Garden Island, New South Wales

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Garden Island
Sydney,  New South Wales

Garden Island from Sydney Tower.jpg

Garden Island from Sydney Tower, in 2007
Postcode(s) 2000
Location 2 km (1 mi) north-east of Sydney CBD
LGA(s) City of Sydney
Localities around Garden Island:
Port Jackson
Sydney CBD Garden Island Darling Point
Woolloomooloo Potts Point Elizabeth Bay

Garden Island is an inner-city locality of Sydney, Australia, and the location of a major Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base. It is located to the north-east of the Sydney central business district and juts out into Port Jackson, immediately to the north of the suburb of Potts Point. Used for government and naval purposes since the earliest days of the colony of Sydney it was originally a completely detached island. It was joined to the Potts Point shoreline by major land reclamation work during World War II.

Sydney City in New South Wales, Australia

Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km (43.5 mi) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west, Hawkesbury to the north, the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west. Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs, 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions. Residents of the city are known as "Sydneysiders". As of June 2017, Sydney's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state's population.

Royal Australian Navy naval warfare branch of the Australian Defence Force

The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the separate colonial navies were integrated into a national force, called the Commonwealth Naval Forces. Originally intended for local defence, the navy was granted the title of 'Royal Australian Navy' in 1911, and became increasingly responsible for defence of the region.

Sydney central business district Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km (2 mi) from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established. Due to its pivotal role in Australia's early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country.

Contents

Garden Island today forms a major part of the RAN's Fleet Base East. It includes active dockyards (including the Captain Cook Graving Dock), naval wharves and a naval heritage and museum precinct. Approximately half of the major fleet units of the RAN use the wharves as their home port.

Fleet Base East

The Fleet Base East is a Royal Australian Navy (RAN) major fleet base that comprises several naval establishments and facilities clustered around Sydney Harbour, centred on HMAS Kuttabul. The Fleet Base East extends beyond the borders of Kuttabul and includes the commercially-operated dockyard at Garden Island, and adjacent wharf facilities at nearby Woolloomooloo, east of the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. Fleet Base East is one of two major facilities of the RAN, the other facility being the Fleet Base West.

The northern tip of Garden Island is open to the public and contains the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre museum and an outdoor heritage precinct. Immediately south and above Garden Island on the Potts Point ridgeline is HMAS Kuttabul, the RAN's major administrative, training and logistics support establishment for the Sydney area. Although HMAS Kuttabul is administratively a separate facility to Garden Island, the two names are often referred to interchangeably.

Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre Maritime Museum in Garden Island, Sydney

The Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre is the maritime museum of the Royal Australian Navy. The centre opened on 4 October 2005 and is located within the Public Access Area on the northern end of the Garden Island naval base in Sydney.

HMAS <i>Kuttabul</i> (naval base) Royal Australian Navy base

HMAS Kuttabul is a Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base located in Potts Point in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Kuttabul provides administrative, training, logistics and accommodation support to naval personnel assigned to the various facilities that form Fleet Base East, the main operational navy base on the east coast of Australia. A part of Fleet Base East itself, Kuttabul occupies several buildings in the Sydney suburb of Potts Point and in the immediately adjacent Garden Island dockyard. It also supports navy personnel posted to other locations throughout the greater Sydney region.

Geography

Garden Island was originally an island in Sydney Harbour, but extension of the base and the construction of a dry dock in the channel between the island and the mainland have resulted in its connection to the mainland shore at Potts Point from the 1940s. The wharves of the naval base now stretch the length of the eastern side of Woolloomooloo Bay, from the suburb of Woolloomooloo to the end of the original island. [1]

Port Jackson Part of Sydney Harbour, Australia

Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea. It is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement and colony on the Australian mainland, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney.

Dry dock

A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft.

Potts Point, New South Wales Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Potts Point is a small and densely populated suburb in inner eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Potts Point is located 3 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney.

