2010 Pacific hurricane season

Last updated

2010 Pacific hurricane season
2010 Pacific hurricane season summary map.png
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedMay 29, 2010
Last system dissipatedDecember 21, 2010
Strongest storm
Name Celia
  Maximum winds160 mph (260 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
  Lowest pressure921 mbar (hPa; 27.2 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions13
Total storms8 (record low, tied with 1977)
Hurricanes3 (record low)
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)
2
Total fatalities268 total
Total damage$1.62 billion (2010 USD)
Related articles
Pacific hurricane seasons
2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

The 2010 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season on record (reliable records began in 1971), tied with 1977. The season accumulated the second-fewest ACE units on record, as many of the tropical cyclones were weak and short-lived. Altogether, only three of the season's eight named storms strengthen into hurricanes. Of those, two became major hurricanes, with one, Celia, reaching Category 5 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Despite the inactivity, however, it was the costliest Pacific hurricane season on record at the time, mostly due to Tropical Storm Agatha. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern North Pacific (east 140°W) and on June 1 in the central North Pacific (from 140°W to the International Date Line). It ended in both regions on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as evidenced by the formation of Tropical Storm Omeka on December 19.

Contents

The first system of the season, Agatha, developed on May 29 near the coast of Guatemala. In the second week of June, a sudden spree of tropical cyclones developed, and between June 16 and 22, four cyclones formed, including the two major hurricanes of the season, Celia and Darby, the first of which reached Category 5 intensity. This near-record activity was a reversal from the previous season, when no storm formed until June 18. Following this activity, July saw zero named storms. In August and September only 2 tropical storms and one hurricane formed. Tropical Depression Eleven-E caused a great deal of flooding in southern Mexico, causing millions of dollars in damage, as well as causing over 50 deaths and $500 million in damage in areas of Oaxaca and Guatemala. Tropical Storm Omeka was a rare off-season storm.

Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2010 season
SourceDateNamed
storms
HurricanesMajor
hurricanes
Ref
Average (1981–2010)15.48.43.9 [1]
Record high activity 27 16 (tie) 11 [2]
Record low activity 8 (tie)3 0 (tie) [3]

NOAAMay 27, 20109–154–81–3 [4]

Actual activity
832

On May 19, 2010, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released their forecast for the 2010 Central Pacific hurricane season, which would start on June 1. They expected two or three cyclones to form in or enter the region throughout the season, below the average of four or five storms. The below-average activity forecast was based on two factors: the first was the continuance of a period of decreased activity in the central Pacific; and second, the effects of a Neutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or La Niña, both of which reduce cyclone activity in the region. However, in light of the near-miss of Hurricane Felicia the previous year, forecasters at the Central Pacific Hurricane Center gave the public a basic message for the 2010 season, "Prepare! Watch! Act!". [5]

On May 27, 12 days after the official start of the 2010 eastern Pacific hurricane season, NOAA released their forecast for the basin. Similar to the forecast for the central Pacific, below-average activity was expected, with nine to fifteen named storms forming, four to eight of which would become hurricanes and a further one to three would become major hurricanes. This lessened activity was based on the same two factors as the central Pacific, decreased activity since 1995 and the ENSO event. Overall, NOAA stated there was a 75% chance of below-average activity, 20% of near-normal and only a 5% chance of above-average due to a strong La Niña. [6]

Seasonal summary

Tropical Storm Georgette (2010)Tropical Storm Hermine (2010)Hurricane Frank (2010)Hurricane Celia (2010)Tropical Storm AgathaSaffir–Simpson scale2010 Pacific hurricane season
Activity by month compared to averages [7] [nb 1]
MonthActual activity vs. Averages [nb 2] ACE [nb 3]
StormsHurricanesMajorMonthYear
May [8] 1 (0–1)0 (0)0 (0)
June [9] 3 (2)2 (1)2 (0–1)>300%>300%
July [10] 0 (3–4)0 (2)0 (1)0%107%
August [11] 2 (4)1 (2)0 (1)40%75%
September [12] 1 (3)0 (2)0 (1)<5%46%
October [13] 0 (2)0 (1)0 (0-1)0%48%
November [14] 0 (0-1)0 (0)0 (0)0%~46%
Total [7] 7 (15)3 (9)2 (4)~46%

The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for the 2010 Pacific hurricane season (Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific combined) as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the National Hurricane Center was 51.2 units. [nb 4] [15] This ranked as the second-quietest since 1966. The vast majority of the ACE stemmed from Hurricanes Celia and Darby, which collectively accounted for roughly 70 percent of the seasonal total. [7]

