List of Armenian inventors and discoverers

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The following list contains notable inventions and discoveries made by ethnic Armenians, including those not born or living in modern-day Armenia and those of partial Armenian ancestry.

Contents

List

Default sorted chronologically

NameCountry/citizenshipFieldInvention/discovery (date)
Mesrop Mashtots Kingdom of Armenia Linguistics Armenian alphabet (c. 405) [1] [2]
Georgian alphabet [3] [4] (c. 408; [5] disputed )
Caucasian Albanian alphabet [6] [3] [4] (c. 422) [5]
Ignacy Łukasiewicz [7] [8] Austrian Poland Engineering, chemicalFirst kerosene lamp (1853) [9]
First oil refinery (1856) [10]
Gabriel Kazanjian [11] United StatesEngineering, electricalHand-held hair dryer (1911) [12] [13] [14]
Stephen Stepanian United StatesEngineering, industrial Concrete mixer truck (1916) [15] [16]
Emil Artin [17] [18] Austria, United StatesMathematics Artin L-function (1923) [19]
Agrippina Vaganova [20] Russian Empire, Soviet UnionArts Vaganova method (1930s) [21]
Semyon Kirlian [22] Soviet UnionPhotography Kirlian photography (1939) [23]
Artem Mikoyan Soviet UnionEngineering, aerospace Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9, the first Soviet turbo jet fighter (1946) [24]
Armen Alchian [25] United StatesEconomics New institutional economics (with Ronald Coase and Harold Demsetz) [30] (1946–84)
Victor Ambartsumian Soviet Union, ArmeniaAstronomy Stellar association (1947) [31] [32]
Cyrus Melikian [33] United StatesEngineering, electrical Coffee vending machine (1947; with Lloyd Rudd) [34] [35] [36]
Armen Takhtajan [37] Soviet Union,
Russia, Armenia		Botany Takhtajan system (1950) [38]
Sergey Mergelyan [39] Soviet UnionMathematics Mergelyan's theorem (1951) [40]
Edward Keonjian [41] United StatesEngineering, electricalFirst solar-powered, pocket-sized radio transmitter (1954) [42]
Sarkis Acopian Soviet UnionEngineering, electrical Solar-powered radio (1957) [43] [44] [45]
Luther Simjian [46] United StatesEngineering, electricalPrototype of automated teller machine (ATM) (1960) [47] [48]
Benjamin Markarian Soviet UnionAstronomy Markarian's Chain (1961) [49]
Markarian galaxies (1965–80) [50]
Gurgen Askaryan [51] Soviet Union Physics, particle Askaryan effect (1962) [52]
Michael Artin [53] United StatesMathematics Artin approximation theorem (1969) [54]
Alexander Kemurdzhian [55] Soviet UnionEngineering, aerospaceFirst planetary rover, Lunokhod 1 (1970) [56] [57]
Michel Ter-Pogossian [58] [59] United StatesMedicine Positron emission tomography (PET) (1974) [60]
Suren Arakelov [61] Soviet UnionMathematics Arakelov theory (1974) [61]
Raymond Damadian [62] United StatesMedicine Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1977) [63] [64] [65]
(disputed with Paul Lauterbur) [66] [67]
Leonid Khachiyan [68] [69] Soviet Union, United StatesMathematics Ellipsoid method (1979) [70] [71]
Avedis Donabedian [75] United StatesHealthcare Donabedian model (1980–88) [76]
George Adomian United StatesMathematics Adomian decomposition method (1980s) [77]
Albert Kapikian [78] [79] United StatesMedicine Rotavirus vaccine (1997) [80]
Yuri Oganessian [81] Soviet Union, Russia Physics, nuclear Discovery of superheavy elements: [82] Flerovium (1999), [83] Livermorium (2000), [84] Oganesson (2002), [85] Moscovium (2003), [86] Nihonium (2004), [87] Tennessine (2009) [88]

See also

Related Research Articles

A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom. Chemical elements are identified by the number of protons in the nuclei of their atoms, known as the element's atomic number. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. Two or more atoms of the same element can combine to form molecules, in contrast to chemical compounds or mixtures, which contain atoms of different elements. Atoms can be transformed into different elements in nuclear reactions, which change an atom's atomic number.

