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Ŕ (minuscule: ŕ) is a letter of the Lower Sorbian and Slovak alphabets, Ukrainian Latin alphabet and Proto-Turkic orthography. It is formed from R with the addition of an acute. Their Unicode codepoints are U+0154ŔLATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH ACUTE (Ŕ) and U+0155ŕLATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE (ŕ). The PostScript names are Racute and racute.
In Slovak ⟨ŕ⟩ is used to represent /r̩ː/, the geminate syllabic alveolar trill.
It is used in Lower Sorbian to represent /rʲ/, the palatalised alveolar trill.
In Sabino Arana's orthography [1] of the Basque language, ⟨ŕ⟩ was used for the /r/ contrasting with ⟨r⟩ which was used for /ɾ/. However, in the standard Basque alphabet, /r/ is represented with ⟨r⟩ in syllable-final positions and ⟨ rr ⟩ between vowels.
A macron is a diacritical mark: it is a straight bar ¯ placed above a letter, usually a vowel. Its name derives from Ancient Greek μακρόν (makrón) 'long' because it was originally used to mark long or heavy syllables in Greco-Roman metrics. It now more often marks a long vowel. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the macron is used to indicate a mid-tone; the sign for a long vowel is instead a modified triangular colon ⟨ː⟩.
Ç or ç (C-cedilla) is a Latin script letter used in the Albanian, Azerbaijani, Manx, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Kurdish, Kazakh, and Romance alphabets. Romance languages that use this letter include Catalan, French, Portuguese, and Occitan, as a variant of the letter C with a cedilla. It is also occasionally used in Crimean Tatar and in Tajik to represent the sound. It is often retained in the spelling of loanwords from any of these languages in English, Basque, Dutch, Spanish and other languages using the Latin alphabet.
The acute accent, ◌́, is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts. For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin and Greek alphabets, precomposed characters are available.
A caron is a diacritic mark (◌̌) commonly placed over certain letters in the orthography of some languages to indicate a change of the related letter's pronunciation.
The grapheme Š, š is used in various contexts representing the sh sound like in the word show, usually denoting the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ or similar voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with ʃ or ʂ, but the lowercase š is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. It represents the same sound as the Turkic letter Ş and the Romanian letter Ș (S-comma), the Hebrew and Yiddish letter ש, the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) letter ሠ and the Arabic letter ش.
Ó, ó (o-acute) is a letter in the Czech, Emilian-Romagnol, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Polish, Slovak, Karakalpak, and Sorbian languages. This letter also appears in the Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, Irish, Nynorsk, Bokmål, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and Galician languages as a variant of letter "o". In some cases, the Letter "ó" is used in some languages as in a high rising tone. It is sometimes also used in English for loanwords.
A digraph or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme, or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
Rho is the seventeenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings.
The first Slovak orthography was proposed by Anton Bernolák (1762–1813) in his Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum, used in the six-volume Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary (1825–1927) and used primarily by Slovak Catholics.
The grapheme Ž is formed from Latin Z with the addition of caron. It is used in various contexts, usually denoting the voiced postalveolar fricative, the sound of English g in mirage, s in vision, or Portuguese and French j. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with, but the lowercase ž is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. In addition, ž is used as the romanisation of Cyrillic ж in ISO 9 and scientific transliteration.
W with acute is a letter of the Latin alphabet formed by addition of the acute diacritic over the letter W. In the past, it was used in Lower Sorbian and Middle Polish. Now it is used in the Welsh orthography as an accented form of w, e. g. gẃraidd 'manly'.
Ź is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from Z with the addition of an acute accent. The letter appears in Polish, Montenegrin, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Wymysorys and Brahui, as well as in the Belarusian Latin alphabet, Ukrainian Latin alphabet and Romanized Pashto.
The grapheme Ć, formed from C with the addition of an acute accent, is used in various languages. It usually denotes, the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate, including in phonetic transcription. Its Unicode codepoints are U+0106 for Ć and U+0107 for ć.
Ń is a letter formed by putting an acute accent over the letter N. In the Belarusian Łacinka alphabet; the alphabets of Apache, Navajo, Polish, Karakalpak, Kashubian, Wymysorys and the Sorbian languages; and the romanization of Khmer and Macedonian, it represents, which is the same as Czech and Slovak ň, Serbo-Croatian and Albanian nj, Spanish and Galician ñ, Italian and French gn, Hungarian and Catalan ny, and Portuguese nh. In Yoruba, it represents a syllabic /n/ with a high tone, and it often connects a pronoun to a verb: for example, when using the pronoun for "I" with the verb for "to eat", the resulting expression is mo ń jeun.
The grapheme Ř, ř is a letter used in the alphabets of the Czech and Upper Sorbian languages. It was also used in proposed orthographies for the Silesian language. It has been used in academic transcriptions for rhotic sounds.
The Basque alphabet is a Latin alphabet used to write the Basque language. It consists of 27 letters.
Czech orthography is a system of rules for proper formal writing (orthography) in Czech. The earliest form of separate Latin script specifically designed to suit Czech was devised by Czech theologian and church reformist Jan Hus, the namesake of the Hussite movement, in one of his seminal works, De orthographia bohemica.
Dz is a digraph of the Latin script, consisting of the consonants D and Z. It may represent, , or, depending on the language.