Continuing a trend of below-average activity that began in 1995, the 2010 season was quiet as expected. The Eastern Pacific proper saw record-low numbers of named storms and hurricanes, with only seven and three respectively forming. [7] Inclusive of the Central Pacific, the basin tied its record low activity of eight named storms set in 1977. [3] [16]

Inactivity was largely attributed to a moderately strong La Niña event which resulted in below-average sea surface temperatures across the basin. Another major factor limiting storm formation was the eastward displacement of 200 mb divergence. The displacement of this feature brought conditions that favor tropical development closer to the rugged terrain of Mexico and Central America, a factor known to disrupt low-level circulations. Accordingly, six of the seven named storms in the Eastern Pacific proper formed east of 106°W, four of which originated over the Gulf of Tehuantepec where the greatest depth of warm waters were restricted to. A final limiting factor was above-average wind shear across much of the basin east of 130°W and north of 10°N. [7]

List of costliest Pacific hurricane seasons (as of 2023)
RankCostSeason
1>$16.87 billion 2023
2$4.52 billion 2013
3$3.15 billion 1992
4$1.62 billion 2010
5> $1.52 billion 2014
6> $1.46 billion 2018
7$834 million 1982
8$760 million 1998
9$735 million 1994
10$566 million 2015
Least intense Pacific hurricane seasons [17]
RankSeason ACE value
1 1977 22.3
2 2010 51.2
3 2007 51.6
4 1996 53.9
5 2003 56.6
6 1979 57.4
7 2004 71.1
8 1981 72.8
9 2013 74.8
10 2020 77.3

The season began with record-high activity, featuring two major hurricanes in June. ACE values exceeded 300 percent of the long-term mean, though most was due to Category 5 Hurricane Celia. [9] Hurricane Celia was also the second-earliest forming storm of that intensity during the course of a season, surpassed only by Hurricane Ava in 1973. [3] The month featured an ACE value of 37.22, eclipsing the previous record set in 1984. [9] Furthermore, Darby was the earliest second major hurricane of a season, eclipsing Hurricane Daniel (1978); [18] however, this has since been surpassed by Cristina in 2014, Blanca in 2015, and Bud in 2018. [19] [20] This activity abruptly halted and languished throughout the month of July. [7] No named storms developed during the month, marking the first such occurrence since 1966. However, due to the activity in June, ACE value for the season by the start of August remained slightly above normal, roughly 107 percent the yearly mean. [10] Through the remainder of the season, the basin observed record low activity with only three additional named storms developing. [13] Since Omeka was the first storm in the Central Pacific during the year, it marked the latest start to a season since reliable records began, excluding seasons with no storms. [21] [2] [22]

The record inactivity experienced in the Northeastern Pacific also took place in the Northwestern Pacific. Since reliable records began in the 1970s, there has been no precedent for both basins experiencing exceptionally low tropical cyclone formation. Moreover, this general lack of storm formation was reflected in all cyclone basins except the Atlantic. On average, the Northeastern Pacific accounts for 16 percent of the world's storms; however, during 2010, it accounted for roughly 10 percent (7 out of 67 cyclones). [23]

Systems

Tropical Storm Agatha

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Agatha 2010-05-29 1705Z.jpg   Agatha 2010 track.png
DurationMay 29 – May 30
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1001  mbar  (hPa)

Early May 29, the season's first tropical depression consolidated near the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Large-scale southwesterly flow prompted the system to move slowly northeast. Scatterometer data indicated the depression soon strengthened into a tropical storm, at which time it was assigned the name Agatha. Attaining peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h), Agatha soon made landfall late on May 29 near Champerico, Guatemala, just south of the border with Mexico. Once onshore, the mountainous terrain of Guatemala caused the storm to quickly dissipate early on May 30. [24]

Although a weak tropical cyclone, Agatha brought torrential rainfall to much of Central America. [25] Daily accumulations peaked at 16.78 in (426 mm) in Montufar, Guatemala and 19.0 in (483 mm) in Ilopango, El Salvador. [24] [26] According to Guatemala's president, Álvaro Colom, some areas received more than 3.3 ft (1 m) of rain. [27] The ensuing flash floods and landslides proved catastrophic, especially in Guatemala where at least 174 people died. [28] In El Salvador, 11 people were killed and damage from the storm reached $112.1 million. [26] Honduras also suffered significant losses from the storm with 18 fatalities and at least $18.5 million in damage. [29] One person was also killed in Nicaragua. [30] The storm also associated with a very large sinkhole.