The discoveries of the 118 chemical elements known to exist as of 2024 are presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately determined. There are plans to synthesize more elements, and it is not known how many elements are possible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutherfordium</span> Chemical element, symbol Rf and atomic number 104

Rutherfordium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Rf and atomic number 104. It is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford. As a synthetic element, it is not found in nature and can only be made in a particle accelerator. It is radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of about 48 minutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seaborgium</span> Chemical element, symbol Sg and atomic number 106

Seaborgium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Sg and atomic number 106. It is named after the American nuclear chemist Glenn T. Seaborg. As a synthetic element, it can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature. It is also radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 269Sg, has a half-life of approximately 14 minutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darmstadtium</span> Chemical element, symbol Ds and atomic number 110

Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is extremely radioactive: the most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 14 seconds. Darmstadtium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in the city of Darmstadt, Germany, after which it was named.

Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in a laboratory setting and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, to discover livermorium during experiments conducted between 2000 and 2006. The name of the laboratory refers to the city of Livermore, California, where it is located, which in turn was named after the rancher and landowner Robert Livermore. The name was adopted by IUPAC on May 30, 2012. Five isotopes of livermorium are known, with mass numbers of 288 and 290–293 inclusive; the longest-lived among them is livermorium-293 with a half-life of about 60 milliseconds. A sixth possible isotope with mass number 294 has been reported but not yet confirmed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oganesson</span> Chemical element, symbol Og and atomic number 118

Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. The name honors the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of naming, the other being seaborgium, and the only element whose eponym is alive as of 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nihonium</span> Chemical element, symbol Nh and atomic number 113

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is extremely radioactive: its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 10 seconds. In the periodic table, nihonium is a transactinide element in the p-block. It is a member of period 7 and group 13.

The year 2004 in science and technology involved some significant events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</span> Physics research institute in Russia

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, in Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia, is an international research center for nuclear sciences, with 5500 staff members including 1200 researchers holding over 1000 Ph.Ds from eighteen countries. Most scientists are scientists of Russian Federation.

Rutherfordium (104Rf) is a synthetic element and thus has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was either 259Rf in 1966 or 257Rf in 1969. There are 16 known radioisotopes from 253Rf to 270Rf and several isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 267Rf with a half-life of 48 minutes, and the longest-lived isomer is 263mRf with a half-life of 8 seconds.

Seaborgium (106Sg) is a synthetic element and so has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was 263Sg in 1974. There are 13 known radioisotopes from 258Sg to 271Sg and 4 known isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 269Sg with a half-life of 14 minutes.

Hassium (108Hs) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 265Hs in 1984. There are 13 known isotopes from 263Hs to 277Hs and 1–4 isomers. The most stable isotope of hassium cannot be determined based on existing data due to uncertainty that arises from the low number of measurements. The half-lives of 269Hs and 271Hs are about 12 seconds, whereas that of 270Hs is about 7.6 seconds. It is also possible that 277mHs is more stable than these, with its half-life likely being 130±100 seconds, but only one event of decay of this isotope has been registered as of 2016.

Darmstadtium (110Ds) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 269Ds in 1994. There are 11 known radioisotopes from 267Ds to 281Ds and 2 or 3 known isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 281Ds with a half-life of 14 seconds.

Copernicium (112Cn) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996. There are 6 known radioisotopes ; the longest-lived isotope is 285Cn with a half-life of 30 seconds.

Nihonium (113Nh) is a synthetic element. Being synthetic, a standard atomic weight cannot be given and like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 284Nh as a decay product of 288Mc in 2003. The first isotope to be directly synthesized was 278Nh in 2004. There are 6 known radioisotopes from 278Nh to 286Nh, along with the unconfirmed 287Nh and 290Nh. The longest-lived isotope is 286Nh with a half-life of 9.5 seconds.

Flerovium (114Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999. Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed 290Fl, and possibly two nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 289Fl with a half-life of 1.9 seconds, but 290Fl may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds.

Livermorium (116Lv) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 293Lv in 2000. There are five known radioisotopes, with mass numbers 288 and 290–293, as well as a few suggestive indications of a possible heavier isotope 294Lv. The longest-lived known isotope is 293Lv with a half-life of 70 ms.

