Gluon field strength tensor

Further information: Ricci calculus, Special unitary group, and Quantum chromodynamics

In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field strength tensor is a second order tensor field characterizing the gluon interaction between quarks.

The strong interaction is one of the fundamental interactions of nature, and the quantum field theory (QFT) to describe it is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Quarks interact with each other by the strong force due to their color charge, mediated by gluons. Gluons themselves possess color charge and can mutually interact.

The gluon field strength tensor is a rank 2 tensor field on the spacetime with values in the adjoint bundle of the chromodynamical SU(3) gauge group (see vector bundle for necessary definitions).

Convention

Throughout this article, Latin indices (typically a, b, c, n) take values 1, 2, ..., 8 for the eight gluon color charges, while Greek indices (typically α, β, μ, ν) take values 0 for timelike components and 1, 2, 3 for spacelike components of four-vectors and four-dimensional spacetime tensors. In all equations, the summation convention is used on all color and tensor indices, unless the text explicitly states that there is no sum to be taken (e.g. “no sum”).

Definition

Below the definitions (and most of the notation) follow K. Yagi, T. Hatsuda, Y. Miake ^[1] and Greiner, Schäfer. ^[2]

Tensor components

The tensor is denoted G, (or F, F, or some variant), and has components defined proportional to the commutator of the quark covariant derivative D_μ: ^{[2] [3]}

${\displaystyle G_{\alpha \beta }=\pm {\frac {1}{ig_{\text{s}}}}[D_{\alpha },D_{\beta }]\,,}$

where:

${\displaystyle D_{\mu }=\partial _{\mu }\pm ig_{\text{s}}t_{a}{\mathcal {A}}_{\mu }^{a}\,,}$

in which

• i is the imaginary unit;
• g_s is the coupling constant of the strong force;
• t_a = λ_a/2 are the Gell-Mann matrices λ_a divided by 2;
• a is a color index in the adjoint representation of SU(3) which take values 1, 2, ..., 8 for the eight generators of the group, namely the Gell-Mann matrices;
• μ is a spacetime index, 0 for timelike components and 1, 2, 3 for spacelike components;
• ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{\mu }=t_{a}{\mathcal {A}}_{\mu }^{a}}$ expresses the gluon field, a spin-1 gauge field or, in differential-geometric parlance, a connection in the SU(3) principal bundle;
• ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{\mu }}$ are its four (coordinate-system dependent) components, that in a fixed gauge are 3×3 traceless Hermitian matrix-valued functions, while ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{\mu }^{a}}$ are 32 real-valued functions, the four components for each of the eight four-vector fields.

Different authors choose different signs.

Expanding the commutator gives;

${\displaystyle G_{\alpha \beta }=\partial _{\alpha }{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }-\partial _{\beta }{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }\pm ig_{\text{s}}[{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha },{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }]}$

Substituting ${\displaystyle t_{a}{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }^{a}={\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }}$ and using the commutation relation ${\displaystyle [t_{a},t_{b}]=if_{ab}{}^{c}t_{c}}$ for the Gell-Mann matrices (with a relabeling of indices), in which f ^abc are the structure constants of SU(3), each of the gluon field strength components can be expressed as a linear combination of the Gell-Mann matrices as follows:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}G_{\alpha \beta }&=\partial _{\alpha }t_{a}{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }^{a}-\partial _{\beta }t_{a}{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }^{a}\pm ig_{\text{s}}\left[t_{b},t_{c}\right]{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }^{b}{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }^{c}\\&=t_{a}\left(\partial _{\alpha }{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }^{a}-\partial _{\beta }{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }^{a}\pm i^{2}f_{bc}{}^{a}g_{\text{s}}{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }^{b}{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }^{c}\right)\\&=t_{a}G_{\alpha \beta }^{a}\\\end{aligned}}\,,}$

so that: ^{[4] [5]}

${\displaystyle G_{\alpha \beta }^{a}=\partial _{\alpha }{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }^{a}-\partial _{\beta }{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }^{a}\mp g_{\text{s}}f^{a}{}_{bc}{\mathcal {A}}_{\alpha }^{b}{\mathcal {A}}_{\beta }^{c}\,,}$

where again a, b, c = 1, 2, ..., 8 are color indices. As with the gluon field, in a specific coordinate system and fixed gauge G_αβ are 3×3 traceless Hermitian matrix-valued functions, while G^a_αβ are real-valued functions, the components of eight four-dimensional second order tensor fields.

