Cerium nitrates

Last updated
Cerium(III) nitrate
Cerium nitrate.jpg
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.257 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • (anhydrous):233-297-2
  • (hexahydrate):600-370-9
PubChem CID
UNII
  • (anhydrous):InChI=1S/Ce.3NO3/c;3*2-1(3)4/q+3;3*-1
    Key: HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • (hexahydrate):InChI=1S/Ce.3NO3.6H2O/c;3*2-1(3)4;;;;;;/h;;;;6*1H2/q+3;3*-1;;;;;;
    Key: QQZMWMKOWKGPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • (anhydrous):[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Ce+3]
  • (hexahydrate):[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ce+3]
Properties
Ce(NO3)3
Molar mass 326.12 g/mol
AppearanceColorless crystals (hexahydrate)
Density 2.38 g⋅cm−3
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Cerium nitrate refers to a family of nitrates of cerium in the +3 or +4 oxidation state. Often these compounds contain water, hydroxide, or hydronium ions in addition to cerium and nitrate. Double nitrates of cerium also exist.

Contents

Cerium(III) nitrates

Cerium(III) nitrate crystal with Miller index notation Cerous nitrate 6 water.png
Cerium(III) nitrate crystal with Miller index notation

Anhydrous cerous nitrate, also called cerium(III) nitrate, is the anhydrous salt with the formula Ce(NO3)3.(CAS number 10108-73-3).

Cerium nitrate hexahydrate, with the formula Ce(NO3)3·6H2O (CAS number 10294-41-4) is the most common nitrate of cerium(III). It is a component in a burn treatment cream that also includes silver sulphadiazine. Concentrations used are 0.05 M for the cerium nitrate. For very serious burns it reduces the death rate. [1] [2] At 150 °C the hexahydrate loses water of crystallization to make a trihydrate, which itself decomposes above 200 °C. [3] Cerous nitrate hexahydrate has pinacoidal triclinic crystals. [4]

Hydronium cerium(III) nitrate hydrate, Ce(NO3)5(H3O)2⋅H2O [5] is monoclinic with space group P2/c. [5] The diaquapentanitratocerate(III) anion (Ce(NO3)5(H2O)2)2− occurs in several salts. The salts have extreme non-linear optical properties. [6]

Cerium(IV) nitrates

Cerium tetranitrate pentahydrate is prepared by evaporating a solution of ceric nitrate in concentrated nitric acid. It forms orthorhombic crystals with bipyramidal shape. The common crystal face Miller index is {111}, But it can have smaller faces with Miller index {010} and {110}. The density is 2.403 g/cm3. Its optical properties are that it is biaxial with 2V of 34°, and strongly dispersive. On its B- and C-axes it appears yellow, but orange red on the A axis. [7]

Ceric nitrate is quite soluble in non polar solvents such as ethyl ether. Ether will extract the cerium nitrate from 5N nitric acid. [8] In nitric acid, nitrato ceric acid [9] (H2[Ce(NO3)6] and H[Ce(NO3)5⋅H2O]) are present. The solubility of this nitrate in non-polar solvents allows the separation of cerium from other rare earths. [8]

Basic cerium(IV) nitrate has the formula Ce(NO3)3⋅OH⋅3H2O. It also forms upon evaporation of solutions of cerium(IV) in nitric acid. [10] When this meets ammonia in water solution it reacts to form ceric ammonium nitrate and ceric hydroxide. [10]

Basic dicerium nitrate has the formula Ce2O(NO3)6(H2O)6·2H2O. Again it crystallizes from solutions of cerium(IV) in nitric acid. It crystallises as monoclinic crystals with space group P21lc with unit cell dimensions a = 8.723 Å, b = 8.940 Å, c = 13.981 Å, β = 94.91°. Each unit cell contains two formula units Ce2O(NO3)6(H2O)3 and Ce2O(NO3)6 form when this basic nitrate is heated slowly to 180 °C in vacuum. [11]

Ammonium and alkali metal cerium nitrates

The diaquapentanitratocerate(III) anion (Ce(NO3)5(H2O)2)2− occurs in several salts. The salts have extreme non-linear optical properties. [6]

K2Ce(NO3)5 [12] crystals can be grown by evaporating a solution of potassium nitrate, cerous nitrate, and nitric acid. Each cerium atom is surrounded by the oxygen atoms of five bidentate nitrate groups and two water oxygen atoms. [6] It can be grown into optical-quality crystals of around 100 cm3 in 12 weeks. [6] Crystals are colourless. [6] The space group of the crystal is Fdd2 and their form is orthorhombic. [6] Potassium cerium nitrate was probably discovered by L. Th. Lange in 1861. [13] However it was only properly described in 1894 by Fock. [14] [15] Even then the amount of water in the substance was wrong and it took till 1911 when Jantsch & Wigdorow correctly stated that there were two water molecules. [16] The non-linear optical effects were found in 1993. For optical applications it is known as KCN. [17]