Tropical Depression Two-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Two-E Jun 16 2010 1700Z.jpg   2-E 2010 track.png
DurationJune 16 – June 17
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1007  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on June 2 and entered the Atlantic Ocean. Tracking westward, the system eventually reached the eastern Pacific on June 13. As it approached the Gulf of Tehuantepec, convection increased, despite strong wind shear. Early on June 16, sufficient development had taken place for the NHC to classify the wave as a tropical depression, at which time the depression was situated roughly 110 mi (175 km) south of Salina Cruz, Mexico. A scatterometer pass over the storm revealed it to have attained peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) later that day. Thereafter, wind shear took its toll on the system and its low-level circulation ultimately dissipated early on June 17 while still off the coast of Mexico. [31]

Due to its proximity to land, tropical storm watches and warnings were issued in advance of the storm when the system was first classified. This was discontinued when the system dissipated. [31] Rainfall associated with the depression extended as far north as Oaxaca. In San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, 82 homes were damaged by flood waters and 40 others were affected in the town of Zimatlán de Alvarez. [32] Some homes lost their roofs and a few trees were downed as a result of high winds. [33]

Tropical Storm Blas

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
TS Blas 06-17 1740UTC.JPG   Blas 2010 track.png
DurationJune 17 – June 21
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
994  mbar  (hPa)

On May 30, a new tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean. Little convective development took place as it traversed the region; however, as it crossed Central America between June 9 and 10, it began to show signs of strengthening. By June 13, an area of low pressure developed within the wave and slowly developed a surface circulation over the following 48 hours as it remained nearly stationary over open waters. Early on June 17, deep convection was able to maintain itself over the system, prompting the NHC to classify the low as Tropical Depression Three-E; at this time, the depression was situated 305 mi (490 km) south-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico. Within hours of becoming a tropical depression, a ship in the region reported sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h), indicating that the system had developed into a tropical storm. The newly upgraded storm, now named Blas by the NHC, began to track slowly to the northwest, and later nearly due west, in response to a strengthening ridge over Mexico. [34]

Strong wind shear prevented Blas from strengthening further over the following day; however, by June 19, the system entered a region of weaker shear. This allowed convection to develop over the center of circulation and that afternoon, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) and a pressure of 992 mbar (hPa; 29.29 inHg). Shortly thereafter, cooler sea surface temperatures took their toll on Blas, causing the storm to gradually weaken. By June 21, the system weakened to a tropical depression as convection diminished. Hours later, it degenerated into a non-convective remnant low while situated about 715 mi (1,150 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Sur. The remnants of Blas persisted through June 23 as they continued westward, before it dissipated to a weak upper-level low. [34]

Hurricane Celia

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Celia 2010-06-25 0830Z.jpg   Celia 2010 track.png
DurationJune 18 – June 28
Peak intensity160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min);
921  mbar  (hPa)

Celia formed out of a tropical wave on June 18, quickly organized into a tropical storm, and later into a hurricane the following day as deep convection consolidated around the center. On June 21, the storm further intensified into a Category 2 hurricane; however, over the following days, Celia's winds fluctuated. The system briefly attained major hurricane status on June 23 before temporarily succumbing to wind shear. Once this shear lightened the next day, Celia rapidly intensified to attain its peak intensity with winds of 160 mph (255 km/h) and an estimated barometric pressure of 921 mbar (hPa; 27.20  inHg). [35]

Not long after reaching this strength, wind shear increased and the system entered a dry, stable environment. Over the following 42 hours, sustained winds decreased to tropical storm force and the system began to stall over the open ocean by June 27. Despite highly unfavorable conditions, the storm managed to retain tropical storm status through June 28 and degenerated into a non-convective remnant low that evening. The remnants of Celia continued to drift towards the north before finally dissipating on June 30, about 990 mi (1,590 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Sur. [35]

Hurricane Darby

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Darby jun 25 2010 1955Z.jpg   Darby 2010 track.png
DurationJune 23 – June 28
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
959  mbar  (hPa)

The second, and final, major hurricane of the season, Hurricane Darby originated from a vigorous tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on June 8. Initially well-organized, the wave rapidly deteriorated within 24 hours; it continued westward without redevelopment and entered the Eastern Pacific on June 19. The following day, an area of low pressure developed within the system as it slowed and turned towards the west-northwest. Gradually organizing, the low strengthened into a tropical depression on June 23 while situated roughly 380 mi (610 km) south-southeast of Salina Cruz, Mexico. Over the following two days, Darby underwent two periods of rapid intensification. At the end of the second phase on June 25, the storm attained its peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a pressure of 959 mbar (hPa; 28.32 inHg). Though a strong storm, Darby was unusually small with tropical storm force winds extending only 70 mi (115 km) from its center. [36]

