlying and maybe interacting with the younger volcanic deposits. The Höör sandstone represents a mostly fluvial unit with a rich collection of fossil plants, yet also includes brackish bivalves in some layers, pointing to marine ingressions locally.

<i>Komlopteris</i> Extinct genus of seed fern

Komlopteris is an extinct genus of "seed fern" with possible corystosperm affinities. Fossils have been found across both hemispheres, dating from the latest Triassic to the early Eocene (Ypresian), making it the youngest "seed fern" in the fossil record.

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