Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon.
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-.
In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a P–O–P linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate (Na2H2P2O7) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), among others. Often pyrophosphates are called diphosphates. The parent pyrophosphates are derived from partial or complete neutralization of pyrophosphoric acid. The pyrophosphate bond is also sometimes referred to as a phosphoanhydride bond, a naming convention which emphasizes the loss of water that occurs when two phosphates form a new P–O–P bond, and which mirrors the nomenclature for anhydrides of carboxylic acids. Pyrophosphates are found in ATP and other nucleotide triphosphates, which are important in biochemistry. The term pyrophosphate is also the name of esters formed by the condensation of a phosphorylated biological compound with inorganic phosphate, as for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. This bond is also referred to as a high-energy phosphate bond.
High-energy phosphate can mean one of two things:
Apyrase is a calcium-activated plasma membrane-bound enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and inorganic phosphate. Two isoenzymes are found in commercial preparations from S. tuberosum. One with a higher ratio of substrate selectivity for ATP:ADP and another with no selectivity.
Guanosine monophosphate synthetase, also known as GMPS is an enzyme that converts xanthosine monophosphate to guanosine monophosphate.
Ectonucleotidases consist of families of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes that are expressed on the plasma membrane and have externally oriented active sites. These enzymes metabolize nucleotides to nucleosides. The contribution of ectonucleotidases in the modulation of purinergic signaling depends on the availability and preference of substrates and on cell and tissue distribution.
In enzymology, an alanine—tRNA ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an adenylylsulfatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an ADP-sugar diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.21) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a CDP-diacylglycerol diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.26) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a dCTP diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a FAD diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a guanosine-5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.40) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a NAD+ diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.22) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a nucleoside-diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a nucleoside-triphosphate diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.31) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
The enzyme guanosine-3′,5′-bis(diphosphate) 3′-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.7.2) catalyzes the reaction
The enzyme monoterpenyl-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.7.3) catalyzes the reaction