History

Garden Island before it was connected to the mainland, 1910-1928 Garden island.jpg
Garden Island before it was connected to the mainland, 1910-1928

Garden Island is so-called because it was planted in 1788, in the first months of European settlement in Australia, to serve as a kitchen-garden by officers and crew of the First Fleet vessel HMS Sirius. [2] Initials carved into a sandstone rock on the site are believed to be the oldest colonial graffiti in Australia, comprising the letters "FM 1788," representing Frederick Meredith who served as Sirius' steward. [3] On 7 September 1811, ownership of Garden Island was declared to have transferred to the Governor's estate with produce dedicated for the exclusive use of Government House. The transfer had practical effect but due to an administrative error it was not formally registered, leaving the land in the legal ownership of the Navy, which successfully sought its return in 1866. [4]

First Fleet 11 ships that left Great Britain to found the penal colony in Australia

The First Fleet was the 11 ships that departed from Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The Fleet consisted of two Royal Navy vessels, three store ships and six convict transports, carrying between 1,000 and 1,500 convicts, marines, seamen, civil officers and free people, and a large quantity of stores. From England, the Fleet sailed southwest to Rio de Janeiro, then east to Cape Town and via the Great Southern Ocean to Botany Bay, arriving over the period of 18 to 20 January 1788, taking 250 to 252 days from departure to final arrival.

HMS <i>Sirius</i> (1786) flagship of the First Fleet

HMS Sirius was the flagship of the First Fleet, which set out from Portsmouth, England, in 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales, Australia. In 1790, the ship was wrecked on the reef, south east of Kingston Pier, in Slaughter Bay, Norfolk Island.

Sandstone fortifications, built on the island during the 1820s to protect Sydney from a much-feared Russian attack, also survive. Garden Island also boasts what is claimed to be Australia's first lawn tennis court. Built in 1880, it is still in use, although the lawn was replaced in 1960. [5] [6]

Captain Cook Graving Dock

Prior to World War II, the nearest sizable naval graving dock was at Singapore Naval Base; an 8,000-nautical-mile (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) round trip for a potentially damaged warship. [7] Consequently, in 1938, the Australian cabinet approved the idea of building a large naval graving dock. [7] The cost of construction was predicted at around A£3 million. [7] A far cheaper alternative, a second-hand floating drydock being sold by Southern Railway was considered early on. [7] Despite the A£175,000 cost, the acquisition was opposed by Admiral Ragnar Colvin, as it would be expensive and difficult to maintain, would be unable to accommodate the draught of ships being acquired for the RAN, and would be incredibly risky to tow from England to Australia. [7] Three sites were considered (one in Adelaide, and two in Sydney Harbour: Potts Point or near the Sydney Harbour Bridge), with Potts Point chosen as the cheapest location. [8] The dock itself was built by the reclamation of 30 acres (12 ha) of land, connecting Garden Island to the mainland. [8]

By September 1944, work had been completed to the stage where initial flooding tests could occur. [9] On 2 March 1945, the British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious underwent an emergency docking: although the drydock was not due to open for another three weeks, the advanced state of building made the docking possible. [9] The Captain Cook Graving Dock was formally opened by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester in his role as the Governor-General of Australia, with the ribbon cutting performed by the bow of the frigate HMAS Lachlan. [9] During the first year of operations, the drydock received the British battleship HMS Anson; the 45,360-ton displacement warship is the largest vessel to use the dock. [10]

Captain Cook Graving Dock when flooded RAN-IFR 2013 D5 37.JPG
Captain Cook Graving Dock when flooded

The dock is 1,139 feet 5 inches (347.29 m) long, with a width of 147 feet 7.5 inches (44.996 m). [8] The dock is 45 feet (14 m) deep at spring tide. [8] When filled, the dock has a capacity of 50,000,000 imperial gallons (230,000,000 L; 60,000,000 US gal). [9] The dock can be drained in a four-hour period through the use of three 60-inch (1,500 mm) centrifugal pumps (each with a discharge capacity around 70,500 imperial gallons (320,000 L; 84,700 US gal) per minute). [9]

Hammerhead crane

Hammerhead Crane prior to removal Garden Island hammerhead crane.jpg
Hammerhead Crane prior to removal

