Rotzo Formation

Rotzo Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Pliensbachian ~192–187  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ [1]
Panorama of the Rotzo area with several of the Outcrops visible: Tonezza mountain at the left, Val d´Assa cliff in the center-front and Campolongo mountain in the right
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Calcari Grigi Group
Sub-units	Tovel Member [2]
Underlies	Massone Oolitic Limestone
Overlies	Monte Zugna Formation Loppio Oolitic Limestone
Area	Trento Platform
Thickness	250 m
Lithology
Primary	Lithified gray silty marl, gray grainstone, bioturbated/intraclastic/ooidal gray wackestone, mud banks and sand deposits. [3]
Other	Light-grey to yellowish-grey packstone with oolites, bioclasts, algal lumps, pellets, dasycladacean algae, foraminifera, lituolids, and miliolids
Location
Location	Vicenza Province: Trentino-Alto Adige, Southern Alps
Coordinates	45°42′N11°06′E / 45.7°N 11.1°E / 45.7; 11.1
Approximate paleocoordinates	32°06′S16°42′E / 32.1°S 16.7°E / -32.1; 16.7
Region	Veneto
Country	Italy
Type section
Named for	Rotzo
Rotzo Formation (Italy)

The Rotzo Formation (also known in older literature as the Noriglio Grey Limestone Formation) is a geological formation in Italy, dating to roughly between 192 and 186 million years ago and covering the Pliensbachian stage of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era. ^[4] Has been traditionally classified as a Sinemurian-Pliensbachian Formation, but a large and detailed dataset of isotopic ¹³C and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data, estimated the Rotzo Formation to span only over the Early Pliensbachian, bracketed between the Jamesoni-Davoei biozones, marked in the Loppio Oolitic Limestone–Rotzo Fm contact by a carbon isotope excursion onset similar to the Sinemu-Pliens boundary event, while the other sequences fit with the a warm phase that lasts until the Davoei biozone. ^[1] The Rotzo Formation represented the Carbonate Platform, being located over the Trento Platform and surrounded by the Massone Oolite (marginal calcarenitic bodies), the Fanes Piccola Encrinite (condensed deposits and emerged lands), the Lombadian Basin Medolo Group and Belluno Basin Soverzene Formation (open marine), and finally towards the south, deep water deposits of the Adriatic Basin. ^[5] The Pliensbachian Podpeč Limestone of Slovenia, the Aganane Formation & the Calcaires du Bou Dahar of Morocco represent regional equivalents, both in deposition and faunal content.

Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation. ^[6] This formation was deposited within a tropical lagoon environment, similar to modern Bahamas which was protected by oolitic shoals and bars from the open deep sea located to the east (Belluno Basin) and towards the west (Lombardia Basin). It is characterized by a rich paleontological content. It is notable mostly thanks to its great amount of big aberrant bivalves, among which is the genus Lithiotis , described in the second half of the nineteenth century. The unusual shape of Lithiotis and Cochlearites shells, extremely elongated and narrow, characterized by a spoon-like body space placed in a high position, rarely preserved, seems to suggest their adaptation to soft and muddy bottoms with a high sedimentation rate. ^[7] The Bellori outcrop displays about 20 m of limestones with intercalated clays and marls rich in organic matter and sometimes fossil wood (coal) and amber. The limestones are well stratified, with beds 10 cm to more than one metre thick, whereas the clayey levels range between 3 and 40 cm in thickness. ^{[8] [9]}

Paleoenvironment

Succession of the Formation in Vajo dell’Anguilla (Verona Province)

The sedimentary cover of the Southern Alps has been recognized as a well-preserved section of the Mesozoic Tethys' southern continental margin, featuring a horst and graben structure linked to the rifting associated with the opening of the central North Atlantic that in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, created elevated blocks separated by troughs. While the western margin (Piedmont and Lombardy) quickly submerged in the Early Jurassic (As seen by the Saltrio Formation & Moltrasio Formation), the eastern regions maintained shallow water sedimentation, including the Friuli and Trento Platforms, this last one latter evolving into a pelagic plateau, and separated from the Lombardian basin by the Garda escarpment fault system. ^[10]

The Early Jurassic Calcari Grigi Group represents the shallow-water sedimentation phase of the Trento Platform, revealing several sites over an area of about 1,500 km². The continuity of dinosaur tracks from the Hettangian-Pliensbachian interval indicates a stable connection between the Southern Alps' carbonate tidal flats and nearby vegetated lands and freshwater sources, although the exact locations of these lands remain uncertain. ^[11] Detailed sedimentological studies of the Calcari Grigi Group, particularly the Rotzo Formation, describe it as a shallow subtidal platform with an inner lagoon bordered by oolitic shoals. ^[8]

The Coste dell’Anglone ichnosite for example, situated on the margin of this lagoon within a sandy barrier complex, was influenced by pioneer plants like Hirmeriellaceae in semi-arid conditions. Sedimentary structures indicate a shallow water tidal environment with heterolithic stratification pointing to steady flows at low current velocities. The presence of dinosaur tracks and supratidal markers suggests repeated subaerial exposure, contrasting with previous interpretations of the site as fully subtidal. ^{[11] [12]}

These findings align with the lagoon-barrier island complex scenario, featuring a subtidal ramp gently inclined to the west and an intertidal-supratidal barrier island complex trending approximately N-S, now corresponding to the Mt. Brento-Biaina and Mt. Baldo chains. ^{[5] [11]}

Amoebae

The presence of the families Centropyxidae and Difflugiidae testifies the presence of a mixed marine-terrestrial depositional system, lacking large bodies of water. ^[13]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Centropyxis [13]	C. sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Isolated Tests/Shells	A testate amoebae, member of the family Centropyxidae inside Arcellinida.	Extant Example of the Genus Centropyxis
Difflugia [13]	D. sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Isolated Tests/Shells	A testate amoebae, member of the family Difflugiidae inside Arcellinida.	Extant Example of the Genus Difflugia
Pontigulasia [13]	P. sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Isolated Tests/Shells	A testate amoebae, member of the family Difflugiidae inside Arcellinida.	Extant Example of the Genus Pontigulasia