Not long after peaking, a large area of westerly winds, produced by Hurricane Alex over the Gulf of Mexico, caused Darby to stall offshore before turning to the east, being drawn into the circulation of the larger storm. Increased wind shear produced by the "massive outflow of Alex" caused the small storm to rapidly weaken. [36] By June 28, Darby had diminished to a tropical depression and later to a remnant low off the coast of Mexico. The low persisted for another day before fully dissipating offshore. [36]

While offshore, authorities in Mexico advised residents to be cautious of heavy rains from Darby. Alerts were issued for several areas; however, the storm dissipated before reaching land. [37] [38] The combined effects of Hurricanes Alex and Darby resulted in heavy rains over much of Chiapas, amounting to 12 to 16 in (300 to 400 mm) in some areas. Flash flooding damaged 43 homes and affected 60,000 people. [39]

Tropical Depression Six-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
06E 2010-07-15 1808Z.jpg   6-E 2010 track.png
DurationJuly 14 – July 16
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1006  mbar  (hPa)

On July 11, a low pressure formed southwest of Central America. [40] The next day, the system began to organize. [41] After a decrease in convection, [42] the system became more concentrated. [43] After additional development, the NHC upgraded the disturbance into Tropical Depression Six-E on July 14. [44] Six-E slowed down forward momentum, and slowly turned north. The depression did not develop further, and it degenerated into an area of low pressure on July 16. However, the remnant low of the system continued moving westward for the next couple days, before fully dissipating on July 18. [45]

Though relatively far from land, the depression's outer bands brought locally heavy rains to portions of Colima and Jalisco. [46]

Tropical Storm Estelle

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Estelle aug 7 2010 1810Z.jpg   Estelle 2010 track.png
DurationAugust 6 – August 10
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
994  mbar  (hPa)

After an unusual, record inactive July, an area of disturbed weather formed off the south coast of Mexico, on August 4 from a tropical wave that left Africa 13 days earlier. [47] The system became better organized throughout the next day, and was upgraded into a tropical depression on August 6, 138 mi (222 km) southwest of Acapulco, Mexico. Initially, there was uncertainty regarding the storm's path. [48] It reached tropical storm status on the same day. On August 8, the storm showed signs of weakening. It was downgraded into a tropical depression the next day. Estelle became a remnant low on August 10, dissipating shortly thereafter. [47]

Though the center of Estelle remained offshore, its outer bands brought moderate to heavy rains and increased surf to coastal areas of Guerrero, Michoacán, Colima, and Jalisco on August 7. [49] The following day, a detachment of clouds associated with the storm brought locally heavy rains to Mazatlán, resulting in localized street flooding. [50]

Tropical Depression Eight-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Tropical Depression Eight-E Aug 20 2010.jpg   08E 2010 track.png
DurationAugust 20 – August 21
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1003  mbar  (hPa)

On August 3, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean. By August 15, the wave crossed Central America and entered the Eastern Pacific. Over the following five days, development was relatively slow at first, resulting in forecasters at the NHC not predicting the system to become a tropical cyclone. However, on August 20, a low-pressure area formed and quickly became a tropical depression. At this time, the system was situated roughly 185 mi (300 km) west-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico. Tracking northwestward in response to a mid-level ridge over northwestern Mexico, the depression moved through a region of moderate wind shear, preventing further development. Once over cooler waters on August 21, convection began to wane and the system degenerated into a remnant low later that day. Continuing along the same path, the remnants of the depression dissipated early on August 23, over open waters. [51]

Hurricane Frank

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Frank 2010 off the coast of Mexico.jpg   Frank 2010 track.png
DurationAugust 21 – August 28
Peak intensity90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min);
978  mbar  (hPa)

The tropical wave that became Frank was first noticed on August 15 south of the Windward Islands. Tropical Depression Nine-E formed on August 21 south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. It developed into a tropical storm the following morning. On August 23, Frank continued to intensify, but later faced shear and entered a period of weakening. However, on August 24, as shear decreased, it began to reorganize and strengthen again, becoming a hurricane on August 25. Frank also formed an eye feature that persisted for about a day. Two days later, Frank weakened back into a tropical storm. Frank encountered unfavorable conditions of high shear and cool waters, causing it to rapidly weakening overnight. Frank became a remnant low on August 28.