Diammonium diaquapentanitratocerate dihydrate. [16] [18] Its Raman spectrum has been published. [19] It is quite soluble in water with 100 ml dissolving 235 grams at 9 °C and 817 g at 65°. [20]

nameformulameltdensity [g/cm3]a[Å]b[Å]c[Å]β[°]VolZ
dipotassium diaquapentanitratocerateK2Ce(NO3)5·2H2O2.54311.26321.40412.2309029488 [6]
dipotassium hexanitratocerate [22] K2Ce(NO3)6
tripotassium dicerium(III) nitrate [22] K3Ce2(NO3)92.52513.59713.59713.5979025144
diammonium diaquapentanitratocerate dihydrate(NH4)2Ce(NO3)5·4H2O2.12811.098.93617.96101.771743 [23] [18] 4
dirubidium diaquapentanitratocerate dihydrateRb2Ce(NO3)5·4H2O70°2.49711.0508.97717.859100.88 [24]
dicaesium diaquapentanitratocerate dihydrate ?Cs2Ce(NO3)5·4H2O
dithallium diaquapentanitratocerate dihydrate ?Tl2Ce(NO3)5·4H2O64.5°3.326
Bis{4-[(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)iminomethyl]pyridinium} diaquapentanitratocerate(C8H8N5)2[Ce(NO3)5(H2O)2]10.32216.12617.575100.1072883.24
1,10-Phenanthroline-H diaquapentanitratocerateHPhen2[Ce(NO3)5(H2O)2]1.837.55348.08325.837789.947 β = 89.937 γ = 86.9811572.942 [25]
hydronium cerium (III) nitrate hydrateCe(NO3)5(H3O)2·H2O21.367.89915.13391.028

Divalent double nitrates

Cerous magnesium nitrate is the first discovered member of a divalent series CeM(II)(NO3)5. This has an extremely low Kapitza resistance to liquid 3He. At the time of discovery it value was only 1% of the previous record holder. Low thermal resistance is important at temperatures below 1  K, because there is not much temperature difference to cause a large heat flow rate, and cooling can take an excessive time if there are barriers to heat transfer. [26] [27]

Other cerous double nitrates

Cerous sodium nitrate monohydrate, Na2Ce(NO3)5·H2O has density 2.641 g/cm3. It can be made by boiling the stoichiometric mixture of cerous nitrate, and sodium nitrate in nitric acid, and then evaporating at 40 °C. The crystals are clear rod shaped monoclinic with space group P2/c. Crystal cell sizes are a = 21.387, b = 7.9328, c = 15.184, β = 90.657, V = 2576 formulas per cell, Z = 8. The way the components are arranged in the crystal is that there are six nitrates around each cerium atom, however to get to the average of five per cerium, two nitrate groups on each, link the atoms into a chain along the a axis. [28]

There are anhydrous double nitrates such as Ce2Rb3(NO3)9 and Ce2K3(NO3)9. [29] The potassium salt, Ce2K3(NO3)9 can be made by using the water solution of potassium nitrate and cerous nitrate in 3:2 molar ratio, evaporated at 40 °C. The crystals are colourless cubic from space group P4132. Its formula weight is 955.6. Three formulas exist in each unit cell which at 20 °C, has a volume of 2514.1 Å3 and cell side of a = 13.597 Å. The density is 2.525 g/cm3. In this compound each cerium atoms is surrounded by twelve oxygen atoms from six nitrate groups. Three of the nitrates form a bridge in each of three dimensions. These bridges form three spirals each at 90° to each other along the crystal axes. [22]

A related series with ratio 1.5 of the monovalent ion to cerium includes 2Ce(NO3)3·3(NH4)NO3·12H2O [20]

A mixed caesium, sodium cerium triple nitrate Cs2NaCe(NO3)6 crystallizes in the cubic system. The unit cell size is 1.1196 nm with volume of 1.4034 nm3 and four molecules per cell. [30]

Ceric double nitrates

Diammonium cerium(IV) nitrate Ceric ammonium nitrate.jpg
Diammonium cerium(IV) nitrate

The alkali metals form orange-red monoclinic crystals as a double salt with ceric nitrate: M
2
[Ce(NO
3
)
6
]
with M = K, Rb, Cs, or [NH4]. [10]

In the monoclinic form of K
2
[Ce(NO
3
)
6
]
, the cerium atoms are in a body centred arrangement, with potassium surrounded by ten oxygen atoms. The density is 2.798 g/cm3 with a cell that contains two molecules with volume 700.9 Å3 and dimensions a = 12.707 Å, b = 6.6858 Å, c = 8.253 Å and β = 91.55°. [22]

Ceric potassium nitrate also has a hydrate with 1.5 mol of water. [10]

Divalent metals

Other compounds

Application

Cerium magnesium nitrate (also known as cerous magnesium nitrate), is a highly paramagnetic salt used as refrigerant in magnetic refrigeration. [34] [35] :154 This nitrate was used for its paramagnetic properties in a pivotal 1956 physics experiment that proved parity violation by the weak interaction. [36]

References

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