Oganesson (118Og) is a synthetic element created in particle accelerators, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first and only isotope to be synthesized was 294Og in 2002 and 2005; it has a half-life of 700 microseconds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuri Oganessian</span> Russian nuclear physicist

Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian is a Soviet, Armenian and Russian nuclear physicist who is best known as a researcher of superheavy chemical elements. He participated with the discovery of multiple elements of the periodic table. He succeeded Georgy Flyorov as director of the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in 1989 and is now its scientific director. The heaviest element known of the periodic table, oganesson, is named after him, only the second time that an element was named after a living person.

References

  1. ↑ Bournoutian, George (2006). A Concise History of the Armenian People (5th ed.). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. p. 54.
  2. ↑ Sanjian, Avedis K. (1996). "The Armenian Alphabet". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. pp.  356-363. ISBN   9780195079937.
  3. 1 2 J. R. Russell. "Alphabets". In Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (eds.). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. p.  289. Maštocʿ also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model.
  4. 1 2 Clackson, James (2015). "The languages of Christianity". Language and Society in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN   9780521192354. Having discovered his talent for script creation, Mesrop also invented distinctive new alphabets for the Georgians, and for the Caucasian Albanians, acts of generosity still frequently unacknowledged.
  5. 1 2 Acharian, Hrachia (1984). Հայոց գրերը [The Armenian Letters]. Հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. pp. 390–392.
  6. ↑ Jost, Gippert (2011). "The script of the Caucasian Albanians in the light of the Sinai palimpsests". Die Entstehung der kaukasischen Alphabete als kulturhistorisches Phänomen : Referate des internationalen Symposions (Wien, 1.-4. Dezember 2005) = The creation of the Caucasian alphabets as phenomenon of cultural history. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 39–50. ISBN   9783700170884. Nevertheless, the"Armenian" basis of the alphabet seems clear enough, thus confirming the historical tradition which attributes the invention of the Albanian script to Mesrop Maštoc.
  7. ↑ Ziółkowska-Boehm, Aleksandra (2013). The Polish Experience Through World War II. Lexington Books. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-7391-7819-5. The Polish Armenians have become an integral part of our Polish culture. Armenians ancestors ... brought us many famous people, such as: Ignacy Łukasiewicz...
  8. ↑ Puda-Blokesz, Magdalena (20 July 2011). "Ignacy Łukasiewicz" (PDF). chemia.zamkor.pl (in Polish). ZamKor. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2014. Ten ormiański szlachcic herbu Łada walczył w szeregach Tadeusza Kościuszki.
  9. ↑ Wołkowicz, Stanisław; Graniczny, Marek; Wołkowicz, Krystyna; Urban, Halina (2016). "History of the oil industry in Poland until 1939". Special Publications. 442. Geological Society of London: 401–411. doi:10.1144/SP442.32. S2CID   132429686. ...the invention of an effective modern kerosene lamp by Ignacy Łukasiewicz in 1853.
  10. ↑ Groysman, Alec (2014). "History of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products". Corrosion in Systems for Storage and Transportation of Petroleum Products and Biofuels. p. 224. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7884-9_10. ISBN   978-94-007-7884-9. ...the Polish pharmacist Jan Józef Ignacy Łukasiewicz (1822–1882) residing in Lvov and who built in 1856 probably the first oil refinery in the world.
  11. ↑ Nodjimbadem, Katie (June 15, 2016). "Amazon's Jeff Bezos Honored at Citizenship Ceremony". Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. An Armenian immigrant named Gabriel Kazanjian patented the first handheld hairdryer in 1911 in Chicago.
  12. ↑ "A Lot of Hot Air". The New York Times . 28 April 2016. In 1911, the Armenian-American inventor Gabriel Kazanjian received the first patent for a hand-held hair dryer....