Differential forms

The gluon color field can be described using the language of differential forms, specifically as an adjoint bundle-valued curvature 2-form (note that fibers of the adjoint bundle are the su(3) Lie algebra);

${\displaystyle \mathbf {G} =\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\mathcal {A}}}\mp g_{\text{s}}\,{\boldsymbol {\mathcal {A}}}\wedge {\boldsymbol {\mathcal {A}}}\,,}$

where ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathcal {A}}}}$ is the gluon field, a vector potential 1-form corresponding to G and ∧ is the (antisymmetric) wedge product of this algebra, producing the structure constants f ^abc. The Cartan-derivative of the field form (i.e. essentially the divergence of the field) would be zero in the absence of the "gluon terms", i.e. those ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathcal {A}}}}$ which represent the non-abelian character of the SU(3).

A more mathematically formal derivation of these same ideas (but a slightly altered setting) can be found in the article on metric connections.

Comparison with the electromagnetic tensor

This almost parallels the electromagnetic field tensor (also denoted F ) in quantum electrodynamics, given by the electromagnetic four-potential A describing a spin-1 photon;

${\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }=\partial _{\alpha }A_{\beta }-\partial _{\beta }A_{\alpha }\,,}$

or in the language of differential forms:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathrm {d} \mathbf {A} \,.}$

The key difference between quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics is that the gluon field strength has extra terms which lead to self-interactions between the gluons and asymptotic freedom. This is a complication of the strong force making it inherently non-linear, contrary to the linear theory of the electromagnetic force. QCD is a non-abelian gauge theory. The word non-abelian in group-theoretical language means that the group operation is not commutative, making the corresponding Lie algebra non-trivial.

QCD Lagrangian density

See also: Classical field theory

Characteristic of field theories, the dynamics of the field strength are summarized by a suitable Lagrangian density and substitution into the Euler–Lagrange equation (for fields) obtains the equation of motion for the field. The Lagrangian density for massless quarks, bound by gluons, is: ^[2]

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\mathrm {tr} \left(G_{\alpha \beta }G^{\alpha \beta }\right)+{\bar {\psi }}\left(iD_{\mu }\right)\gamma ^{\mu }\psi }$

where "tr" denotes trace of the 3×3 matrix G_αβG^αβ, and γ^μ are the 4×4 gamma matrices. In the fermionic term ${\displaystyle i{\bar {\psi }}\left(iD_{\mu }\right)\gamma ^{\mu }\psi }$, both color and spinor indices are suppressed. With indices explicit, ${\displaystyle \psi _{i,\alpha }}$ where ${\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,3}$ are color indices and ${\displaystyle \alpha =1,\ldots ,4}$ are Dirac spinor indices.

Gauge transformations

Main article: Gauge theory

In contrast to QED, the gluon field strength tensor is not gauge invariant by itself. Only the product of two contracted over all indices is gauge invariant.

Equations of motion

Treated as a classical field theory, the equations of motion for the ^[1] quark fields are:

${\displaystyle (i\hbar \gamma ^{\mu }D_{\mu }-mc)\psi =0}$

which is like the Dirac equation, and the equations of motion for the gluon (gauge) fields are:

${\displaystyle \left[D_{\mu },G^{\mu \nu }\right]=g_{\text{s}}j^{\nu }}$

which are similar to the Maxwell equations (when written in tensor notation). More specifically, these are the Yang–Mills equations for quark and gluon fields. The color charge four-current is the source of the gluon field strength tensor, analogous to the electromagnetic four-current as the source of the electromagnetic tensor. It is given by

${\displaystyle j^{\nu }=t^{b}j_{b}^{\nu }\,,\quad j_{b}^{\nu }={\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\nu }t^{b}\psi ,}$

which is a conserved current since color charge is conserved. In other words, the color four-current must satisfy the continuity equation:

${\displaystyle D_{\nu }j^{\nu }=0\,.}$

See also

• Quark confinement
• Gell-Mann matrices
• Field (physics)
• Yang–Mills field
• Eightfold Way (physics)
• Einstein tensor
• Wilson loop
• Wess–Zumino gauge
• Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
• Ricci calculus
• Special unitary group