In Mexico, six deaths were reported. A total 30 homes were destroyed with 26 others damaged. Two major roads were damaged with another road blocked due to a landslides. Several rivers overflowed their banks as well. [52] In the wake of the storm, 110 communities requested assistance from the government. By September 14, an estimated 200,000 food packages were distributed to the region. Losses from Hurricane Frank exceeded 100 million pesos (US$8.3 million). [53]

Tropical Depression Ten-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Tropical Depression Ten-E 2010-09-03 1750Z.jpg   Ten-E 2010 track.png
DurationSeptember 3 – September 4
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1003  mbar  (hPa)

Tropical Depression Ten-E originated from a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on August 14. Tracking westward, the wave eventually crossed Central America and entered the Pacific Ocean on August 26. Gradual organization took place by early September as deepening convection. During September 3, a low-level circulation developed within the system and the NHC classified it as a tropical depression. At this time, the depression was situated roughly 255 mi (410 km) south-southeast of the southern tip of Baja California Sur. Located between a strong ridge over Mexico and trough over the north Pacific Ocean, the system tracked northwestward throughout the remainder of its existence. Maximum sustained winds never exceeded 35 mph (55 km/h) before moving into a region cooler waters and moderate wind shear. The combination of these two factors caused convection to diminish; the depression degenerated into a non-convective remnant low on September 4 before dissipating the following day. [54]

Tropical Depression Eleven-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
11E 2010-09-04 1700Z.jpg   Hermine 2010 track.png
DurationSeptember 3 – September 4
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1004  mbar  (hPa)

During mid-August, a westward moving tropical wave in the Atlantic Ocean spawned Hurricane Danielle. [55] The southern portion of this system continued its track and later entered the Eastern Pacific on August 29. By September 2, convection consolidated over the Gulf of Tehuantepec and a low-level circulation developed as it moved in a general northward direction. Classified a tropical depression the following day, [56] the National Hurricane Center initially expected it to attain tropical storm status before moving over land. [57] A ship in the region measured gale-force winds, supporting this forecast but later analysis revealed that these winds were associated with a broad monsoon trough which the depression was embedded within. Failing to intensify, the system made landfall near Salina Cruz, Mexico and rapidly weakened. Maintaining its circulation, the depression survived its crossing of Mexico and regenerated into Atlantic Tropical Storm Hermine. The crossover of this storm is regarded as an uncommon occurrence, [56] taking place only a handful of times since reliable records in the Atlantic began in 1851. [58]

Due to the depression's proximity to land, tropical storm warnings were issued for southern Mexico. [56] The depression produced a swath of heavy rain along its immediate track, with localized peaks over 10 in (250 mm) and a storm maximum of 13.6 in (350 mm) in Alvarado, Veracruz. [59] Flooding affected more than 25,000 people in Oaxaca and 6,000 people in Guerrero. [60] [61] The monsoon trough in which the depression was embedded was responsible for tremendous damage across Central America, [56] including at least 54 fatalities and $500 million in damage across Guatemala. [62] [63] At least three others perished in Costa Rica. [64]

Tropical Storm Georgette

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Georgette sept 21 2010.jpg   Georgette 2010 track.png
DurationSeptember 20 – September 23
Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);
999  mbar  (hPa)

Georgette originated from a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on September 1. Tracking westward across the Atlantic, the wave eventually spawned an area of low pressure, which developed into Hurricane Karl on September 14. The wave itself continued through the Caribbean Sea, and entered the Eastern Pacific on September 17, but signification development was not anticipated. Tracking northwestward, the low gradually organized into a tropical depression by September 20, at which time it was situated south of Baja California Sur. Shortly thereafter, it intensified into a tropical storm and was named Georgette. On September 21, Georgette attained its peak intensity with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 999 mbar (hPa; 29.50 inHg). The storm struck Baja California Sur later that day before weakening to a tropical depression. It continued north as a depression and made landfall on mainland Mexico on September 22. The system dissipated over northern Mexico early on September 23. [65]

Georgette caused the heaviest rains on Baja California Sur in the last 15 years, leaving many people homeless. [66] Georgette also produced high waves. The tropical cyclone worsened Mexico's flooding problem which started when Hurricane Karl made landfall several days earlier. [67] A peak rainfall total of 5.9 in (150 mm) fell in Todos Santos. [68] Throughout Sonora, rainfall up to 4.7 in (120 mm) triggered flooding that damaged 220 homes. [69] Georgette caused 2.61 in (66 mm) of rainfall in Guaymas [70] Flooding was reported in several places (Empalme, Etchojoa, Navojoa, Guaymas, Los Mochis), causing 500,000 people to be evacuated. [65] Heavy runoff caused inflows of 18,000 cu ft/s (510 m3/s) into El Novillo Dam, forcing the Comisión Nacional del Agua, the local water authorities, to release water from the dam. [71] After impacting Mexico, moisture from the system combined with an approaching trough to produce heavy rainfall and thunderstorms across New Mexico. A total of 6.42 in (163 mm) was reported in Gladstone. [72] The rains caused flooding that killed a person along the Rio Grande near Carnuel. [73]

