Cerium(III) bromide

Cerium(III) bromide
Names
	IUPAC names Cerium(III) bromide; Cerium tribromide
	Other names Cerous bromide
Identifiers
CAS Number	14457-87-5 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image ;
ChemSpider	76185 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.034.936
EC Number	238-447-0;
PubChem CID	292780 ;
UNII	GEM75FEL39 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID60932338 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/3BrH.Ce/h31H;/q;;;+3/p-3 Key: MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-K ; InChI=1/3BrH.Ce/h31H;/q;;;+3/p-3 Key: MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-DFZHHIFOAB;
	SMILES [Ce+3].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-];
Properties
Chemical formula	CeBr3
Molar mass	379.828 g/mol
Appearance	grey to white solid, hygroscopic
Density	5.1 g/cm3, solid
Melting point	722 °C (1,332 °F; 995 K)
Boiling point	1,457 °C (2,655 °F; 1,730 K)
Solubility in water	4.56 mol kg−1 (153.8 g/100 g)
Structure
Crystal structure	hexagonal (UCl3 type), hP8
Space group	P63/m, No. 176
Coordination geometry	Tricapped trigonal prismatic; (nine-coordinate)
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H319, H335
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions	Cerium(III) fluoride ; Cerium(III) chloride ; Cerium(III) iodide
Other cations	Lanthanum(III) bromide ; Praseodymium(III) bromide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Last updated January 09, 2023

Cerium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula CeBr₃. This white hygroscopic solid is of interest as a component of scintillation counters.

Preparation and basic properties

The compound has been known since at least 1899, when Muthman and Stützel reported its preparation from cerium sulfide and gaseous HBr.^[2] Aqueous solutions of CeBr₃ can be prepared from the reaction of Ce₂(CO₃)₃·H₂O with HBr. The product, CeBr₃·H₂O can be dehydrated by heating with NH₄Br followed by sublimation of residual NH₄Br. CeBr₃ can be distilled at reduced pressure (~ 0.1 Pa) in a quartz ampoule at 875-880 °C.^[3] Like the related salt CeCl₃, the bromide absorbs water on exposure to moist air. The compound melts congruently at 722 °C, and well ordered single crystals may be produced using standard crystal growth methods like Bridgman or Czochralski.

CeBr₃ adopts the hexagonal, UCl₃-type crystal structure with the P6₃/m space group.^[4]^[5] The cerium ions are 9-coordinate and adopt a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry.^[6] The cerium–bromine bond lengths are 3.11 Å and 3.16 Å.^[7]

Applications

CeBr₃-doped lanthanum bromide single crystals are known to exhibit superior scintillation properties for applications in the security, medical imaging, and geophysics detectors.^[8]^[9]

Undoped single crystals of CeBr₃ have shown promise as a γ-ray scintillation detector in nuclear non-proliferation testing, medical imaging, environmental remediation, and oil exploration.^[10]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanthanum</span> Chemical element, symbol La and atomic number 57

Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes slowly when exposed to air. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. Lanthanum is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements. Like most other rare earth elements, the usual oxidation state is +3. Lanthanum has no biological role in humans but is essential to some bacteria. It is not particularly toxic to humans but does show some antimicrobial activity.

The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare-earth elements or rare-earth metals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praseodymium</span> Chemical element, symbol Pr and atomic number 59

Praseodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Pr and the atomic number 59. It is the third member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. It is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal, valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and pure praseodymium metal slowly develops a green oxide coating when exposed to air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scintillator</span> Type of material

A scintillator is a material that exhibits scintillation, the property of luminescence, when excited by ionizing radiation. Luminescent materials, when struck by an incoming particle, absorb its energy and scintillate. Sometimes, the excited state is metastable, so the relaxation back down from the excited state to lower states is delayed. The process then corresponds to one of two phenomena: delayed fluorescence or phosphorescence. The correspondence depends on the type of transition and hence the wavelength of the emitted optical photon.