Foranimifera

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Agerina [14]	A. martana	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Cornuspiridae family
Ammobaculites [14]	A. coprolithiformis	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the family Ammomarginulininae.
Amijiella [14]	A. amiji	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Hauraniidae family
Bosniella [14]	B. oenensis	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Biokovinidae family
Cymbriaella [15]	C. Iorigae	Monte di Campoluzzo Alpe Alba	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Hauraniidae family
Duotaxis [14] [16]	D. metula	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Verneuilinoidinae family
Everticyclammina [17]	E. praevirguliana	Camporosa Rotzo Monte Cimoncello di Toraro Monte di Campoluzz	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Everticyclamminidae family.
Frondicularia [18]	F. sp.	Bellori Garzon di Scotto Ponte dell`Anguillara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the family Nodosariinae.
Glomospira [14]	G. sp.	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the family Ammodiscidae.
Haurania [14]	H. amiji H. deserta H. ssp.	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara Bellori Garzon di Scotto Ponte dell`Anguillara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the family Hauraniinae.
Lituosepta [14] [19]	L. recoarensis L. compressa L. ssp.	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara Bellori Ponte dell`Anguillara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Mesoendothyridae family.
Meandrovoluta [14] [20]	M. asiagoensis	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Monte Baldo	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Cornuspiridae family
Mayncina [18] [14]	M. termieri	Garzon di Scotto Bellori Ponte dell`Anguillara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Mayncinidae family
Orbitopsella [18] [14]	O. primaeva O. preacursor O. dubari O. spp.	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Campomolon Bellori Ponte dell`Anguillara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Mesoendothyridae family.
Ophtalmidium [14]	O. concentricum O. sp.	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the family Ophthalmidiidae.
Paleomayncina [14]	P. termieri	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Planiseptinae family.
Pseudocyclammina [14]	P. liasica P. spp.	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Pfenderinidae family.
Pseudopfenderina [14]	P. cf. butterlini	Altopiano di Asiago Tonezza del Cimone Altopiano di Folgaria Recoaro Gruppo del Pasubio Monte Baldo Monte Scandolara	Isolated Tests/Shells	A foraminifer of the Pseudopfenderininae family.

Invertebrates

Microfossils of the Rotzo Formation consist of benthic foraminifera, calcareous algae, Ostracoda and coprolites. Foraminifera are mainly benthic agglutinated species belonging to the superfamily Lituolacea (suborder Textulariina), while lamellar and porcellaneous-walled species are very rare. ^[21] The bivalve Opisoma excavatum is very common. ^[22]

Sponges

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Chaetetes [23]	C. (Pseudoseptifer) waehneri	Lancia refuge Alpe Alba Col Santo	Colonial Imprints	A Chaetetidan Demosponge, member of Chaetetinae. Monospecific assamblages with encrusting and symbiont forms are found abundantly on lagoonal facies, distributed in several stratigraphic horizons.	Specimen of the same genus

Anthozoa

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Isastrea [24]	I. sp.	Rotzo	Colonial Imprints	A Scleractinian Coral, member of Montlivaltiidae. This Coral is often found in the Early Jurassic Tethys range, from the Iberian peninsula to Morocco.	Specimen of the same genus
Montlivaultia [25]	M. trochoidiformis	Sega di Noriglio	Colonial Imprints	A Scleractinian Coral, member of Montlivaltiidae.
Pinacophyllum [24]	cf. P. sp.	Rotzo	Colonial Imprints	A Scleractinian Coral, member of Stylophyllidae
Stylophyllopsis [24]	S. ex gr. rudis	Rotzo	Colonial Imprints	A Scleractinian Coral, member of Stylophyllidae
Synastrea [24]	S. sp.	Rotzo	Colonial Imprints	A Scleractinian Coral, member of Synastraeidae

Brachiopod

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Gibbirhynchia [26]	G. curviceps	Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A Rhynchonellidan brachiopoda, member of Gibbirhynchiinae. Unusual genus in the Mediterranean region, more common on NW Europe
Linguithyris [26]	L. aspasia	Ballino Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A Terebratulidan brachiopoda, member of Nucleatidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian
Liospiriferina [26]	L. obtusa	Cortina d'Ampezzo Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A spiriferidan brachiopoda, member of Spiriferinidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian	Specimen of the same genus
Lychnothyris [27]	L. rotzoana	Sette Comuni Erbezzo Vajo dell'Anguilla Cimoncello di Toraro Campomolon	Isolated Shells	A Terebratulidan brachiopoda, member of Plectoconchidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian, the main Branchiopod locally associated with the Lithiotids facies, where they formed rare mass occurrences at discrete intervals.
Prionorhynchia [26]	P.? flabellum	Cortina d'Ampezzo Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A spiriferidan brachiopoda, member of Spiriferinidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian

Bivalves

The Rotzo Formation is known mostly due to its massive bivalve associations of the genera Lithiotis , Cochlearites and Lithioperna that extended all along the Pliensbachian Trento Platform forming mass accumulations of specimens that formed Reef-Like structures. ^[28] This fauna appeared after the early Pliensbachian C-cycle perturbation, that triggered the diffusion of the Lithiotis Fauna, noted on the rapid widespread of this biota after the event layers. ^[28] All of the genera related with this fauna appeared on the lower Jurassic, and all but one became extinct before the Middle Jurassic. ^[18] This "Reefs" had a strong zonation, starting with the bivalves Gervilleioperna and Mytiloperna , restricted to intertidal and shallow-subtidal facies. Lithioperna is limited to lagoonal subtidal facies and even in some low-oxygen environments. Finally Lithiotis and Cochlearites are found in subtidal facies, constructing buildups. ^[18] This sections formed various kinds of ecosystems on the Trento platform, where it appeared in branched corals filled with (Spongiomorpha), Domal corals (Stromatoporida), tubular corals, Styllophyllidae corals, unidentified Cerioidea colonial corals, regular echinoid debris, sponges, and the solitary coral Opelismilia sp., with also aggregated snail shells. ^[18]