  13. ↑ "Hair dryer". maas.museum. Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. In 1911 the first hair dryer was patented by American, Gabriel Kazanjian
  14. ↑ "US994259A: Hair-drier". patents.google.com. Google Patents. 1911-06-06 Application granted
  15. ↑ "Stephen Stepanian portrait". Columbus Metropolitan Library. 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Stepanian was the inventor of the motor-truck concrete mixer and is the "father" of the ready-mixed concrete industry. Stepanian designed a self-discharging motorized concrete transit mixer in 1916.
  16. ↑ "Ready Mixed Concrete". cement.org. Portland Cement Association. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. In 1916, Stephen Stepanian of Columbus, Ohio, developed a self-discharging motorized transit mixer that was the predecessor of the modern ready-mixed concrete truck.
  17. ↑ Yandell, Benjamin (2001). The Honors Class: Hilbert's Problems and Their Solvers. CRC Press. p. 230. ISBN   9781439864227. Emil Artin was born on March 3, 1898, in Vienna, the son of an art dealer and grandson of an Armenian merchant of handmade rugs.
  18. ↑ Faith, Carl (2004). Rings And Things And A Fine Array Of Twentieth Century Associative Algebra (Mathematical Surveys and Monographs Volume 65). American Mathematical Society. p. 353. Mike [Artin] explained to me the Armenian origin of the family name, Artinian, which had been shortened in Germany and the United States.
  19. ↑ Cogdell, James (2007). "On Artin L-functions" (PDF). people.math.osu.edu. Ohio State University Department of Mathematics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Walker, Christopher J. (22 August 1981). "Dispersed. Review of The Armenians: A People in Exile David Marshall Lang (Allen and Unwin pp.203, 12.95)". The Spectator . No. 247. p.  22. Leading Armenians ... such as Agrippina Vaganova (Vahanian, in Armenian), director of the Maryinsky, later Kirov, Ballet, and author of Fundamentals of the Classic Dance;...
  21. ↑ Kisselgoff, Anna (June 16, 1987). "WITH AN OPEN MIND, CLAUDE BESSY MOLDS PARIS BALLET SCHOOL'S FUTURE". The New York Times . In the Soviet Union, the curriculum developed by the teacher Agrippina Vaganova in the 1930's is applied throughout the country.
  22. ↑ Ponomarev, Fedor (26 February 2020). ""Пошёл дальше Теслы». Кем был изобретатель «эффекта Кирлиана"". kuban.aif.ru (in Russian). Argumenty i Fakty. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Семён Кирлиан появился на свет в большой армянской семье...
  23. ↑ Pilkington, Mark (4 February 2004). "Bodies of light". The Guardian .
  24. ↑ Schuster, Carl O. (2015) [1999]. "Mikoyan, Artem Ivanovich". In Zabecki, David T. (ed.). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p.  415. The result was the MiG-9, the first Soviet jet fighter.
  25. ↑ ""The Armenian Adam Smith": UCLA Holds Conference in Honor of Armenian Economist". Asbarez . May 26, 2006. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020.
  26. ↑ Heinsohn, Gunnar; Steiger, Otto (2013). Ownership Economics: On the Foundations of Interest, Money, Markets, Business Cycles and Economic Development. Routledge. p.  25. ISBN   9781135131906. Along with Demsetz, Armen Alchian is regarded as one of the founders of new institutional economics.
  27. ↑ Read, Colin (2015). The Corporate Financiers: Williams, Modigliani, Miller, Coase, Williamson, Alchian, Demsetz, Jensen and Meckling. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 166. ISBN   978-1-137-34128-0. Alchian [...] was also viewed as a pioneer and co-founder of the New Institutional Economics revival, of which UCLA was at the center.
  28. ↑ Benjamin, Daniel (February 19, 2013). "In Memoriam: Armen Alchian (1914 – 2013)". Property and Environment Research Center. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Alchian is best known to younger economists as one of the founders of the New Institutional Economics...
  29. ↑ Higgs, Robert (February 19, 2013). "Armen Alchian (April 12, 1914 – February 19, 2013)". Independent Institute. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Yet, aside from Ronald Coase, no one had a greater influence in creating and fostering what has come to be known as the New Institutional Economics, one of the most notable improvements in mainstream economics during the past half century.
  30. ↑ [26] [27] [28] [29]