Hydrobromic acid is a strong acid formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule hydrogen bromide (HBr) in water. "Constant boiling" hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution that distills at 124.3 °C (255.7 °F) and contains 47.6% HBr by mass, which is 8.77 mol/L. Hydrobromic acid has a pK_a of −9, making it a stronger acid than hydrochloric acid, but not as strong as hydroiodic acid. Hydrobromic acid is one of the strongest mineral acids known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen bromide</span> Chemical compound

Hydrogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula HBr. It is a hydrogen halide consisting of hydrogen and bromine. A colorless gas, it dissolves in water, forming hydrobromic acid, which is saturated at 68.85% HBr by weight at room temperature. Aqueous solutions that are 47.6% HBr by mass form a constant-boiling azeotrope mixture that boils at 124.3 °C. Boiling less concentrated solutions releases H₂O until the constant-boiling mixture composition is reached.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hexaborane(10)</span> Chemical compound

Hexaborane, also called hexaborane(10) to distinguish it from hexaborane(12) (B₆H₁₂), is an inorganic compound with the formula B₆H₁₀. It is a colorless liquid that is unstable in air.

Lithium bromide (LiBr) is a chemical compound of lithium and bromine. Its extreme hygroscopic character makes LiBr useful as a desiccant in certain air conditioning systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypobromous acid</span> Chemical compound

Hypobromous acid is a weak, unstable acid with chemical formula of HOBr. It is mainly produced and handled in an aqueous solution. It is generated both biologically and commercially as a disinfectant. Salts of hypobromite are rarely isolated as solids.

Zinc bromide (ZnBr₂) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula ZnBr₂. It is a colourless salt that shares many properties with zinc chloride (ZnCl₂), namely a high solubility in water forming acidic solutions, and good solubility in organic solvents. It is hygroscopic and forms a dihydrate ZnBr₂·2H₂O.

Vanadium(III) bromide, also known as vanadium tribromide, is the inorganic compound with the formula VBr₃. It is a green-black solid. In terms of its structure, the compound is polymeric with octahedral vanadium(III) surrounded by six bromide ligands.

Lanthanum chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula LaCl₃. It is a common salt of lanthanum which is mainly used in research. It is a white solid that is highly soluble in water and alcohols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium(III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium(III) oxide (or Rhodium sesquioxide) is the inorganic compound with the formula Rh₂O₃. It is a gray solid that is insoluble in ordinary solvents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Barium bromide is the chemical compound with the formula BaBr₂. It is ionic in nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cobalt(II) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr₂) is an inorganic compound. In its anhydrous form, it is a green solid that is soluble in water, used primarily as a catalyst in some processes.

Nickel(II) bromide is the name for the inorganic compounds with the chemical formula NiBr₂(H₂O)_x. The value of x can be 0 for the anhydrous material, as well as 2, 3, or 6 for the three known hydrate forms. The anhydrous material is a yellow-brown solid which dissolves in water to give blue-green hexahydrate (see picture).

Bromous acid is the inorganic compound with the formula of HBrO₂. It is an unstable compound, although salts of its conjugate base – bromites – have been isolated. In acidic solution, bromites decompose to bromine.

Lanthanum(III) bromide (LaBr₃) is an inorganic halide salt of lanthanum. When pure, it is a colorless white powder. The single crystals of LaBr₃ are hexagonal crystals with melting point of 783 °C. It is highly hygroscopic and water-soluble. There are several hydrates, La₃Br·x H₂O, of the salt also known. It is often used as a source of lanthanum in chemical synthesis and as a scintillation material in certain applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bromine dioxide</span> Chemical compound

Bromine dioxide is the chemical compound composed of bromine and oxygen with the formula BrO₂. It forms unstable yellow to yellow-orange crystals. It was first isolated by R. Schwarz and M. Schmeißer in 1937 and is hypothesized to be important in the atmospheric reaction of bromine with ozone. It is similar to chlorine dioxide, the dioxide of its halogen neighbor one period higher on the periodic table.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerium</span> Chemical element, symbol Ce and atomic number 58

Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. Cerium is a soft, ductile, and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, and while it often shows the +3 oxidation state characteristic of the series, it also has a stable +4 state that does not oxidize water. It is also considered one of the rare-earth elements. Cerium has no known biological role in humans but is not particularly toxic, except with intense or continued exposure.