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Avicula [29]	A. spinicosta	Noriglio	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Aviculidae inside Ostreida
Cochlearites [30] [31] [32] [18]	C. loppianus	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells Mass Accumulations of specimens	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. It is one of the Three main bivalves recovered on the Lithiotis Facies, with its accumulations generally overlying megalodontid coquinas. [31]	Cochlearites
Cypricardinia [29]	C. incurvata	Noriglio Cornacalda	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Trapezidae inside Cardiida
Eomiodon [30] [31] [33]	E. serradensis E. baroni E. gardeti E. vulgaris	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Neomiodontidae inside Veneroidei. The so-called Eomiodon horizon represents the lower Rotzo Formation, composed of organic-rich marlstones with abundant specimens of this genus, typical of stressed environment with low salinity. [30] This genus considered an opportunistic shallow infaunal suspension feeder, and the marker genus for brackish environments. [33]
Gastrochaenolites [34]	G. messisbugi	Column at Main Post Office of Ferrara, Italy	Clavate, smooth borings	Borings over Opisoma shells	Example of Gastrochaenolites
Gervillia [29] [35]	G. buchi G. lamellosa G. volanensis G. spp.	Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Noriglio Nosellari Chiesa Carbonare Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S.Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Isolated Shells	An Oyster, member of Bakevelliidae inside Pteriida. Found on greater accumulations on lower shale-dominated levels	Specimen of the genus
Gervilleioperna [30] [31] [32]	G. ombonii G. sp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. On the Rotzo formation this genus become abundant along rootlets, indicative of a very shallow and restricted lagoon or marsh environment. [31]	Gervillioperna
Gresslya [29] [27]	G. elongata	Vajo dell'Anguilla Cimoncello di Toraro Campomolon Noriglio	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Ceratomyidae inside Pholadidea.
Homomya [25]	H. cf. punctifera	Sega di Noriglio	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Pleuromyidae inside Pholadidea.
Lima [25]	L. norigliensis L. gigantea	Sega di Noriglio	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Limidae inside Pteriomorphia
Lithophaga [25]	L. tirolensis	Sega di Noriglio	Isolated Shells	A mussel, member of the family Mytilidae inside Mytilida
Lithioperna [30] [31] [32] [18]	L. scutata L. spp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells Mass Accumulations of specimens	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. A large bivalve, up to 70 cm length. This genus was found to be a bivalve with a byssate juvenile stage that developed different modes of life on the adulthood depending on the individual density and bottom firmness. [32]	Lithioperna
Lithiotis [24] [30] [31] [32] [18]	L. problematica L. spp.	Altipiano d'Asagio Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells Mass Accumulations of specimens	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. It is the major Bivalve identified on the formation, and the genus that gives the name to the "Lithiotis fauna". [31] Large, large and aberrant bivalves present on mostly of the Trento Platform. [32] Its accumulation have had different denominations on literature, such as banks, bioherms, biostromes, bivalve reefs or bivalve mounds. [31]	Lithiotis
Lucina [25]	L spp.	Val d'Assa Cornacalda	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Lucinidae inside Lucinida
Modiolus [25]	M. tirolensis M. cf. hillana	Rotzo Val d'Assa	Isolated Shells	A mussel, member of the family Mytilidae inside Mytilida	Example of extant specimen
Mytiloperna [25] [30] [31] [32]	M. mirabilis M. bittneri M. lepsii M. transalpinus M. cf. pernoides M. spp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Val d'Assa Sega di Noriglio Cornacalda Mandrielle Monte Gaza Ciago bei Verzano Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	An oyster, member of the family Malleidae inside Ostreida.
Opisoma [30] [31] [22]	O. excavatum O. menchikoffi	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Astartidae inside Carditida. Is considered a genus that evolved from shallow burrowing ancestors, becoming a secondarily semi-infaunal edgewise recliner adapted to photosymbiosis. [22]
Pachygervillia [36]	P. anguillaensis P. taramellii	Vaio dell’Anguilla Vajo del Paradiso Val di Sella Viote section	Isolated Shells	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida.	Pachygervillia
Pachyrisma [35]	P. (Pachymegalodon) chamaeformis P. (Durga) crassa P. (Durga) nicolisi P. ssp.	Bellori Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Nosellari Chiesa Carbonare Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S.Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo Cimoncello di Toraro Campomolon	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Megalodontidae inside Megalodontida.
Pecten [25]	P. norigliensis P. lens P. cf. norigliensis P. cf. spatulatus	Sega di Noriglio Cornacalda Rotzo Mte. Erio	Isolated Shells	A scallop, member of the family Pectinidae inside Pectinida
Pholadomya [27]	P. athesiana P. norigliensis	Vajo dell'Anguilla Sega di Noriglio Cimoncello di Toraro Campomolon	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Pholadomyidae inside Pholadomyida.	Specimen of the genus
Pleuromya [29]	P. elegans P. cf. elongata	Sega di Noriglio	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Pleuromyidae inside Pholadidea.
Protodiceras [27]	P. pumilum P. spp.	Vajo dell'Anguilla Cimoncello di Toraro Campomolon	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Megalodontidae inside Megalodontida.
Pseudopachymytilus [30] [31] [32]	P. mirabilis P. spp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	A clam, incertae sedis inside Pterioida. On the Rotzo formation this byssate bivalve indicates a shallow subtidal or intertidal environment. [32]
Pteria [27]	P. volanensis	Vajo dell'Anguilla Cimoncello di Toraro Campomolon	Isolated Shells	An oyster, member of Pteriidae inside Ostreida.	Extant specimen of the genus
Tellina [25]	T?. cornacaldensis	Cornacalda	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Tellinidae inside Tellinoidea	Example of extant specimen

Ammonoidea

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Charmasseiceras [37]	C. sp.	Serrada (Folgaria, Trento)	Shells	An ammonite of the family Schlotheimiidae. A very rare genus on the layers of the formation, being found only a few specimens.
Fuciniceras [37] [38]	F. suejense F. portisi	Fontana di Naole (Monte Baldo, Verona)	Shells	An Ammonite of the Family Hildoceratidae	Fuciniceras
Juraphyllites [37]	J. libertus	Contrada Ronchi (Recoaro Terme, Vicenza)	Shells	Type member of the family Juraphyllitidae. It is the most abundant Ammonite found on the Rotzo Formation	Juraphyllites (G)
Protogrammoceras [39]	P. gr. celebratum-italicum	Monte Baldo	Shells	An Ammonite of the family Hildoceratidae.