The hammerhead crane was built between 1944 and 1951 on the Fitting Out Wharf at Garden Island. [11] The electrically powered crane had a radius of 131 feet (40 m) and a total height of 203 feet (62 m). [11] The electrical and mechanical equipment was sourced from England, while the steel frame was fabricated in Sydney. [11] Although officially declared completed in January 1952, the crane was operational from March 1951. [11] The crane's primary purpose was the removal and installation of warship gun turrets, although it was regularly used for other machinery and loads, and had a lifting capacity of up to 250 tonnes (250 long tons; 280 short tons). [11] It was last used in 1996. [11]

In August 2013, the Federal Government announced the removal of the hammerhead crane, at an estimated cost of $10.3 million. [12] Other options, such as preserving the crane as a heritage structure and tourist attraction, restoring it to working order, or converting it to a new purpose, were ruled out due to cost and the risk to security at the naval base. [12] The removal was also seen as necessary to free up wharf space for the Canberra-class amphibious warfare ships. [12] The Hammerhead Crane was the largest crane in the southern hemisphere on completion, and as of 2005, was still the largest crane in Australia. [11] At the time of its demolition, it was only 15 cranes of that style worldwide. [12] Removal was scheduled to be completed by November 2014, with some components preserved for heritage purposes. [12] [13]

Tunnel system

There is a tunnel system under Garden Island that was once used by the Royal Australian Navy. [14] Within this tunnel system was a power station, offices and air raid shelters. [14] This tunnel complex also had a command centre. Other tunnels also exist which headed further in towards Kings Cross. [14]

The tunnels were used to move guns from one side of the island to the other. [14] There are also older tunnels that were used to transport ammunition. [14] The tunnels are now used for electrical wiring and communications. [14]

The island also has a pit that was built in the 1800s and was used as a storage facility in case the island was ever attacked. [14] The entrance to this pit has now been sealed. [14]

Current usage

Dockyard

The dockyard facilities are today leased to and operated by the defence contractor Thales Australia, [15] a part of the international Thales Group. They are used to service naval and civilian vessels.

Wharves

Two Anzac-class frigates at Garden Island Two Anzac class frigates at Fleet Base East.JPG
Two Anzac-class frigates at Garden Island

The various wharves that line Garden Island remain under the control of the navy and are used as the home port facilities for about half the Royal Australian Navy's major ships. The wharves on the western side of the island have sufficient depth of water to berth the largest United States Navy aircraft carriers. [16]

Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre

Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre.jpg
Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre

The Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre was opened in 2005 and is the official museum of the Royal Australian Navy. [3] It is located in the Public Access Precinct of Garden Island: a section at the northern end of the island opened in 2002 that includes several heritage buildings and structures, historical relics, and naval monuments. [3] [6] The museum's exhibits include the conning tower from one of the Japanese midget submarines that attacked Sydney Harbour in 1942. [3] The heritage precinct is isolated from the mainland by the naval and dockyard facilities, with public access limited to the Sydney Ferries service between Circular Quay and Double Bay, with the Garden Island ferry wharf at the north end of the island. [3] Private pre-booked bus groups are allowed to transit through the naval base and dockyard to the heritage precinct under strict conditions. [3]

Other facilities

Various workshops and other buildings on the island are under the control of the nearby HMAS Kuttabul naval base and are used for training and other logistical purposes.

Proposed future usage

Queen Mary 2 berthed at the Garden Island naval wharves in 2007 Queen Mary 2 Wooloomoolloo.jpg
Queen Mary 2 berthed at the Garden Island naval wharves in 2007

Since 2000 the global cruising industry has been building a number of very large ships, some of which were too large to berth at the Overseas Passenger Terminal at Circular Quay, although modifications were made in 2014 to accommodate some larger vessels. [17] Some large ships are permitted to berth at Garden Island's naval wharves, initially on an ad-hoc basis, followed in 2012 by an agreement to permit three cruise ships to berth per year. [17] [18] There have been calls for increased cruise ship access to the naval wharves, with some suggesting that the RAN should relocate entirely. [19] [20] Replacing the naval base with a cruise ship terminal would also free up the island to be redeveloped as harbourfront residential housing. [21]