References

↑ Mioduski, Tomasz; Gumiński, Cezary; Zeng, Dewen; Voigt, Heidelore (2013). "IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 94. Rare Earth Metal Iodides and Bromides in Water and Aqueous Systems. Part 2. Bromides". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. AIP Publishing. 42 (1): 013101. doi:10.1063/1.4766752. ISSN 0047-2689.
↑ Muthmann, W.; Stützel, L. (1899). "Eine einfache Methode zur Darstellung der Schwefel-, Chlor- und Brom-Verbindungen der Ceritmetalle". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). Wiley. 32 (3): 3413–3419. doi:10.1002/cber.189903203115. ISSN 0365-9496.
↑ Rycerz, L.; Ingier-Stocka, E.; Berkani, M.; Gaune-Escard, M. (2007). "Thermodynamic Functions of Congruently Melting Compounds Formed in the CeBr₃−KBr Binary System". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. American Chemical Society (ACS). 52 (4): 1209–1212. doi:10.1021/je600517u. ISSN 0021-9568.
↑ Morosin, B. (1968). "Crystal Structures of Anhydrous Rare‐Earth Chlorides". The Journal of Chemical Physics. AIP Publishing. 49 (7): 3007–3012. doi:10.1063/1.1670543. ISSN 0021-9606.
↑ Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-19-965763-6.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1240–1241. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ Zachariasen, W. H. (1948). "Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements. I. New structure types". Acta Crystallogr. 1 (5): 265–268. doi:10.1107/S0365110X48000703.
↑ van Loef, E. V. D.; Dorenbos, P.; van Eijk, C. W. E.; Krämer, K.; Güdel, H. U. (2001-09-03). "High-energy-resolution scintillator: Ce³⁺ activated LaBr₃". Applied Physics Letters. AIP Publishing. 79 (10): 1573–1575. doi:10.1063/1.1385342. ISSN 0003-6951.
↑ Menge, Peter R.; Gautier, G.; Iltis, A.; Rozsa, C.; Solovyev, V. (2007). "Performance of large lanthanum bromide scintillators". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. Elsevier BV. 579 (1): 6–10. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.002. ISSN 0168-9002.
↑ Higgins, W.M.; Churilov, A.; van Loef, E.; Glodo, J.; Squillante, M.; Shah, K. (2008). "Crystal growth of large diameter LaBr₃:Ce and CeBr₃". Journal of Crystal Growth. Elsevier BV. 310 (7–9): 2085–2089. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.12.041. ISSN 0022-0248.

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[1] Mioduski, Tomasz; Gumiński, Cezary; Zeng, Dewen; Voigt, Heidelore (2013). "IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 94. Rare Earth Metal Iodides and Bromides in Water and Aqueous Systems. Part 2. Bromides". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. AIP Publishing. 42 (1): 013101. doi:10.1063/1.4766752. ISSN 0047-2689.

[2] Muthmann, W.; Stützel, L. (1899). "Eine einfache Methode zur Darstellung der Schwefel-, Chlor- und Brom-Verbindungen der Ceritmetalle". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). Wiley. 32 (3): 3413–3419. doi:10.1002/cber.189903203115. ISSN 0365-9496.

[3] Rycerz, L.; Ingier-Stocka, E.; Berkani, M.; Gaune-Escard, M. (2007). "Thermodynamic Functions of Congruently Melting Compounds Formed in the CeBr₃−KBr Binary System". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. American Chemical Society (ACS). 52 (4): 1209–1212. doi:10.1021/je600517u. ISSN 0021-9568.

[4] Morosin, B. (1968). "Crystal Structures of Anhydrous Rare‐Earth Chlorides". The Journal of Chemical Physics. AIP Publishing. 49 (7): 3007–3012. doi:10.1063/1.1670543. ISSN 0021-9606.

[Wells421-5] Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-19-965763-6.

[G&E1241-6] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1240–1241. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[7] Zachariasen, W. H. (1948). "Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements. I. New structure types". Acta Crystallogr. 1 (5): 265–268. doi:10.1107/S0365110X48000703.

[8] van Loef, E. V. D.; Dorenbos, P.; van Eijk, C. W. E.; Krämer, K.; Güdel, H. U. (2001-09-03). "High-energy-resolution scintillator: Ce³⁺ activated LaBr₃". Applied Physics Letters. AIP Publishing. 79 (10): 1573–1575. doi:10.1063/1.1385342. ISSN 0003-6951.

[9] Menge, Peter R.; Gautier, G.; Iltis, A.; Rozsa, C.; Solovyev, V. (2007). "Performance of large lanthanum bromide scintillators". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. Elsevier BV. 579 (1): 6–10. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.002. ISSN 0168-9002.

[10] Higgins, W.M.; Churilov, A.; van Loef, E.; Glodo, J.; Squillante, M.; Shah, K. (2008). "Crystal growth of large diameter LaBr₃:Ce and CeBr₃". Journal of Crystal Growth. Elsevier BV. 310 (7–9): 2085–2089. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.12.041. ISSN 0022-0248.

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