Tropical Storm Omeka

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Omeka 2010-12-20 0140Z.jpg   Omeka 2010 track.png
DurationDecember 18 – December 21
(Out of basin December 1920)
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
997  mbar  (hPa)

On December 16, an extratropical cyclone developed in the western Pacific Ocean beneath an uppr-level low, just west of the International Date Line. The system drifted southeastward, crossing into the Central Pacific on December 17. [21] Because the cyclone was large and sprawling, the CPHC did not anticipate development. [74] On December 18, the system organized into a subtropical depression. It quickly intensified into a subtropical storm as it curved to the southeast into an area of warmer than normal water temperatures, which fueled the development of thunderstorms. On December 19, the storm crossed the International Date Line back into the western Pacific, and soon after developed a temporary eye-feature. The CPHC estimated peak winds of 60 mph (100 km/h) while in the Western Pacific. The storm soon turned eastward, crossing back into the Central Pacific on December 20 roughly 505 miles (815 km) south of Midway Island. At that time, the CPHC designated the system as Tropical Storm Omeka. [21] The storm marked the latest date for a named storm in the basin since reliable records in the 1960s, as well as the first December named storm since Paka in 1997. [21] [75] [76] [2]

Upon entering the basin, Omeka had sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), which marked its peak intensity in the basin. The storm was already weakening due to wind shear from an approaching trough, and it soon turned northeastward into an area of cooler waters. [21] After intermittent bursts of convection, Omeka transitioned into an extratropical low on December 21. Around that time, the storm brushed Lisianski Island, part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The low that was formerly Omeka dissipated on Deember 22. [21]

Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 2010. [77] This is the same list used for the 2004 season. [78] as no names were retired after that season.

  • Isis (unused)
  • Javier (unused)
  • Kay (unused)
  • Lester (unused)
  • Madeline (unused)
  • Newton (unused)
  • Orlene (unused)
  • Paine (unused)
  • Roslyn (unused)
  • Seymour (unused)
  • Tina (unused)
  • Virgil (unused)
  • Winifred (unused)
  • Xavier (unused)
  • Yolanda (unused)
  • Zeke (unused)

For storms that form in the North Pacific between 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. [77] One named storm, listed below, formed within the area in 2010. [21]

  • Omeka

Season effects

This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 2010 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2010 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TDTSC1C2C3C4C5
2010 Pacific hurricane season statistics
Storm
name
Dates activeStorm category
at peak intensity
Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)
Min.
press.
(mbar)
Areas affectedDamage
(USD)
DeathsRef(s)
Agatha May 29–30Tropical storm45 (75)1001Southwestern Mexico, Central America$1.11 billion204
Two-EJune 16–17Tropical depression35 (55)1007Southwestern MexicoMinorNone
BlasJune 17–21Tropical storm65 (100)994NoneNoneNone
Celia June 18–28Category 5 hurricane160 (260)921Southwestern Mexico, Clipperton Island NoneNone
DarbyJune 23–28Category 3 hurricane120 (195)959Southwestern MexicoNoneNone
Six-EJuly 14–16Tropical depression35 (55)1006Western MexicoNoneNone
EstelleAugust 6–10Tropical storm65 (100)994Southwestern Mexico, Northwestern MexicoNoneNone
Eight-EAugust 20–21Tropical depression35 (55)1003NoneNoneNone
Frank August 21–28Category 1 hurricane90 (150)978Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico$8.3 million6
Ten-ESeptember 3–4Tropical depression35 (55)1003NoneNoneNone
Eleven-E September 3–4Tropical depression35 (55)1004Southwestern Mexico, Central America$500 million0 (57)
Georgette September 20–23Tropical storm40 (65)999Northwestern MexicoMinor0 (1)
OmekaDecember 20–21Tropical storm50 (85)997 Hawaii NoneNone
Season aggregates
13 systemsMay 29 – December 21 160 (260)921$1.62 billion210 (58) 

