An editor has nominated this article for deletion. You are welcome to participate in the deletion discussion , which will decide whether or not to retain it. |
 |
Ukrainians and Russians have a long history of interactions and mutual influences, which is often used to explain and also to justify the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Ukrainians and Russians both see the Kyivan Rus' (Russian: Kievan Rus') as the place where the history of their nations, states, and Orthodox churches originated. [1] Starting in the 12th century, the Kyivan Rus' disintegrated into several centres of power, the most important of which were Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east and Galicia–Volhynia in the south-west. [2] Danylo of Galicia–Volhynia was crowned "King of Rus'" (rex Russiae) by a papal legate in 1253. [3]
According to the Russian national narrative, the Russian state was founded in Kiev (Kyiv), then - in the 13th century - its centre was transferred to the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal and soon afterwards to Moscow. [4] This narrative of a common history of state, people and church spanning more than 1000 years is still prevalent in Russia today. It includes the notion that Ukrainians are a part of the Russian people, having no history of their own. [5] Until very recently, Western historiography mostly followed the Russian narrative, using terms like Old Russia or Kievan Russia instead of Kyivan Rus' and turning a blind eye to the existence of Ukrainians and their history. [6]
On the other hand, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, the founder of modern Ukrainian historiography, [7] claimed the legacy of the Rus' exclusively for Ukraine, arguing in an essay published 1904 that the true successor state of the Rus' was not Vladimir-Suzdal, but Galicia–Volhynia which passed on the legacy to Poland and Lithuania. [8] Hrushevsky compared the relationship between the Kievan and Muscovite states to the relationship between Rome and its Gallic provinces. [8]
On the occasion of the milennial of the death of prince Vladimir the Great of Kiev (as the Russians call him) or Volodymyr the Great of Kyiv (as the Ukrainians call him) in 2015, the presidents of Russia and of Ukraine both claimed the legacy of the Kyivan Rus' exclusively for their own people. Vladimir Putin said that Vladimir "cleared the way for the establishment of a strong, centralized Russian state", [9] while his Ukrainian counterpart Petro Poroshenko quoted Hrushevsky's formula of the "Kyivan Rus-Ukraine". [10]
From an academic point of view, this dispute is unproductive because national categories cannot be applied to the Middle Ages, and there were neither Russians nor Ukrainians. [11]
After the Mongol invasion, those parts of Rus' that would later become Ukraine came under the control of Lithuania and Poland, while the north-east around the emerging centre of Moscow was under Mongol control. Historian Serhii Plokhy agrees that Russian religion, written language and arts, system of laws and ruling dynasty originated in Kyiv. He points out however that linking Russian ethnicity, spoken language and culture to those of Kyiv is "problematic". [12] Both the princes of Lithuania and of Muscovy claimed to be Princes of all Rus'. [13] The legal and bureaucratic traditions of the Kievan Rus' were inherited by Lithuania, but not by Muscovy, [14] where a new legal system centered on a very powerful tsar was being developed. [15] [16]
Historian Serhii Plokhy finds the roots of XXI-century Russian war with Ukraine in years and centuries before, in XIX - XX centuries collapse of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Plokhy detects and observes patterns of similarities between the current war and previous historical events. [17]
Russian historian Nikolay Ustryalov (1805 – 1870) created the myth that the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement meant the "reunification" of the "Little Russian" and "Great Russian" people. [18]
The politics of Joseph Stalin's government brought about a catastrophic famine in 1932–33. Estimates range from 6 to 7 million dead, among them about 3.5 million Ukrainians and 1.5 million Kazakhs. [19] There is an ongoing debate as to whether the famine—called Holodomor in Ukraine—can be labelled as a genocide. [20]
The 2011–2013 Russian protests which were sparked by election fraud in a similar way as Ukraine's Orange Revolution, increased Russian president Vladimir Putin's fear of being deposed by a colour revolution . [21]
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities including the largest: Kiev and Chernigov. The siege of Kiev in 1240 by the Mongols is generally held to mark the end of Kievan Rus', which had already been undergoing fragmentation. Many other principalities and urban centres in the northwest and southwest escaped complete destruction or suffered little to no damage from the Mongol invasion, including Galicia–Volhynia, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, and probably Rostov and Uglich.
Prehistoric Ukraine, as a part of the Pontic steppe in Eastern Europe, played an important role in Eurasian cultural events, including the spread of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages, Indo-European migrations, and the domestication of the horse.
The Grand Prince of Kiev was the title of the monarch of Kievan Rus', residing in Kiev from the 10th to 13th centuries. In the 13th century, Kiev became an appanage principality first of the grand prince of Vladimir and the Mongol Golden Horde governors, and later was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The Principality or, from 1253, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia, was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349. Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine, with parts in Belarus, Poland, Moldova, and Lithuania. Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'.