The RAN and the Department of Defence have opposed these proposals due to the security risks and loss of capability the increased civilian presence would bring, and the enormous cost of replicating the existing capability at a new location (a 2013 defence white paper estimated a cost of over $6 billion, although naval personnel stated that this did not include the creation of support facilities like the graving dock, or relocating supporting companies and industries like Thales). [20] [22] Most of the potential locations for a replacement base would require large-scale, ongoing dredging works to allow access to large naval ships, and have narrow access channels which could be easily blocked in wartime. [20] [22]

Historic buildings and structures

The first naval buildings on the site were minor structures, but in the 1880s the Admiralty (with financial incentives from the Government of New South Wales) began to invest more heavily in the site as a base for the Royal Navy in the southern hemisphere. A number of sizeable buildings were constructed (several designed by James Barnet) providing accommodation, office space, stores of various kinds and a sizeable steam engineering factory. These were later taken over by the Royal Australian Navy, and most remain in use today. [23]

List

Heritage Items
DateDescriptionDetails
1945Captain Cook DockConstructed between 1941–45 and opened 24 March 1945 as the largest Graving Dock in southern hemisphere
1888Royal Navy/Royal Marine BarracksNorthern & southern balconies added in 1892
1888Kitchens/LaundryMeals were prepared in kitchens and taken into Barracks for eating
Detention QuartersCell door bolted to wall behind Barracks. The only relic remaining of Detention Quarters
1942Tanks/air raid shelterUnderground water tanks for kitchens made into air raid shelters for 100 people
1928Lubricating Oil StoreModernised and lift added in 1984 to become Dockyard Supply Centre
1893Sheerlegs CraneConstructed by Easton & Anderson, then the largest crane in the world. Design Load 160T and Test loaded to 200T. Removed in 1940
1951Hammerhead CraneOne of only 15 still standing around the world, the crane has not been used since 1996. Department of Defence has announced removal.
1788Original GardensGardens were first started on 11 February 1788 for crew of HMS Sirius and used by various ships till 1806. Hence the name Garden Island, given in 1788 in January
1893Naval StoresWater hydraulics provides the power for the lifts and hoists
1893-c.1960Standard gauge railTramway operated around the Island. It was extended to Dock in the 1940s. Steam crane locomotives provided motive power
1889Chain & Anchor Store/Battery ShopSubmarine batteries maintained. Fire station located at end of Store
1889Spar Shed/Torpedo StoreEarly Church Services in upstairs Dining Room
1889Sawmill/FactoryMachinery in factory run by belts from a main steam driven shaft
1916-1960sCable & Chain Testing MachineUsed to pull cables & chain to test links and ends
1895Coal StoreStorage for nearly 500 tons of coal, with its timber Coaling Wharf at the front, serviced with rail lines
1913 HMAS Parramatta BowStern is located in a park in Parramatta
1924Gun workshop and storeConverted to the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre in 2005
VariousMemorials dedicated to ships of the Royal Australian Navy
1893Tidal BathsClosed in 1973 due to Harbour water quality and condition of the pool
18862nd Boat ShedSince 2005 the Dockyard Display for the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre
18963rd Boat ShedFirst boatshed built west of island in 1858
1893-5Administration BuildingOriginally with single story on each side. Extended in 1920s & 30s.
1942HMAS Kuttabul MemorialThe site of the sinking of the ferry Kuttabul with a loss of 21 lives
1887-9Rigging HouseFirst major building constructed. Upper floor was a sail loft, lower floor-boat shed and

rigging house. The sail loft was used as a ballroom and function centre in the years after it was completed