Gastropoda

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Anticonulus [40]	A. acutus	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (Top Snail) of the Family Trochidae inside Trochoidea.
Aptyxiella [25] [35]	A. norigliensis A. spp.	Bellori Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Nosellari Sega di Noriglio Chiesa Carbonare Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S.Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), member of Nerinellidae inside Nerineoidea.
Ataphrus [40]	A. (Ataphrus) latilabrus A. (Ataphrus) cordevolensis	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the Family Ataphridae inside Trochoidea.
Austriacopsis [40]	A. austriaca	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the Family Fissurellidae inside Fissurelloidea.
Discohelix [40]	D. excavata	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the Family Discohelicidae inside Vetigastropoda.
Eucyclidae [40]	Indeterminate	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the Family Eucyclidae inside Seguenzioidea.
Eucyclus [40]	E. (Lokuticyclus) kericserensis	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the Family Eucyclidae inside Seguenzioidea.
Emarginula [40]	E. (Emarginula) vadanaei E. orthogonia	Certosa di Vedana Val d'Arsa	Shells	A marine gastropod (limpet) of the family Fissurellidae inside Fissurelloidea.
Globularia [41]	G. sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Ampullinidae inside Campaniloidea.
Guidonia [40]	G. pseudorotula	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Trochonematidae inside Murchisoniina.
Natica [29]	N. tridentina N. spp.	Albaredo bei Roveredo Noriglio	Shells	A marine gastropod (Moon snail) of the family Naticidae inside Sorbeoconcha
Neritopsis [40]	N. fabianii N. spp.	Certosa di Vedana Bellori	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the family Neritopsidae inside Cycloneritimorpha.
Patella [29]	P. conoidea P. costata P. (Scurria?) tirolensis	Noriglio Cornacalda Val d'Arsa	Shells	A marine gastropod (limpet) of the family Patellidae inside Patellogastropoda
Plectotrochus [40]	P. sp.	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (Top snail) of the family Trochidae inside Trochoidea.
Proacirsa [40]	P. (Schafbergia) crenata	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Gordenellidae inside Allogastropoda.
Pseudonerinea [41]	P. terebra	Tonezza del Cimone	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Pseudonerineidae inside Nerineoidea.
Pseudorhytidopilus [40]	P. detonii	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (limpet) of the family Acmaeidae inside Patellogastropoda.
Tretospira [41]	T. tridentina	Tonezza del Cimone	Shells	A marine gastropod (periwinkle) of the family Purpurinidae inside Littorinoidea.
Trochus [29]	T. sinister	Noriglio	Shells	A marine gastropod (Top snail) of the family Trochidae inside Trochoidea.

Echinodermata

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Asteriacites [42]	A. lumbricalis A. isp.	Coste dell’Anglone dinosaur ichnosite	Star-shaped impressions	An ichnogenus that represents the resting trace resting activity of brittle stars (Ophiuroidea). [42] The recovered from the Rotzo formation are probably from specimens trapped on tidal changes. [42]	Asteriacites specimen
Hypodiadema [29]	H. sp.	Noriglio	Sclerites	A Pseudodiadematidae Euechinoidean
Polydiadema [43]	P. depressum	Monte Roite	Two specimens (MCV.20/02 and MCV.20/03)	An Emiratiidae Phymosomatoidan. This Echinoids are recovered from a marginal marine layer, with abundant bivalves, gastropods, small corals, often found in concentrations due to tempestites. [43]
Pseudodiadema [25]	P. roveredanum P. cobellii P. veronense P. spp.	Monte Pombo Sega di Noriglio Albaredo bei Roveredo.	Multiple specimens	A Pseudodiadematidae Euechinoidean

Crustacea

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Cypris [29] [25]	C. rotzoana	Noriglio	Valves	An Ostracodan of the family Cyprididae inside Podocopida
Eryma [44]	E. (Phlyctisoma) cf.sinemurianum	Valbona Area. [44]	Slightly deformed Exuvia	An Erymid Decapodan Crustacean. With a rostrum about 1.3 cm long and the cephalic part of carapace about 2.5 cm the specimen probably reached a total length between 9–10 cm, being one of the largest specimens belonging to this species. Frequent association with Thalassinoides burrows. [44] [45]	Example of Eryma specimen
Klieana [46]	K. sp.	Tonezza del Cimone. [46]	Valves	An Ostracodan of the family Cytherideidae inside Cytheracea. The earliest record of the genus, the next youngest records of the genus are from Middle Jurassic sequences of France and Great Britain. [46]
Limnocythere [46]	L. sp.	Tonezza del Cimone. [46]	Valves	An Ostracodan of the family Limnocytherinae inside Cytheracea. High probability to be a new species of Limnocythere since the authors know of no other with similar posterolateral sulcation. [46]
Ophiomorpha [45] [44] [47] [48]	O. irregulaire cf. O. nodosa O. isp. A O. ? isp. B	Campomolon, Valbona	Burrowing and track Ichnofossils	Burrows of Decapodans	Example of Ophiomorpha trace fossil
Phraterfabanella [46]	P. tridentinensis	Tonezza del Cimone. [46]	Valves	An Ostracodan of the family Cytherideidae inside Cytheracea. The assemblage is dominated (>95%) by this taxon. [46] It is a rather Medium-sized Ostracodan and markedly sexually dimorphic (males more elongate and more subrectangular versus shorter, more inflated and more subtriangular females). [46] it is likely that the palaeoenvironment was somewhat "stressed" and probably influenced by Salinity, where this genus would adapt better that Other Ostracodans (is related to the modern euryhaline species, Cyprideis torosa). [46]

