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Names | |||
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IUPAC name Cadmium dichloride | |||
Other names Cadmium(II) chloride | |||
Identifiers | |||
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3D model (JSmol) | |||
ChEBI | |||
ChemSpider | |||
ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.256 | ||
EC Number |
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912918 | |||
KEGG | |||
PubChem CID | |||
RTECS number |
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UNII |
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UN number | 2570 | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |||
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Properties | |||
CdCl2 | |||
Molar mass | 183.31 g·mol−1 | ||
Appearance | White solid, hygroscopic | ||
Odor | Odorless | ||
Density | 4.047 g/cm3 (anhydrous) [1] 3.327 g/cm3 (Hemipentahydrate) [2] | ||
Melting point | 568 °C (1,054 °F; 841 K) at 760 mmHg [2] | ||
Boiling point | 964 °C (1,767 °F; 1,237 K) at 760 mmHg [2] | ||
Hemipentahydrate: 79.5 g/100 mL (−10 °C) 90 g/100 mL (0 °C) Monohydrate: 119.6 g/100 mL (25 °C) [2] 134.3 g/100 mL (40 °C) 134.2 g/100 mL (60 °C) 147 g/100 mL (100 °C) [3] | |||
Solubility | Soluble in alcohol, selenium(IV) oxychloride, benzonitrile Insoluble in ether, acetone [1] | ||
Solubility in pyridine | 4.6 g/kg (0 °C) 7.9 g/kg (4 °C) 8.1 g/kg (15 °C) 6.7 g/kg (30 °C) 5 g/kg (100 °C) [1] | ||
Solubility in ethanol | 1.3 g/100 g (10 °C) 1.48 g/100 g (20 °C) 1.91 g/100 g (40 °C) 2.53 g/100 g (70 °C) [1] | ||
Solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide | 18 g/100 g (25 °C) [1] | ||
Vapor pressure | 0.01 kPa (471 °C) 0.1 kPa (541 °C) [2] | ||
−6.87·10−5 cm3/mol [2] | |||
Viscosity | 2.31 cP (597 °C) 1.87 cP (687 °C) [1] | ||
Structure | |||
Rhombohedral, hR9 (anhydrous) [4] Monoclinic (hemipentahydrate) [3] | |||
R3m, No. 166 (anhydrous) [4] | |||
3 2/m (anhydrous) [4] | |||
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120° | |||
Thermochemistry | |||
Heat capacity (C) | 74.7 J/mol·K [2] | ||
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 115.3 J/mol·K [2] | ||
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | −391.5 kJ/mol [2] | ||
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵) | −343.9 kJ/mol [2] | ||
Hazards | |||
GHS labelling: | |||
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Danger | |||
H301, H330, H340, H350, H360, H372, H410 [5] | |||
P210, P260, P273, P284, P301+P310, P310 [5] | |||
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose) | 94 mg/kg (rats, oral) [1] 60 mg/kg (mouse, oral) 88 mg/kg (rat, oral) [6] | ||
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible) | [1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 (as Cd) [7] | ||
REL (Recommended) | Ca [7] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger) | Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)] [7] | ||
Safety data sheet (SDS) | External MSDS | ||
Related compounds | |||
Other anions | Cadmium fluoride Cadmium bromide Cadmium iodide | ||
Other cations | Zinc chloride Mercury(II) chloride Calcium chloride | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). |
Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. This salt is a hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. The crystal structure of cadmium chloride (described below), is a reference for describing other crystal structures. Also known are CdCl2•H2O and CdCl2•5H2O. [2]
Cadmium chloride forms a layered structure consisting of octahedral Cd2+ centers linked with chloride ligands. Cadmium iodide, CdI2, has a similar structure, but the iodide ions are arranged in a HCP lattice, whereas in CdCl2 the chloride ions are arranged in a CCP lattice. [8] [9]
Cadmium chloride dissolves well in water and other polar solvents. It is a mild Lewis acid. [8]
Solutions of equimolar cadmium chloride and potassium chloride give potassium cadmium trichloride. [10] With large cations, it is possible to isolate the trigonal bipyramidal [CdCl5]3− ion.
Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and cadmium metal.
The anhydrous salt can also be prepared from anhydrous cadmium acetate using hydrogen chloride or acetyl chloride. [11]
Cadmium chloride is used for the preparation of cadmium sulfide, used as "cadmium yellow", a brilliant-yellow stable inorganic pigment.
In the laboratory, anhydrous CdCl2 can be used for the preparation of organocadmium compounds of the type R2Cd, where R is an aryl or a primary alkyl. These were once used in the synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides: [12]
Such reagents have largely been supplanted by organocopper compounds, which are much less toxic.
Cadmium chloride is also used for photocopying, dyeing and electroplating.
