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English: Land of the Euphrates | |
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Ardh ul-Furaatayn | |
Former national anthem of | |
Lyrics | Shafiq al-Kamali |
Music | Walid Georges Gholmieh, 1981 [1] |
Adopted | 1981 |
Relinquished | 2003 |
Preceded by | "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy" |
Succeeded by | "Mawtini" |
Audio sample | |
"Ardh ul-Furatayn" (Arabic : أرض الفراتين, lit. "Land of the Euphrates"), also known as the "Land of The Two Rivers", was the national anthem of Iraq from the early 1980s to 2003, during the Ba'athist regime of Saddam Hussein.
A national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. The countries of Latin America, Central Asia, and Europe tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa, and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them ; their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
Ba'athist Iraq, formally the Iraqi Republic, covers the history of Iraq between 1968 and 2003, during the period of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's rule. This period began with high economic growth and soaring prosperity, but ended with Iraq facing social, political, and economic stagnation. The average annual income decreased because of several external factors, and several internal policies of the government.
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to power in Iraq.
National anthems of Iraq | ||||||||||||
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It was adopted in 1981, written by Shafiq al-Kamali [2] with music by Walid Georges Gholmieh. [3] After the ousting of Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime in 2003, [4] the new Iraqi government selected a new national anthem, "Mawtini" to be used.
Walid Georges Gholmieh was the director of the Le Conservatoire libanais national supérieur de musique or The Lebanese National Higher Conservatory of Music. He was considered one of the most prominent Middle Eastern conductors and composers.
"Mawṭinī" is the national anthem of Iraq. Adopted in 2004, the song is also the de facto national anthem of Palestine since the 1930s, it was adopted during the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.
Arabic text | Latinate transliteration | English translation |
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وطنٌ مدَّ على الأفقِ جناحا 𝄇 | 𝄆 Waṭanun maddā ʿalā l-ufqi ǧanāḥā, | 𝄆 A Fatherland has extended its wings over the horizon, |
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The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, also referred to as the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement, is a Ba'athist political party which was headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq until 2003. It is one of two parties which emerged from the 1966 split of the original Ba'ath Party.
Iraq–Palestine relations refer to the relations between the Arab Republic of Iraq and State of Palestine, a disputed region in the Levant. Relations between Iraqis and Palestinians has historically been close, with Palestinian Liberation Organization supported by the Ba'athist Iraqi regime during the second half of the 20th century, and vice versa, Iraqi Ba'athist regime supported by PLO leadership during the Gulf War. The State of Palestine has an embassy and consulate in Baghdad and Arbil accordingly, but Iraq doesn't have an embassy in Palestine.
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, officially the Iraqi Regional Branch, is an Iraqi Ba'athist political party founded in 1951 by Fuad al-Rikabi. It was the Iraqi regional branch of the original Ba'ath Party before changing its allegiance to the Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement following the 1966 split within the original party. The party was officially banned following the American invasion of Iraq, but despite this it still continues to function.
The 17 July Revolution was a bloodless coup in Iraq in 1968, led by General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, which brought the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power. Both Saddam Hussein, later President of Iraq, and Salah Omar al-Ali, later a Ba'athist dissident, were major participants in the coup. The Ba'ath Party ruled from the 17 July Revolution until 2003, when it was removed from power by an invasion led by U.S. and British forces.
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Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i was an Iraqi Ba'athist politician and leading member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Iraq. He was a member of the Regional Command from 1964 to 1973, and considered a serious rival of Saddam Hussein for leadership of the civilian faction of the Ba'ath Party. He was arrested in 1973 for his alleged involvement in a plot to overthrow the government, and executed in 1979 by Hussein.
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