Annelida

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Notes	Images
Schistomeringos [49]	S. expectatus	Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Virti and Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni	Isolated scolecodonts	A polychaete of the family Dorvilleidae. Unlike the modern counterparts that live in deeper environments, this species is found linked with shallow marine facies	Extant specimen of the same genus

Ichnofossils

In the Western Venetian Prealps a shallow-water, oceanic carbonate platform system, the Trento platform, developed on the Early Jurassic, producing a large succession of massive to well-bedded white Limestones, several 100 m (330 ft) thick that are part of the Calcari Grigi Group, where the Rotzo Formation is the Upper Member. ^[48] On the local limestone of the Rotzo Formation deep burrowing is a very common type of biogenic activity, as is shown due to the presence of a large characteristic network of burrows which reach down to the lagoonal, marly-clayey assigned strata, suggesting intense bioturbation by large unknown organisms, perhaps giant decapod crustaceans (Probably members of the family Erymidae), although, the burrows found are not closely related to the ones of Shrimps or other decapods, but resemble those of Stomatopoda and Malacostraca. ^[48] Other includes abandoned burrows, vertical biogenic action and infilling on the sea substrate. ^[48]

Genus	Species	Provenance	Material	Made By	Images
Chomatichnus [48]	C. wegberensis	Campomolon, Valbona	Vertical burrows with preserved entrances	Thalassinidean ( Callianassa) Serpulidae
Chondrites [45] [44] [47] [48]	C. isp.	Campomolon, Valbona	Burrowing and track Ichnofossils	Annelids (Polychaeta) Sipuncula	Example of Chondrites trace fossil
Glossifungites [48]	G. isp.	Campomolon, Valbona	Infilled abandoned burrows by coarse-grained skeletal debris	Priapulida Serpulidae Siboglinidae Sabellidae Oweniidae
Skolithos [48]	S. isp.	Campomolon, Valbona	Infilled abandoned burrows by coarse-grained skeletal debris	Polychaetes Phoronidans	Representation of Skolithos along the possible makers .
Thalassinoides [45] [44] [47] [48]	T. suevicus T.? isp. B	Campomolon, Valbona	Burrowing and track Ichnofossils	Thalassinidea Several crustaceans (Anomura, Decapoda) Annelids (Polychaeta) Sipuncula Actinopteri Dipnoi	Example of Thalassinoides specimens .

Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes

Episodic surficial bioturbation is common on the Rotzo Formation, due to invertebrates or fishes which alter intensely but rapidly the substrate for many cm in depth. ^[48] It this case the Bioturbation is assigned to mollusc predatory Chondrichthyes, such as Hybodontidae and Heterodontidae. ^[48] It also resembles present day flat angel sharks or Squatinidae and Guitarfish such as Rhinobatos. ^[48]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Chimaeriformes [50]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Teeth Scales	Uncertain Holocephalii remains
Hybodontiformes [50]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Teeth Scales	Uncertain assignation
Hybodus [51] [50]	H. sp.	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Teeth First dorsal fin spine	A shark, type genus of the family Hybodontidae inside Hybodontiformes. A very prolific genus, found mostly on open marine units.	Hybodus reconstruction

Actinopterygii

Unidentified fish scales are known from the formation. ^[52]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ginglymodi [50]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	Remains of Ginglymodi bony fishes, previously referred to Semionotiformes and/or the genus Lepidotes	Lepidotes, example of Early Jurassic Ginglymodi fish
Pachycormiformes [51]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	Actinopterygii fishes, the oldest record of the family	Pachycormus, example of Pachycormiform Fish
Pholidophoriformes [53] [52] [51]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Complete Specimen Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	Teleostei fishes, with genera know to form large Fish schools.
Pholidophorus [29]	P. beggiatianus	Sega di Noriglio	Partial specimen	A Bony fish, member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Pholidophoriformes	Example of specimen from the same genus
Pycnodontiformes [53] [52] [51]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso Sega di Noriglio	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	Teleostei Fishes of small size, related to lagoonar environments, previously referred to the genus Pycnodus	Haqelpycnodus, example of Pycnodont Fish

Crocodyliformes

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Teleosauridae ? [53] [52]	Indeterminate	Monte Pasubio	Isolated Teeth [53] [54]	A Thalattosuchian Mesoeucrocodylian. It was cited the presence of fragmentary and poorly preserved remains of “Teleosauridae?”. The fossils were found on lagoonal deposits. [52]	Example of Thallatosuchian, Macrospondylus

Dinosaurs

On the Inter-supratidal levels show that on the Rotzo Formation the Tracksites were rarely hit by Storm Waves. ^[55] Bella Lastra Tracksite recovers this environment, where the shales present (Where Fish & Crocodrylomorph Remains where found) are filled with plant roots, pollen grains, spores, freshwater ostracodes and the bivalve Eomiodon. ^[55] This was deposited mostly on a Lagoonar environment with abundant shed vegetation. ^[55] The main local Track record recovers specially Theropoda and Sauropoda, where the Sauropods are the most abundant tracks present (70%), moving the Otozum-like Sauropodomorphs of lower levels, with the climate changing from arid to humid. ^[55] The Coste dell’Anglone ichnosite is considered as derived from semi-arid tidal flat deposits, due to the abundance of Cheirolepidiaceae Pollen. ^[12] As the Pliensbachian Trento Platform is considered to be formed by a channelized barrier formed by sand, with reiterate tide emersions. The dinosaurs living here probably trampled on the subtidal flats looking for fishes trapped on tidal-derived ponds. ^[12]