  31. ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang (15 August 1996). "Viktor A. Ambartsumyan, 87, Expert on Formation of Stars". The New York Times . p. 22. In 1947 he introduced the concept of stellar association into astronomy.
  32. ↑ Israelian, Garik (1997). "Obituary: Victor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian, 1912 [i.e. 1908] -1996". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 29 (4): 1466–1467. Bibcode:1997BAAS...29.1466I. Discovery of Stellar Associations, 1947
  33. ↑ "K. Cyrus Melikian, an inventor with a coffee focus". The Philadelphia Inquirer . December 5, 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Mr. Melikian's parents escaped the 1919 Armenian massacre and immigrated to Philadelphia shortly before he was born.
  34. ↑ Knight, Jerry (April 11, 1988). "THE ULTIMATE FRENCH FRY MACHINE". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Okay, so maybe nobody remembers that Melikian and partner Lloyd Rudd invented the coffee vending system...
  35. ↑ "MACHINE TO SERVE HOT COFFEE SHOWN; Developed by Rudd-Melikian, Big Demand Seen by Schools, Factories and Cafeterias". The New York Times . September 25, 1947.
  36. ↑ Hicks, James L. (January 17, 1948). "Veteran's Whirl". The Ohio State News. Columbus, Ohio. p. 14. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Take the case of Lloyd Rudd and Cyrus Melikian. They were shivering in a railroad station one day when they walked up to a vending machine which was dishing out cold drinks for a nickel. "This damn thing should be giving out hot coffee instead of cold drinks," Rudd said. "That's an idea," said Melikian, and the two men invented "Kwik Kafe" hot coffee vending machine.
  37. ↑ Stevens, William K. (April 6, 1993). "SCIENTIST AT WORK: Armen Takhtajan; Botanist Plans Survey of World's Flowers". The New York Times . ...in his native Armenia.
  38. ↑ Gabrielyan, Ivan; Kovar-Eder, Johanna (October 2009). "In memoriam Armen Leonovich Takhtajan" (PDF). IOP Newsletter. 91. International Organisation of Palaeobotany (International Union of Biological Sciences): 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-23.
  39. ↑ Arakelian, N. U.; Sahakian, A. A. (2008). "Сергей Никитович Мергелян (1928-2008) [Sergey Nikitovich Mergelyan (1928-2008)]". Proceedings of the NAS Armenia: Mathematics (in Russian). 43 (6). National Academy of Sciences of Armenia: 3–5. (archived text)
  40. ↑ "Mergelyan theorem". Encyclopedia of Mathematics . Archived from the original on 19 July 2020.
  41. ↑ "Obituaries: Edward Keonjian". apnews.com. Associated Press. September 11, 1999. In 1954, Keonjian designed the world's first solar-powered, pocket-sized radio transmitter. ... Keonjian, an Armenian...[ dead link ]
  42. ↑ Brown, Pete (October 6, 2009). "Keonjian Distinguished Professorship Honors Life and Work of "Father of Microelectronics"". engr.arizona.edu. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Keonjian was a pioneer of low-power electronics, and in 1954 designed the world's first solar-powered, pocket-sized radio transmitter...
  43. ↑ "Sarkis Acopian". muhlenberg.edu. Muhlenberg College. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. In 1957, he took out a loan from a local bank and began his journey. That same year he designed and manufactured the first ever solar radio.
  44. ↑ Karapetian, Alex (June 2017). "Acopian: Powering the World Behind the Scenes for 60 Years". IEEE Power Electronics Magazine. 4 (2). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 103–104. doi:10.1109/MPEL.2017.2692478. ... Sarkis Acopian ... developed something that is in wide use today—the solar radio. It was the first recorded solar-powered radio ever manufactured for commercial use.
  45. ↑ Dent, Charlie. "Honoring Sarkis Acopian". govinfo.gov. United States Government Publishing Office. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. After forming the Acopian Technical Company in 1957, he designed and manufactured the first ever solar radio. Congressional Record , Volume 153, Number 21 (Monday, February 5, 2007), Pages H1173-H1174
  46. ↑ Gilpin, Kenneth N. (November 2, 1997). "Luther Simjian Is Dead at 92; Held More Than 200 Patents". New York Times . p. 45. While he was born in Turkey, he was of Armenian descent.
