Copper(I) bromide

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Copper(I) bromide
Sample of copper(I) bromide Copper(I) bromide.jpg
Sample of copper(I) bromide
Structure of CuBr Sphalerite-unit-cell-depth-fade-3D-balls.png
Structure of CuBr
Names
Other names
Cuprous bromide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.210 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/BrH.Cu/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: NKNDPYCGAZPOFS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/BrH.Cu/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
    Key: NKNDPYCGAZPOFS-REWHXWOFAY
  • Br[Cu]
Properties
CuBr
Molar mass 143.45 g/mol
Appearancewhite powder (see text)
Density 4.71 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 492 °C (918 °F; 765 K)
Boiling point 1,345 °C (2,453 °F; 1,618 K)
insoluble;
slightly soluble in cold water
6.27×10−9 [1]
Solubility soluble in HCl, HBr, ammonium hydroxide, acetonitrile
negligible in acetone, sulfuric acid
−49.0×10−6 cm3/mol
2.116
1.46 D
Hazards
GHS labelling: [2]
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg
Danger
H302+H312, H315, H318, H319, H335, H410
P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
Flash point Non-flammable
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu) [3]
REL (Recommended)
TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu) [3]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
TWA 100 mg/m3 (as Cu) [3]
Related compounds
Other anions
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) iodide
Other cations
Silver(I) bromide
Copper(II) bromide
Mercury(I) bromide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Copper(I) bromide is the chemical compound with the formula CuBr. This white diamagnetic solid adopts a polymeric structure akin to that for zinc sulfide. The compound is widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds and as a lasing medium in copper bromide lasers.

Contents

Properties

The compound is white, although samples are often colored due to the presence of copper(II) impurities. [4] The copper(I) ion also oxidizes easily in air. CuBr is insoluble in most solvents due to its polymeric structure, which features four-coordinated, tetrahedral Cu centers interconnected by bromide ligands (ZnS structure).

Thermal excitation of copper(I) bromide vapour yields a blue-violet emission which is of greater saturation than known copper(I) chloride emission. [5] Copper(I) bromide is hence an advantageous emitter in pyrotechnic flames.

Preparation

It is commonly prepared by the reduction of cupric salts with sulfite in the presence of bromide. [6] For example, the reduction of copper(II) bromide with sulfite yields copper(I) bromide and hydrogen bromide:

2 CuBr2 + H2O + SO2−
3 → 2 CuBr + SO2−
4 + 2 HBr

Applications in organic chemistry

In the Sandmeyer reaction, CuBr is employed to convert diazonium salts into the corresponding aryl bromides: [6]

ArN+
2 + CuBr → ArBr + N2 + Cu+

The aforementioned complex CuBr(S(CH3)2) is widely used to generate organocopper reagents. [7] Related CuBr complexes are catalysts for atom transfer radical polymerization and copper-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative couplings (CDCs).

Reactions

Upon treatment with Lewis bases, CuBr converts to molecular adducts. For example, with dimethyl sulfide, the colorless complex is formed: [7]

CuBr + S(CH3)2 → CuBr(S(CH3)2)

In this coordination complex, the copper is two-coordinate, with a linear geometry. Other soft ligands afford related complexes. For example, triphenylphosphine gives CuBr(P(C6H5)3), although this species has a more complex structure.

References

  1. ↑ Rumble, John (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–188. ISBN   978-1138561632.
  2. ↑ PubChem. "copper(I) bromide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-02-17.
  3. 1 2 3 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN   0-12-352651-5.
  5. ↑ Koch, E.-C. (2015). "Spectral Investigation and Color Properties of Copper(I) Halides CuX (X=F, Cl, Br, I) in Pyrotechnic Combustion Flames" . Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 40 (6): 798–802. doi:10.1002/prep.201500231.
  6. 1 2 This report gives a procedure for generating CuBr: Hartwell, Jonathan L. (1955). "o-Chlorobromobenzene". Organic Syntheses ; Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 185.
  7. 1 2 Jarowicki, K.; Kocienski, P. J.; Qun, L. "1,2-Metallate Rearrangement: (Z)-4-(2-Propenyl)-3-Octen-1-ol". Organic Syntheses . 79: 11; Collected Volumes, vol. 10, p. 662.
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