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Anchisauripus [12] [52] [56]	A. isp. A	Coste dell'Anglone tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Theropod tracks, type member of the ichnofamily Anchisauripodidae, incertae sedis inside Neotheropoda. Probably related to Coelophysidae, such as Procompsognathus and Panguraptor or Coelophysoidea, such as Lophostropheus . All tracks were probably produced by individuals with the same functional anatomy of the hind foot. [55]	Example of Anchisauripus track
Kayentapus [12] [52] [56] [57]	K. isp. A K. isp. B	Coste dell'Anglone tracksite Bella Lasta tracksite Stol dei Campiluzzi tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Theropod tracks, member of the ichnofamily Eubrontidae, incertae sedis inside Neotheropoda. Includes Kayentapus sp. assigned to Sinosaurus -alike Theropods, but on the Rotzo Formation include also Abelisauroid-like tracks, similar to the foot of the genus Velocisaurus . [52] The tracks measure 30 cm long and have a distinctive robust digit III. [55] The Coste dell´Anglone tracksite had a pes with the metatarsal III elongated, as found on Dilophosaurus . [12]	Example of Kayentapus track
Moyenisauropus [58] [56]	M. isp.	Marocche di Dro tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Thyreophoran tracks, type member of the ichnofamily Moyenisauropodidae, incertae sedis inside Neornithischia. Is considered by some authors synonymous with the ichnogenus Anomoepus . The tracks adscribed share some morphological affinity with those referred to the Ankylosauridae, such as the ichnogenera Metatetrapodus and Tetrapodosaurus , and probably belonged to medium-sized Scelidosaurs or other kind of Thyreophorans. Include Specimens of up to 30 cm, suggesting +4 m long scelidosauroids. [58]
Otozoum? [58] [56]	O.? isp.	Marocche di Dro tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Sauropodomorph tracks, member of the ichnofamily Otozoidae, incertae sedis inside Sauropodomorpha. A single trackway that strongly differs from the others found on the same tracksite. It wears morphological and morphometrical appearance that suggests relationships with a prosauropod trackmaker. [58]	Example of Otozoum track
Parabrontopodus [59]	P. isp. A P. isp. B	Marocche di Dro tracksite Bella Lasta tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Sauropod tracks, type member of the ichnofamily Parabrontopodidae, incertae sedis inside Sauropodomorpha. Tracks from large basal members of Sauropoda. The larger tracks comprise elliptic pes (L=70 cm; W=50 cm) and subcirluar manus prints (L=33 cm; W=30 cm), what are among the largest known dinosaur tracks of the lower jurassic. [55] While nearly destroyed, the Tracks resemble the foot of the genus Barapasaurus . There is a type B of Parabrontopodus slightly smaller that resemble the genus Vulcanodon .

Flora

Rotzo Formation nearby land hosted Bahamian-type biomes (Gold Rock Beach in the picture) with nearby " Taxodium swamp"-like coniferous associations dominated by the Pagiophyllum producer

The Rotzo Formation was deposited on a Lagoon on the emerged Trento Platform, leading to a well preserved fossil flora record, collected and studied since the 19th century. ^[60] The great level of floral fossilization has even allow to discovery fossil amber on the Bellori section. This amber has allowed to determine that the environment was a shallow tropical lagoon, only a few metres deep, closed seawards by oolitic shoals and bars. ^[60] This levels are dominated by a high abundance of Classopollis sp. (Cheirolepidiaceae), associated with dry and wet climates in coastal areas. The abundance of this group of conifers is also proven by the high presence of cuticles of Pagiophyllum cf. rotzoanum. ^[61] Beyond this genera, spores are highly diversified, including from Sphenophyta, Selaginellales to Ferns, with abundance (more than 50%) of trilete spores ( Deltoidospora ), what suggest a good freshwater availability corresponding to a wet climate, proven also by the presence of aquatic miospores of algae such as Botryococcus and Pseudoschizaea . ^[60] The climate was arid on some seasons with monsoon months. The abundance of marine fauna on this sediments, including fragments of corals, bryozoans, bivalves, echinoids, and foraminifera, suggest transport from brackish lagoons and marshes, probably occurred during storm events. ^[60] Overall data points to a marshy and/or submerged paleoenvironment, comparable to the present-day Taxodium swamp or cypress swamp and a Bahamian-type marine environment in a rather wet monsoonal climate as in the modern southeastern Asia. ^{[60] [61]} The abundant presence of glossy black charcoal little fragments point to wildfires being a consistent local landscape feature. ^[62]

Amber

The Rotzo Formation records one of the few Early Jurassic assamblages with Amber in the world, the nicknamed "Bellori amber" found near the village of the same name. ^[63] Made mostly of small droplets of less than 1 mm with exceptionally preserved morphology its likely the amber producing plants were likely not stressed or affected by disease. ^[63] Due to the small size animal inclusion have not been found. However various plant materials, identified “mummified wood” and wood tissue are known. ^[63] Additionally large amounts of Circumpolles Cheirolepidiaceous pollen, and occasional freshwater algae Pseudoschizaea remains are included. ^[63] Several cuticle fragments are attributed to the araucariaceous or Hirmeriellaceae genus Pagiophyllum . ^[63] Those lived on a coastal and wet palaeoenvironment similar to the present-day Taxodium swamps with monsoonal seasons as in the modern southern Asia. ^[63]

