Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDS1 gene. [5] [6] [7]
Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDS1 gene. [5] [6] [7]
Breakdown products of phosphoinositides are ubiquitous second messengers that function downstream of many G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases regulating cell growth, calcium metabolism, and protein kinase C activity. This gene encodes an enzyme which regulates the amount of phosphatidylinositol available for signaling by catalyzing the conversion of phosphatidic acid to CDP-diacylglycerol. This enzyme is an integral membrane protein localized to two subcellular domains, the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is thought to be involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. [8] [9] and the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum where it functions in phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. Two genes encoding this enzyme have been identified in humans, one mapping to human chromosome 4q21 (this gene) and a second (CDS2) to 20p13. [7]
Cardiolipin is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It can also be found in the membranes of most bacteria. The name "cardiolipin" is derived from the fact that it was first found in animal hearts. It was first isolated from beef heart in the early 1940s. In mammalian cells, but also in plant cells, cardiolipin (CL) is found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme of the phospholipase superfamily. Phospholipases occur widely, and can be found in a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, plants, animals, and viruses. Phospholipase D's principal substrate is phosphatidylcholine, which it hydrolyzes to produce the signal molecule phosphatidic acid (PA), and soluble choline. Plants contain numerous genes that encode various PLD isoenzymes, with molecular weights ranging from 90 to 125 kDa. Mammalian cells encode two isoforms of phospholipase D: PLD1 and PLD2. Phospholipase D is an important player in many physiological processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, receptor-mediated endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell migration. Through these processes, it has been further implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases: in particular the progression of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, as well as various cancers. PLD may also help set the threshold for sensitivity to anesthetia and mechanical force.
CHEK2 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. CHK2 is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers.
Protein kinase C beta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCB gene.
Protein kinase C gamma type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCG gene.
Phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) (EC 3.1.3.4) is a key regulatory enzyme in lipid metabolism, catalyzing the conversion of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol. The two substrates of PAP are phosphatidate and H2O, and its two products are diacylglycerol and phosphate, as shown here.
Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase (CDS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol from cytidine triphosphate and phosphatidate.
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCG2 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3 (PKD3) or PKC-nu is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKD3 gene.
Diacylglycerol kinase zeta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKZ gene.
Deoxyhypusine synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHPS gene.
Diacylglycerol kinase alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKA gene.
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCD3 gene.
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCB4 gene.
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing gamma polypeptide is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3C2G gene.
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIP5K1B gene.
Diacylglycerol kinase delta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKD gene.
CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDIPT gene.
Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDS2 gene.
Diacylglycerol kinase theta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKQ gene.
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