References

Notes

1. Yagi, K.; Hatsuda, T.; Miake, Y. (2005). Quark-Gluon Plasma: From Big Bang to Little Bang. Cambridge monographs on particle physics, nuclear physics, and cosmology. Vol. 23. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN   978-0-521-561-082.
2. Greiner, W.; Schäfer, G. (1994). "4". Quantum Chromodynamics. Springer. ISBN   978-3-540-57103-2.
3. Bilson-Thompson, S.O.; Leinweber, D.B.; Williams, A.G. (2003). "Highly improved lattice field-strength tensor". Annals of Physics. 304 (1): 1–21. arXiv: hep-lat/0203008 . Bibcode:2003AnPhy.304....1B. doi:10.1016/s0003-4916(03)00009-5. S2CID   119385087.
4. M. Eidemüller; H.G. Dosch; M. Jamin (2000) [1999]. "The field strength correlator from QCD sum rules". Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl. Heidelberg, Germany. 86 (1–3): 421–425. arXiv: hep-ph/9908318 . Bibcode:2000NuPhS..86..421E. doi:10.1016/S0920-5632(00)00598-3.
5. M. Shifman (2012). Advanced Topics in Quantum Field Theory: A Lecture Course. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521190848.

Further reading

Books

• H. Fritzsch (1982). Quarks: the stuff of matter. Allen lane. ISBN   978-0-7139-15334.
• B.R. Martin; G. Shaw (2009). Particle Physics. Manchester Physics Series (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-0-470-03294-7.
• S. Sarkar; H. Satz; B. Sinha (2009). The Physics of the Quark-Gluon Plasma: Introductory Lectures. Springer. ISBN   978-3642022852.
• J. Thanh Van Tran, ed. (1987). Hadrons, Quarks and Gluons: Proceedings of the Hadronic Session of the Twenty-Second Rencontre de Moriond, Les Arcs-Savoie-France. Atlantica Séguier Frontières. ISBN   978-2863320488.
• R. Alkofer; H. Reinhart (1995). Chiral Quark Dynamics. Springer. ISBN   978-3540601371.
• K. Chung (2008). Hadronic Production of ψ(2S) Cross Section and Polarization. ISBN   978-0549597742.
• J. Collins (2011). Foundations of Perturbative QCD. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521855334.
• W.N.A. Cottingham; D.A.A. Greenwood (1998). Standard Model of Particle Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521588324.

Selected papers

• J.P. Maa; Q. Wang; G.P. Zhang (2012). "QCD evolutions of twist-3 chirality-odd operators". Physics Letters B. 718 (4–5): 1358–1363. arXiv: 1210.1006 . Bibcode:2013PhLB..718.1358M. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.12.007. S2CID   118575585.
• M. D’Elia, A. Di Giacomo, E. Meggiolaro (1997). "Field strength correlators in full QCD". Physics Letters B. 408 (1–4): 315–319. arXiv: hep-lat/9705032 . Bibcode:1997PhLB..408..315D. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00814-9. S2CID   119533874.
• A. Di Giacomo; M. D’elia; H. Panagopoulos; E. Meggiolaro (1998). "Gauge Invariant Field Strength Correlators In QCD". arXiv: hep-lat/9808056 .
• M. Neubert (1993). "A Virial Theorem for the Kinetic Energy of a Heavy Quark inside Hadrons". Physics Letters B. 322 (4): 419–424. arXiv: hep-ph/9311232 . Bibcode:1994PhLB..322..419N. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)91174-6. S2CID   14214029.
• M. Neubert; N. Brambilla; H.G. Dosch; A. Vairo (1998). "Field strength correlators and dual effective dynamics in QCD". Physical Review D. 58 (3): 034010. arXiv: hep-ph/9802273 . Bibcode:1998PhRvD..58c4010B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.034010. S2CID   1824834.
• M. Neubert (1996). "QCD sum-rule calculation of the kinetic energy and chromo-interaction of heavy quarks inside mesons" (PDF). Physics Letters B.

External links

• K. Ellis (2005). "QCD" (PDF). Fermilab. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006.
• "Chapter 2: The QCD Lagrangian" (PDF). Technische Universität München. Retrieved 2013-10-17.