Palynology

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Accincitisporites [64] [62]	A. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Alisporites [63]	A. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Voltzia ( Willsiostrobus ) and Corystospermales
Aratrisporites [63]	A. sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Lycophytes, in situ in Cyclostrobus , Lycostrobus and Annalepis zeiller.
Auritulinasporites [64] [63]	A. scanicus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Baculatisporites [64] [63]	B. comaumensis B. sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Calamospora [63]	C. sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the Calamitaceae in the Equisetales.
Camarozonosporites [64] [63]	C. cf. heskemensis	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Cabochonicus [62]	cf. C. carbunculus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Selaginellaceae
Chasmatosporites [63]	C. sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the family Zamiaceae in the Cycadales. It is among the most abundant flora recovered on the upper section of the coeval Rya Formation, and was found to be similar to the pollen of the extant Encephalartos laevifolius . [65]
Classopollis [64] [63]	C. sp C. classoides C. meyeriana C. torosus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.
Concavisporites [64] [63]	C. crassexinius C. sp. A C. sp. B C. sp. C	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Cycadopites [64] [63]	C. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cycadaceae and Bennettitaceae.
Deltoidospora [64] [63]	D. minor D. toralis D. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Densosporites [64] [63]	D. fissus D. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Eucommiidites [64] [63]	E. troedssoni	Bellori, Ponte Basaginocchi, Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Type pollen of the Erdtmanithecales, related to the Gnetales.
Foveosporites [64] [63]	F. visscheri F. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores.	Affinities with Selaginellaceae
Granuloperculatipollis [63]	G. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.
Horstisporites [64] [62]	H. harrisii	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Hughesisporites [62]	cf. H. orlowskae	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Ischyosporites [64] [63]	I. variegatus I. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Leptolepidites [64] [63] [62]	L. cf. major L. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Limbosporites [63]	L. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Lycopodiacidites [64] [63]	L. cerebriformis L. regulatus L. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the Ophioglossaceae in the Filicales.
Lycopodiumsporites [64] [63] [62]	L. semimuris L. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida
Monosulcites [63] [62]	M. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the family Karkeniaceae and Ginkgoaceae in the Ginkgoales.
Perinopollenites [63] [62]	P. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cupressaceae in the Pinopsida.
Pinuspollenites [63] [62]	P. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida.
Retitriletes [64] [62]	R. semimuris	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida
Retusotriletes [64] [62]	R. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida
Skarbysporites [64] [63] [62]	S. puntii S. elsendoornii S. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Schizosporis [64] [63] [62]	S. cf. reticulatus S. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Cysts	Affinities with Chlorophyta
Spheripollenites [64] [63] [62]	S. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida
Tigrisporites [64] [63] [62]	T. jonkeri T. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Todisporites [64] [63] [62]	T. minor T. cinctus T. sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Trachysporites [64] [63] [62]	T. fuscus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Trileites [64] [62]	cf. T. murrayi	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Selaginellaceae
Verrutriletes [64]	cf.V. compostipunctatus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Vitreisporites [64] [63] [62]	V. pallidus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Pollen	From the family Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales.

Algae

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Palaeodasycladus [18] [57] [64]	P. fragilis P. gracilis P. mediterraneus P. spp.	Coste dell'Anglone tracksite Marocche di Dro tracksite Bellori Garzon di Scotto Foza section Chizzola	Calcified Thalli	A green alga of the family Dasycladaceae. A reefal algae usually found in carbonate settings along all the Mediterranean	Palaeocladus mediterraneus specimens
Sestrosphaera [64] [66]	S. liasina	Malga Mandrielle Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Calcified Thalli	A green alga of the family Triploporellaceae.
Solenopora [64]	S. cf. liasina	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Calcified Thalli	A red alga of the family Solenoporaceae	Example of Solenopora specimens agreggation
Thaumatoporella [64]	T. parvovesiculifera	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Calcified Thalli	A green alga of the Thaumatoporellales group. The dominant alga locally

Equisetales

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Equisetites [67] [68]	E. bunburyanus E. veronensis E. minor	Roverè di Velo Campo Fontana Val d´Assa Pernigotti	Stems	Affinities with Equisetaceae. Related to humid environments, the stems of local Equisetopsids show a rather large grown cycle, like the Bamboo on the modern Southern Asia, implicating tall Plants influenced by a Tropical Climate.
Phyllotheca [67] [68]	P. brongniartiana P. equisetiformis	Roverè di Velo	Leaf Whorl	Affinities with Phyllothecaceae inside Equisetales	Phyllotheca brongniartiana from the Rotzo Formation

Pteridophytes

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Coniopteris [68] [69]	C. hymenophylloides	Rotzo	Fronds	Affinities with Polypodiales inside Polypodiidae.
Danaeites [67] [68]	D. heeri D. brongniartiana	Rotzo Val d´Assa Bienterle Selva di Progno	Fronds	Affinities with Marattiales inside Marattiopsida.
Dictyophyllum [67] [68]	D. sp.	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Gleichenites [67] [68]	G. elegans	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Gleicheniaceae inside Polypodiopsida
Hymenophyllites [67] [68]	H. leckenbyi	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with either Dicksoniaceae or Polypodiidae inside Polypodiopsida. Similar to the genus Coniopteris.
Laccopteris [67] [68]	L. rotzana	Rotzo	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Marzaria [67] [68]	M. paroliniana	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.	Marzaria paroliniana from the Rotzo Formation
Matonidium [67] [68]	M. rotzoana	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Phlebopteris [67] [68]	P. polypodioides	Val d´Assa	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Protorhipis [67] [68]	P. asarifolia	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales. A rather lower Fern, with great resemblance with the modern genus Dipteris .

Corystospermales

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Cycadopteris [67] [70] [71]	C. brauniana C. heerii C. heterophylla	Valle Zuliani Rotzo Roverè di Velo Albaredo	Fronds	Affinities with Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales. On the Roverè di Velo collection, C. brauniana is the most common Frond found. The Fronds belong to medium to large arboreal Ferns.	Cycadopteris brauniana and Cycadopteris sp., both recovered from different locations of the Rotzo Formation
"Cyclopteris" [67] [68]	"C." minor	St. Bortolomeo	Fronds	Affinities with Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.
Dichopteris [67] [68]	D. rhomboidalis D. paroliniana D. angustifolia D. visianica D. micophylla	Roverè di Velo Val d´Assa Val Juliani Val Salorno	Fronds	Affinities with Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.. Represents the largest "Seed Fern" Leaf in the fossil record, with leaves up to 70 cm, having an habit resembling the extant angiosperm Nypa fruticans . [72]	Dichopteris visianica from the Rotzo Formation

Caytoniales

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Pseudosagenopteris [67] [68]	P. angustifolia	Roverè di Velo	Leaflets	Affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales.
Sagenopteris [67] [68]	S. reniformis S. goeppertiana S. nilssoniana	Roverè di Velo	Leaflets	Affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales. There is a superficial doubt with the assignation to S. goeppertiana, and due to that Roverè di Velo specimen may be confirmed by comparing them with original Zigno's Material.	Sagenopteris nilssoniana from the Rotzo Formation