See also

Notes

  1. Values are only for the Eastern Pacific (east of 140°W).
  2. Storm averages are those in parentheses.
  3. Percentage of average ACE through the end of the month
  4. The total represents the sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for every (sub)tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000 while they are above that threshold; therefore, tropical depressions are not included.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2000 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active hurricane season, but featured the latest first named storm in a hurricane season since 1992. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was slightly above average due to a La Niña weather pattern although most of the storms were weak. It was also the only season to have two of the storms affect Ireland. The first cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed in the southern Gulf of Mexico on June 7 and dissipated after an uneventful duration. However, it would be almost two months before the first named storm, Alberto, formed near Cape Verde; Alberto also dissipated with no effects on land. Several other tropical cyclones—Tropical Depression Two, Tropical Depression Four, Chris, Ernesto, Nadine, and an unnamed subtropical storm—did not impact land. Five additional storms—Tropical Depression Nine, Florence, Isaac, Joyce, and Leslie—minimally affected land areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2004 Pacific hurricane season was an overall below-average Pacific hurricane season in which there were 12 named tropical storms, all of which formed in the eastern Pacific basin. Of these, 6 became hurricanes, and 3 of those intensified into major hurricanes. No storms made landfall in 2004, the first such occurrence since 1991. In addition to the season's 12 named storms, there were five tropical depressions that did not reach tropical storm status. One of them, Sixteen-E, made landfall in northwestern Sinaloa. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific basin. It officially ended in both basins on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period during each year when most tropical cyclones form in each respective basin. These dates conventionally delimit the period during each year when a majority of tropical cyclones form. The season was reflected by an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 71 units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a near-average Pacific hurricane season which produced fifteen named storms, seven hurricanes and two major hurricanes. It was also the second consecutive season in which no tropical cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2003 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2003 Pacific hurricane season was the first season to feature no major hurricanes since 1977. The season officially began on May 15, 2003 in the Eastern North Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central ; both ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific. The season featured 16 tropical storms, 7 of which intensified into hurricanes, which was then considered an average season. Damage across the basin reached US$129 million, and 23 people were killed by the storms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2000 Pacific hurricane season was an above-average Pacific hurricane season, although most of the storms were weak and short-lived. There were few notable storms this year. Tropical storms Miriam, Norman, and Rosa all made landfall in Mexico with minimal impact. Hurricane Daniel briefly threatened the U.S. state of Hawaii while weakening. Hurricane Carlotta was the strongest storm of the year and the second-strongest June hurricane in recorded history. Carlotta killed 18 people when it sank a freighter. Overall, the season was significantly more active than the previous season, with 19 tropical storms. In addition, six hurricanes developed. Furthermore, there were total of two major hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1998 Pacific hurricane season was a fairly average Pacific hurricane season. Despite this, it had nine hurricanes and six major hurricanes, which was well above average. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and ended on November 30; these dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in that region. The first tropical cyclone developed on June 11, about ten days later than the normal start of the season. The final storm of the year, Hurricane Madeline, dissipated on October 20. Storm activity in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's warning zone was low, with just one tropical depression observed in the region. Two tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific also entered the central Pacific; the former did so as a hurricane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1992 Pacific hurricane season is the most active Pacific hurricane season on record, featuring 27 named storms. The season also produced the second-highest ACE value on record in the basin, only surpassed by the 2018 season. The 1992 season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the development of Hurricane Ekeka on January 28, and Tropical Storm Hali two months later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1991 Pacific hurricane season was a near-average Pacific hurricane season. The worst storm this year was Tropical Storm Ignacio, which killed 23 people in Mexico and injured 40 others. Elsewhere, Hurricane Fefa caused flooding in Hawaii. Hurricane Kevin was the strongest system of the season and became the then longest-lasting hurricane in the eastern north Pacific basin at the time, and Hurricane Nora was the strongest November storm to that point. The season officially started on May 15, 1991, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1991, in the central Pacific. It lasted until November 30, 1991, in both basins. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1989 Pacific hurricane season was a near normal season. It officially started on May 15, 1989, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1989, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1989. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. A total of 18 storms and 9 hurricanes formed, which was near long-term averages. Four hurricanes reached major hurricane status on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2007 Pacific hurricane season was a well below-average Pacific hurricane season, featuring only one major hurricane. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and ended on November 30; these dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the region. The first tropical cyclone of the season, Alvin, developed on May 27, while the final system of the year, Kiko, dissipated on October 23. Due to unusually strong wind shear, activity fell short of the long-term average, with a total of 11 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and 1 major hurricane. At the time, 2007 featured the second-lowest value of the Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index since reliable records began in 1971. Two tropical cyclones – Cosme and Flossie – crossed into the central Pacific basin during the year, activity below the average of 4 to 5 systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2006 Pacific hurricane season was the first above-average season since 1997 which produced twenty-five tropical cyclones, with nineteen named storms, though most were rather weak and short-lived. There were eleven hurricanes, of which six became major hurricanes. Following the inactivity of the previous seasons, forecasters predicted that season would be only slightly above active. It was also the first time since 2003 in which one cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2009 Pacific hurricane season was the most active Pacific hurricane season since 1997. The season officially started on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone basin; however, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year. The first system of the season, Tropical Depression One-E, developed on June 18, and the last, Hurricane Neki, dissipated on October 27, keeping activity well within the bounds of the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2013 Pacific hurricane season was an above average Pacific hurricane season with 21 tropical cyclones forming. Of these, 20 became named storms – 18 in the Eastern Pacific basin, and 2 in the Central Pacific basin. Of the 18 named storms in the east, 9 became hurricanes, with one, Raymond, becoming the season's only major hurricane. In the central, neither named storm became a hurricane. It was also a below-normal season in terms of Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), as many of its systems were weak and short-lived. The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and started on June 1 in the Central Pacific; both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical development occurs in these North Pacific basins. The first cyclone, Tropical Storm Alvin, formed on May 15, and the last, Tropical Storm Sonia, dissipated on November 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2014 Pacific hurricane season was the fifth-busiest season since reliable records began in 1949, alongside the 2016 season. The season officially started on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2016 Pacific hurricane season was tied as the fifth-most active Pacific hurricane season on record, alongside the 2014 season. Throughout the course of the year, a total of 22 named storms, 13 hurricanes and six major hurricanes were observed within the basin. Although the season was very active, it was considerably less active than the previous season, with large gaps of inactivity at the beginning and towards the end of the season. It officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific ; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in these regions of the Pacific Ocean. However, tropical development is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Hurricane Pali on January 7, the earliest Central Pacific tropical cyclone on record. After Pali, however, no tropical cyclones developed in either region until a short-lived depression on June 6. Also, there were no additional named storms until July 2, when Tropical Storm Agatha formed, becoming the latest first-named Eastern Pacific tropical storm since Tropical Storm Ava in 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2010 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2010 Pacific hurricane season was one of the least active seasons on record, featuring the fewest named storms since 1977. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific—east of 140°W—and on June 1 in the central Pacific—between the International Date Line and 140°W—and lasted until November 30. These dates typically cover the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin. The season's first storm, Tropical Storm Agatha, developed on May 29; the season's final storm, Tropical Storm Omeka, degenerated on December 21.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Adrian (2011)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2011