1942Slipways/ Air Raid ShelterNorthern Slipway later used as a steel reinforced air raid shelter. The steel plate was originally for HMAS Sydney, which was lost in battle
1950Tarakan Disaster MemorialLanding craft HMAS Tarakan's petrol tanks exploded, claiming 8 lives
1905-1948Detention QuartersNavy gaol with 20 cells. Closed in 1943, demolished in 1948
1884-1888Original End of IslandReclaimed from Hill spoil. Original end of island close to north end of Rigging House. A rocky shoal extended south where Rigging House is now situated
1902Coffer DamConstructed to surround a basin to drain in order for the Dock to be constructed
1996Church /Memorial ChapelBalcony inside had 20 partitions for prisoners from gaol to occupy
1885 & 1895-6ResidencesConstructed for Supervisors on call, continued use till the 1990s
18801st Tennis CourtBuilt around 1880 just south of the residences
18842nd Tennis CourtBuilt around 1884 on the area south of the present fuel tank remained till c.1930
1788Rock Carvings of Initials FM,WB & IR3 men surveying Port Jackson landed and carved their initials
19021st Signal Station
19102nd Signal StationA 72-metre (236 ft) mast was constructed in 1912. Shortened flag mast now located at the Australian National Maritime Museum
19253rd Signal Station
1917Oil Fuel Tank5,000-ton oil fuel tank planned in 1913, excavations began in 1915, continuing till 1917 when tank was constructed for the new fuel oil burning ships

Notes

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References

  1. ↑ "Naval history of Garden Island". Garden Island NSW Community. Thales Australia. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  2. ↑ Correspondence, Daniel Southwell, Midshipman HMS Sirius, 19 February 1789. Cited in Bladen (ed.) 1978, p.694
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "RAN Heritage Centre". Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  4. ↑ "Story of Garden Island". Sunday Times. Sydney, NSW: Hugh Donald McIntosh, The Sunday Times Newspaper Company. 2 April 1922. p. 13. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  5. ↑ Elbourne, Sean (Winter 2006). "Wonderful Kuttabul – a long history of service" (PDF). Sea Talk (Winter 2006). Royal Australian Navy. pp. 11–19. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  6. 1 2 Macey, Richard (22 November 2002). "Island's tourism birth a date with history". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Frame, No Pleasure Cruise, p. 147
  8. 1 2 3 4 Frame, No Pleasure Cruise, p. 148
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Frame, No Pleasure Cruise, p. 194
  10. ↑ Frame, No Pleasure Cruise, p. 195
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wright, Mike (December 2005). "Hammerhead Crane, Garden Island, NSW" (PDF). Club newsletter. Melbourne Meccano Club: 8–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 McKenny, Leesha (8 August 2013). "Garden Island crane to be removed". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  13. ↑ Smart, Tanya (23 June 2014). "Decision to demolish historic Hammerhead crane on Garden Island Dockyard will change harbour vista forever". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dunn, Peter (10 August 2004). "Potts Point Tunnels, Sydney, NSW during WW2". Australia@War. Retrieved 16 January 2016.[ unreliable source? ]
  15. ↑ "Thales to continue operating Sydney's Garden Island". Asia Pacific Defence Reporter. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  16. ↑ "Guiding Home Kitty Hawk". Navy News.
  17. 1 2 Bajkowski, Julian (5 March 2014). "Stopping Boats Stymies Sydney Visitor Arrivals". Government News. Intermedia Group. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  18. ↑ Australian Associated Press (15 July 2012). "Garden Island to host Cruise Ships: PM". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  19. ↑ Wood, Alicia (8 March 2015). "Pressure on to allow cruise ships to dock at Garden Island as Sydney Harbour can't cope". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 Wroe, David (27 August 2013). "Garden Island Naval Base Faces Closure Under Kevin Rudd". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  21. ↑ Nicholls, Stephen; Lawes, Antony (27 August 2013). "Australia's Most Valuable Land is Garden Island Say Developers". Domain. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  22. 1 2 Ellery, David (28 August 2013). "Military Elders Warn Against Moving Navy HQ to Brisbane". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  23. ↑ Coad, Jonathan (2013). Support for the Fleet: architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases 1700-1914. Swindon, UK: English Heritage.

Bibliography

+ http://www.gardenisland.info/

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Garden Island, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 33°51′58″S151°13′31″E / 33.86602°S 151.22538°E / -33.86602; 151.22538

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