Cycadophyta

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Androstrobus [73]	A. ssp.	Roverè di Velo Rotzo	Reproductive structure	Incertade sedis inside Cycadophyta
Apoldia [68]	A. tenera	Roverè di Velo Rotzo	Leaflets	Incertade sedis inside Cycadophyta. Related with Cycad-like trees.
Cycadospadix [73]	C spp.	Roverè di Velo Rotzo	Reproductive structure	Incertade sedis inside Bennettitales or Cycadophyta

Bennettitales

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Blastolepis [73] [74]	B. otozamitis B. acuminata	Roverè di Velo Rotzo	Reproductive structure	Incertade sedis inside Bennettitales.
Cycadeospermum [73]	C spp.	Roverè di Velo Rotzo	Reproductive structure	Incertade sedis inside Bennettitales or Cycadophyta
Deltolepis [68] [71]	D. mitra	Rotzo	Reproductive structure	Incertade sedis inside Bennettitales or Cycadophyta
Lomatopteris [67] [68]	L. jurensis	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Incertade sedis inside Bennettitales.	Lomatopteris jurensis from the Rotzo Formation
Otozamites [70] [68] [71]	O.bunburyanus O. veronensis O. vicentinus O. mattiellianus O. nathorstii O. feistmantelii O. molinianus O. massalongianus O. spp.	Roverè di Velo Rotzo Val d´Assa M. Pernigotti S. Bortolomeo	Pinnate leaf fragments	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Overall, the genus Otozamites is among the most abundant flora genus recovered on some of the levels of the Rotzo Formation, and also one of the most diversified. It belongs to arbustive Bennetites.	Otozamites bunburyanus from the Rotzo Formation
Pterophyllum [70] [68]	P. venetum P. platyrachis	Roverè di Velo Rotzo Vall d´Assa M. pernigotti Scandolara	Leaflets	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. This genus has been related with the more arboreal family Williamsoniaceae, although is more probably from a low arboreal to arbustive Bennetite.
Ptilophyllum [70] [68] [71]	P. grandifolium P. triangulare P. spp.	Roverè di Velo	Leaves	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Was previously ascribed by Guiscardi (Director of the Geology Department of the Napoles University between 1861 al 1885) to Pachypteris visianica and Cycadopteris brauniana.	Ptilophyllum grandifolium from the Rotzo Formation
Sphenozamites [70] [68]	S. rossii S. spp.	Roverè di Velo	Leaflets	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Related with Cycad-like trees.
Weltrichia [70] [68]	W. oolithica W. sp.	Roverè di Velo Selva di Progno	Bennettite "Flower"	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Weltrichia is considered by some authors some kind of Bennetitalean Flower, putting that group on relationships with the Angiosperms.
Williamsonia [70] [68]	W. italica	Monte raut Roverè di Velo	Bennettite "Flower"	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.	Williamsonia italica from the Rotzo Formation
Zamites [70] [68]	Z. goepperti Z. ribeiroanus Z. rotzoanus	Rotzo M. pernigotti S. Bortolomeo	Leaflets	Incertade sedis inside Bennettitales. This genus has been related with the more arboreal family Williamsoniaceae, although is more probably from a low arboreal to arbustive Bennetite.

Ginkgoopsida

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Trevisania [67] [75]	T. furcellata	Val d´Assa	Leaves	Affinities with the genus Trichopitys , as probably a member of Karkeniaceae inside Ginkgoopsida, with strong resemblance with the genus Baiera, lumped in some papers as Baiera lindleyana.	Baiera a taxon that has been said to include Trevisania

Conifers

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Brachyphyllum [75] [70] [71]	B. tropidimorphyrn B. graciliforme B. kendallianum B. appropinquatum B. praetermissum	Roverè di Velo Pernigotti Boca di Trappola Rotzo Valle Zulliani	Branched shoots Isolated leaves	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferales. Brachyphyllum tropidimorphyrn shows close resemblance between African and Venetian conifers and its distribution suggests a lowland araucarian forest. [76]	Brachyphyllum kendallianum from the Rotzo Formation
Dactylethrophyllum [75] [70] [71]	D. peristictum	Scandolara	Branched shoots	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferales.
Desmiophyllum [67] [71]	D. zeillerianum D. rigidum	Roverè di Velo Valle Zuliani	Isolated leaves	A possible Conifer leaf. Was suggested to have affinities with Czekanowskiales, sometimes found inside Ginkgoopsida, yet recent finds of it associated with the cone genera Sphaerostrobus and Ourostrobus points to a coniferophyte affinity, maybe as a member of Palissyaceae. [77]
Elatocladus [75]	E. zignoi E. veronensis cf. E. sp.	Roverè di Velo Val d´Assa Rotzo	Branched shoots	Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferales. Arboreal plants similar to the modern genus Cunninghamia	Elatocladus zignoi from the Rotzo Formation
Pagiophyllum [61] [70] [75] [71]	P. rotzoanum P. vicentinum P. veronense P. magnipapillare P. valdassense P. robustum P. revoltinum	Roverè di Velo Val d´Assa Rotzo Pernigotti Monte Carpani	Isolated Leaves Branched Shoots Cuticles	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferales. One of the specimens was assigned to Otozamites massalongianus, due to confusing the overlapping appearance and the Otozamites-like shape of the leaves of the apical portion of the main shoot.	Pagiophyllum rotzoanum from the Rotzo Formation
Pelourdea [67] [68]	P. megaphylla	Roverè di Velo Val d´Assa Rotzo Scandolara Squaranton Bienterle	Isolated Leaves Pollen Organ	Incertae sedis inside Coniferales, initially identified as "Yuccites schimperianus", suggested as a member of its own family, the "Pelourdeaceae". A hygrophytic riparian conifer with herbaceous or shrubby habit. Some specimens are difficult to identify.
Stachyotaxus [70] [75]	S. spp.	Valle Zuliani Roverè di Velo	Branched shoots	Affinities with Palyssiaceae inside Coniferales. Extinct group conifer leaves with similarities with Sequoia or Amentotaxus. Maybe Includes the species "Taxites vicentina".	"Taxites vicentina"

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