Hurricane Adrian was an intense, albeit short-lived early-season Category 4 hurricane that brought heavy rainfall and high waves to Mexico in June 2011 during the 2011 Pacific hurricane season. Adrian originated from an area of disturbed weather which had developed during the course of early June, off the Pacific coast of Mexico. On June 7, it acquired a sufficiently organized structure with deep convection to be classified as a tropical cyclone, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) designated it as Tropical Depression One-E, the first one of 2011. It further strengthened to be upgraded into a tropical storm later that day. Adrian moved rather slowly; briefly recurving northward after being caught in the steering winds. After steady intensification, it was upgraded into a hurricane on June 9. The storm subsequently entered a phase of rapid intensification, developing a distinct eye with good outflow in all quadrants. Followed by this period of rapid intensification, it obtained sustained winds fast enough to be considered a major hurricane and reached its peak intensity as a category 4 hurricane that evening.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Genevieve (2014)</span> Pacific hurricane and typhoon in 2014

Hurricane Genevieve, also referred to as Typhoon Genevieve, was the first tropical cyclone to track across all three northern Pacific basins since Hurricane Dora in 1999. Genevieve developed from a tropical wave into the eighth tropical storm of the 2014 Pacific hurricane season well east-southeast of Hawaii on July 25. However, increased vertical wind shear caused it to weaken into a tropical depression by the following day and degenerate into a remnant low on July 28. Late on July 29, the system regenerated into a tropical depression, but it weakened into a remnant low again on July 31, owing to vertical wind shear and dry air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2019 Pacific hurricane season was an above average season which produced nineteen named storms, most of which were rather weak and short-lived. Only seven hurricanes formed, the fewest since 2010. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. This season was one of the latest-starting Pacific hurricane seasons on record, with the first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Alvin, forming on June 25. The final system, Tropical Depression Twenty-One-E, dissipated on November 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2022 Pacific hurricane season was an active hurricane season in the eastern North Pacific basin, with nineteen named storms, ten hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. Two of the storms crossed into the basin from the Atlantic. In the central North Pacific basin, no tropical cyclones formed. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central; both ended on November 30. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific and are adopted by convention.

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