Like all cadmium compounds, CdCl
2 is highly toxic and appropriate safety precautions must be taken when handling it.
Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) is an inorganic compound consisting of potassium cations and the tetraiodomercurate(II) anion. It is mainly used as Nessler's reagent, a 0.09 mol/L solution of potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) (K2[HgI4]) in 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide, used to detect ammonia.
Zinc chloride is the name of inorganic chemical compounds with the formula ZnCl2 and its hydrates. Zinc chlorides, of which nine crystalline forms are known, are colorless or white, and are highly soluble in water. This salt is hygroscopic and even deliquescent. Zinc chloride finds wide application in textile processing, metallurgical fluxes, and chemical synthesis. No mineral with this chemical composition is known aside from the very rare mineral simonkolleite, Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O.
Barium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula BaCl2. It is one of the most common water-soluble salts of barium. Like most other water-soluble barium salts, it is white, highly toxic, and imparts a yellow-green coloration to a flame. It is also hygroscopic, converting first to the dihydrate BaCl2(H2O)2. It has limited use in the laboratory and industry.
Hydrogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula HBr. It is a hydrogen halide consisting of hydrogen and bromine. A colorless gas, it dissolves in water, forming hydrobromic acid, which is saturated at 68.85% HBr by weight at room temperature. Aqueous solutions that are 47.6% HBr by mass form a constant-boiling azeotrope mixture that boils at 124.3 °C. Boiling less concentrated solutions releases H2O until the constant-boiling mixture composition is reached.
Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) is an inorganic compound which is a white solid under ambient conditions. It is poorly soluble in water. Lead(II) chloride is one of the most important lead-based reagents. It also occurs naturally in the form of the mineral cotunnite.
Manganese(II) chloride is the dichloride salt of manganese, MnCl2. This inorganic chemical exists in the anhydrous form, as well as the dihydrate (MnCl2·2H2O) and tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O), with the tetrahydrate being the most common form. Like many Mn(II) species, these salts are pink, with the paleness of the color being characteristic of transition metal complexes with high spin d5 configurations.
Copper(II) chloride is the chemical compound with the chemical formula CuCl2. The anhydrous form is yellowish brown but slowly absorbs moisture to form a blue-green dihydrate.
Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) describes any of several chemical compounds with the formula CrCl3 · xH2O, where x can be 0, 5, and 6. The anhydrous compound with the formula CrCl3 is a violet solid. The most common form of the trichloride is the dark green hexahydrate, CrCl3 · 6 H2O. Chromium chlorides find use as catalysts and as precursors to dyes for wool.
Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride) is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure.
Zinc bromide (ZnBr2) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula ZnBr2. It is a colourless salt that shares many properties with zinc chloride (ZnCl2), namely a high solubility in water forming acidic solutions, and good solubility in organic solvents. It is hygroscopic and forms a dihydrate ZnBr2·2H2O.
Chromyl chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula CrO2Cl2. It is a reddish brown compound that is a volatile liquid at room temperature, which is unusual for transition metal complexes.
Arsenic trichloride is an inorganic compound with the formula AsCl3, also known as arsenous chloride or butter of arsenic. This poisonous oil is colourless, although impure samples may appear yellow. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of organoarsenic compounds.
Zinc nitrate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Zn(NO3)2. This colorless, crystalline salt is highly deliquescent. It is typically encountered as a hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2·6H2O. It is soluble in both water and alcohol.
Yttrium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound of yttrium and chloride. It exists in two forms, the hydrate (YCl3(H2O)6) and an anhydrous form (YCl3). Both are colourless solids that are highly soluble in water and deliquescent.
Cadmium iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdI2. It is a white hygroscopic solid. It also can be obtained as a mono- and tetrahydrate. It has few applications. It is notable for its crystal structure, which is typical for compounds of the form MX2 with strong polarization effects.
Cadmium bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdBr2. It is a white hygroscopic solid. It also can be obtained as a mono- and tetrahydrate. It has few applications.
Cadmium acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Cd(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2. The compound is marketed both as the anhydrous form and as a dihydrate, both of which are white or colorless. Only the dihydrate has been verified by X-ray crystallography.
Cadmium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Cd(OH)2. It is a white crystalline ionic compound that is a key component of nickel–cadmium battery.
Chromium(II) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula CrF2. It exists as a blue-green iridescent solid. Chromium(II) fluoride is sparingly soluble in water, almost insoluble in alcohol, and is soluble in boiling hydrochloric acid, but is not attacked by hot distilled sulfuric acid or nitric acid. Like other chromous compounds, chromium(II) fluoride is oxidized to chromium(III) oxide in air.
Berkelium(III) chloride also known as berkelium trichloride, is a chemical compound with the formula BkCl3. It is a water-soluble green solid with a melting point of 603 °C. This compound forms the hexahydrate, BkCl3·6H2O.