  47. ↑ Bandon, Alexandra (January 4, 1998). "The Lives They Lived; Make It New". The New York Times . p. 40. ...his most famous invention was a 1960 bank-deposit machine that was the basis for the now-ubiquitous A.T.M., from which he never made a penny.
  48. ↑ Konheim, Alan G. [in German] (2016). "Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols". Journal of Cryptographic Engineering. 6: In 1962, Luther Simjian was issued a patent for an early and not-very-successful prototype of an ATM. doi:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3. S2CID   1706990.
  49. ↑ Markarian, B.E. (1961). "Physical chain of galaxies in the Virgo cluster and its dynamic instability". Astronomical Journal. 66: 555–557. Bibcode:1961AJ.....66..555M.
  50. ↑ Mickaelian, Areg M. (October 2013). "Markarian survey and Markarian galaxies". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 9: 1–10. doi: 10.1017/S1743921314003147 . S2CID   122731075.
  51. ↑ Bolotovskii, Boris (November 2000). "Reminiscences of Gurgen Askaryan". RADHEP-2000: First International Workshop on Radio Detection of High-Energy Particles. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. All his life Gurgen Ashotovich Askaryan lived and worked in Moscow. He spoke about himself: \I am an Armenian of the Moscow bottling".
  52. ↑ Miller, Katrina (April 27, 2021). "Searching for the Universe's Most Energetic Particles, Astronomers Turn on the Radio". Scientific American . Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. This phenomenon is known as the Askaryan effect, after Russian-Armenian physicist Gurgen Askaryan, who first predicted it in 1962.
  53. ↑ Robertson, Edmund; O'Connor, John. "Michael Artin". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Emil Artin, born in Vienna, was descended from an Armenian carpet merchant.
  54. ↑ Artin, Michael (1969), "Algebraic approximation of structures over complete local rings", Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS , 36 (36): 23–58, doi:10.1007/BF02684596, MR   0268188, S2CID   4617543
  55. ↑ "Alexander Kemurdjian". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Alexander Kemurdjian was a pioneering scientist, of Armenian heritage...
  56. ↑ Benson, Alvin K. (2010). Inventors & Inventions. Salem Press. p. 1285. ISBN   9781587655265. Kemurdzhian, Alexander (October 4, 1921 -February 25, 2003): Russian. Kemurdzhian designed Lunokhod 1, the first space-exploration rover, which roamed on the Moon in 1970.
  57. ↑ Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 249. ISBN   9780387739762.
  58. ↑ Wackers, Frans J. Th. (August 2018). "Michael M. Ter-Pogossian (1925-1996)". Journal of Nuclear Cardiology . 25 (4): 1090–1091. doi:10.1007/s12350-018-1313-9. PMID   29869324. S2CID   46934249.
  59. ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang (June 21, 1996). "Michel M. Ter-Pogossian, 71; Led Research on PET Scanner". The New York Times . p. 25.
  60. ↑ "Michel Ter-Pogossian Honored as Nuclear Medicine Pioneer". The Journal of Nuclear Medicine . 26 (5): 449. May 1985.
  61. 1 2 "Аракелов Сурен Юрьевич". tsput.ru (in Russian). Tula State Pedagogical University named after L. N. Tolstoy. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. армянин по происхождению ... Основной результат учёного — создание в 1974 году теории, названной его именем — геометрии Аракелова
  62. ↑ Edson, Lee (February 6, 1986). "Books: Beyond X-rays". The New York Times . He is Dr. Raymond Damadian, the son of an Armenian-born father and a French-Armenian mother, and the inventor of the nuclear magnetic resonance scanner...
  63. ↑ "Raymond Damadian". lemelson.mit.edu. Lemelson–MIT Prize. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Developed the first MR (Magnetic Resonance) Scanning Machine
  64. ↑ Macchia, Richard J.; Termine, Jack E.; Buchen, Charles D. (2007). "Raymond V. Damadian, M.D.: magnetic resonance imaging and the controversy of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". The Journal of Urology . 178 (1). American Urological Association: 783–5. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.019. PMID   17631325. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine can be awarded to a maximum of 3 scientists for any single discovery but in this instance was only given to 2. Excluding Doctor Damadian seems to be a serious and purposeful omission.
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