Thulium(III) chloride

Thulium(III) chloride

Names
IUPAC name Thulium(III) chloride
Other names Thulium chloride, thulium trichloride
Identifiers
CAS Number	13537-18-3  Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ECHA InfoCard	100.033.535
EC Number	236-904-9
PubChem CID	61643
RTECS number	XP0525000
UNII	73TYF012WF  Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4065529
InChI InChI=1S/3ClH.Tm/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
SMILES Cl[Tm](Cl)Cl
Properties
Chemical formula	TmCl3
Molar mass	275.292 g/mol
Appearance	yellow crystals
Density	3.98 g/cm3
Melting point	824 °C (1,515 °F; 1,097 K)
Boiling point	1,490 °C (2,710 °F; 1,760 K)
Solubility in water	heptahydrate: very soluble
Solubility	heptahydrate: very soluble in ethanol [1]
Structure
Crystal structure	Monoclinic, mS16
Space group	C12/m1, No. 12
Coordination geometry	6 [2]
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)	-966.6 kJ/mol [3]
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Irritant
GHS labelling: [4]
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
Related compounds
Other anions	Thulium(III) oxide
Other cations	Erbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride Thulium(II) chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N  verify  (what is  YN ?) Infobox references

Thulium(III) chloride or thulium trichloride is as an inorganic salt composed of thulium and chlorine with the formula TmCl₃. It forms yellow crystals. Thulium(III) chloride has the YCl₃ (AlCl₃) layer structure with octahedral thulium ions. ^[5] It has been used as a starting material for some exotic nanostructures prepared for NIR photocatalysis. ^{[6] [7]}

Preparation

Thulium(III) chloride can be obtained by reacting thulium(III) oxide or thulium(III) carbonate and ammonium chloride: ^[8]

Tm₂O₃ + 6 NH₄Cl → 2 TmCl₃ + 6 NH₃ + 2 H₂O

The hexahydrate of thulium(III) chloride can be obtained by adding thulium(III) oxide to concentrated hydrochloric acid. ^{[1] [8]}

2 Tm + 6 HCl → 2 TmCl₃ + 3 H₂

Thulium(III) chloride can also be obtained by directly reacting thulium and chlorine: ^[9]

2 Tm + 3 Cl₂ → 2 TmCl₃

Properties

Thulium(III) chloride is a light yellow powder. Its hexahydrate is a light green hygroscopic solid. ^[6] Both are soluble in water. ^[10] Thulium(III) chloride has a monoclinic crystal structure with the space group C2/m (No. 12) corresponding to that of aluminum(III) chloride. ^{[10] [8]}

Thulium(III) chloride reacts with strong bases to make thulium(III) oxide.

References

1. Spencer, James F. (1919). "The Metals of the Rare Earths". New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp.  152 . Retrieved 2008-06-27.
2. "Chemistry: Periodic Table: Thulium: compound data (thulium (III) chloride)". WebElements. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
3. Perry, Dale L.; Phillips, Sidney L. (1995). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. CRC Press. p. 512. ISBN   0-8493-8671-3 . Retrieved 2008-06-27.
4. "Thulium trichloride". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
5. Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN   0-19-855370-6
6. Sigma-Aldrich Co. , Thulium(III) chloride hexahydrate, 99.99% trace metals basis .
7. Bai, Lijie; Jiang, Wenya; Gao, Chunxiao; Zhong, Shuxian; Zhao, Leihong; Li, Zhengquan; Bai, Song (2016-11-17). "Facet engineered interface design of NaYF4:Yb,Tm upconversion nanocrystals on BiOCl nanoplates for enhanced near-infrared photocatalysis". Nanoscale. 8 (45): 19014–19024. doi:10.1039/C6NR05720A. ISSN   2040-3372. PMID   27808315.
8. Handbuch der präparativen anorganischen Chemie. 2 (3., umgearb. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Enke. 1978. ISBN   978-3-432-87813-3.
9. Webelements: Thulium
10. Ans, Jean d'; Lax, Ellen (1998). Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker (in German). Springer. ISBN   978-3-540-60035-0.