Andrey Bogolyubsky, was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1157 until his death. During repeated internecine wars between the princely clans, Andrey accompanied his father Yuri Dolgorukiy during a brief capture of Kiev in 1149. 20 years later, his son led the Sack of Kiev (1169). He was canonized as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1702.
Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century. Hrushevsky is often considered the country's greatest modern historian, the foremost organiser of scholarship, the leader of the pre-revolution Ukrainian national movement, the head of the Central Rada, and a leading cultural figure in the Ukrainian SSR during the 1920s.
The history of Kyiv (Kiev), officially begins when it was founded in 482, but the city may date back at least 2,000 years. Archaeologists have dated the oldest known settlement in the area to 25,000 BC. Initially a 6th-century Slavic settlement, it gradually acquired eminence as the center of East Slavic civilization. Kyiv's Golden Age as the capital of medieval Kievan Rus' came from 879 to 1240.
The architecture of Kievan Rus' comes from the medieval state of Kievan Rus' which incorporated parts of what is now modern Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus, and was centered on Kiev and Novgorod. Its architecture is the earliest period of Russian and Ukrainian architecture, using the foundations of Byzantine culture but with great use of innovations and architectural features. Most remains are Russian Orthodox churches or parts of the gates and fortifications of cities.
The Synopsis, also known as the Kievan Synopsis or Kyivan Synopsis is work of history, first published in Kiev in 1674. It interprets history through a Christian conception of time focused on the narratives of creation, fall, and redemption. It also had a political purpose to justify the Treaty of Pereyaslav which annexed the Cossack Hetmanate to the Tsardom of Russia while also claiming a central role for the city of Kiev.
Originally, the name Rus' referred to the people, regions, and medieval principalities within the territory of the Kievan Rus'. Today its territory is distributed among Belarus, Ukraine, Eastern Poland, and the European section of Russia. The term Россия (Rossiya), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Ρωσσία Rossía—related to both Modern Greek: Ρως, romanized: Ros, lit. 'Rus'', and Ρωσία.
Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus', was the first East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century. Encompassing a variety of polities and peoples, including East Slavic, Norse, and Finnic, it was ruled by the Rurik dynasty, founded by the Varangian prince Rurik. The name was coined by Russian historians in the 19th century to describe the period when Kiev was at the center. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, Kievan Rus' stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east, uniting the East Slavic tribes.
The Rurik dynasty, also known as the Rurikid or Riurikid dynasty, as well as simply Rurikids or Riurikids, was a noble lineage allegedly founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, who, according to tradition, established himself at Novgorod in the year 862. The Rurikids were the ruling dynasty of Kievan Rus' and its principalities following its disintegration.
The All-Russian nation or triune Russian nation, also called the pan-Russian nation, is the term for the Imperial Russian and later irredentist ideology that sees the Russian nation as comprising a "trinity" of sub-nations: Great Russia, Little Russia, and White Russia. Respectively, these sub-nations are contextually identified with Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. Above all, the basis of the ideology's upholding of an inclusive Russian identity is centered around bringing all East Slavs under its fold.
The Metropolis of Halych was a metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It was erected on the territory of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia in 1303 by Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople. The episcopal seat of the metropolis was in the city of Halych in the "Cathedral of the Assumption".
The Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' was a metropolis of the Eastern Orthodox Church that was erected on the territory of Kievan Rus'. It existed between 988 AD and 1596 AD. Canonically, it was under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The episcopal seat (cathedra) was located in the city of Kiev until it was moved to Vladimir-na-Klyazme in 1299 and then Moscow in 1325.
The Kievan Chronicle or Kyivan Chronicle is a chronicle of Kievan Rus'. It was written around 1200 in Vydubychi Monastery as a continuation of the Primary Chronicle. It is known from two manuscripts: a copy in the Hypatian Codex, and a copy in the Khlebnikov Codex ; in both codices, it is sandwiched between the Primary Chronicle and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. It covers the period from 1118, where the Primary Chronicle ends, until about 1200, although scholars disagree where exactly the Kievan Chronicle ends and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle begins.
The sack of Kiev took place on 8–12 March 1169 when a coalition of 11 princes, assembled by prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, attacked the Kievan Rus' capital city of Kiev during the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis. The conflict, caused by the death of grand prince Rostislav I of Kiev, was between rival branches of the Monomakhovichi clan: the Iziaslavichi of Volhynia on the one hand, and the Rostislavichi of Smolensk, the Yurievichi, and the Olgovichi of Chernigov on the other. Prince Mstislav II of Kiev sought to defend Kiev against the Rostislavichi–Yurievichi–Olgovichi coalition.
{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 November 2013 – 23 February 2014 | |||||
| Main topics |  | ||||
| Main events |
| ||||
| Aftermath | |||||
| Elections | |||||
| Main places | |||||
| European integration | |||||
| Protest figures |
| ||||
| Anti-protest figures |
| ||||
  | This Russian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This Ukrainian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
