List of Russian inventors

This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow , including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.

This list also includes those who were born in Russia or its predecessor states but later emigrated, and those who were born elsewhere but immigrated to the country or worked there for a considerable time, (producing inventions on Russian soil).

For Russian inventions in chronological order, see the Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records.

Alphabetical list

Contents: 

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• See also
• References

A

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Bruno Abakanowicz (1852–1900)   Russian Empire   France (Poland/Lithuania origin)	Integraph, spirograph, parabolagraph [1]	Spirograph designs
	Valerian Abakovsky (1895–1921)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Latvia	aerowagon [2]
	Vitaly Abalakov (1906–1986)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	camming devices, Abalakov thread (V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor [3] [4]	Spring-loaded camming device
	Evgeny Abramyan (1930–2014)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation   Georgia	halyard for the first extra-vehicular activity	Space suit worn by Leonov during the first EVA
	Vsevolod Abramovich (1890–1913)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Abramovich Flyer
	Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (Armenia/Azerbaijan/Germany)	tricolor principle of the color television [5]	RGB color model
	Franz Aepinus (1724–1802)   Holy Roman Empire   Russian Empire	achromatic microscope
	Georgy Adelson-Velsky (1922–2014)   Soviet Union   Russia   Israel	AVL tree datastructure, Kaissa (the first World Computer Chess Champion)	AVL Tree
	Anatoly Alexandrov (1903–1994)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker) [6] [7]	Lenin , the first nuclear icebreaker
	Alexandre Alexeieff (1901–1982)   Russian Empire   France	pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker) [8]	Pin Art
	Rostislav Alexeyev (1916–1980)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	ekranoplan, Soviet high-speed hydrofoils [9] [10]	A-90 Orlyonok ekranoplan.
	Zhores Alferov (1930–2019)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	heterotransistor (with Herbert Kroemer), continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Dmitri Garbuzov) [11] [12]	Laser diode array
	Genrich Altshuller (1926–1998)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems") [13]	Structure of TRIZ
	Vasily Andreyev (1861–1918)   Russian Empire	standard balalaika [14] [15]	A souvenir balalaika
	Oleg Antonov (1906–1984)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	An-series aircraft, including Antonov A-40 winged tank and Antonov An-124 (the largest serial cargo aircraft, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft Antonov An-225) [16]	An-124-100
	Lev Artsimovich (1909–1973)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first tokamak [17]	Tokamak scheme

B

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Georgy Babakin (1914–1971)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first soft landing space vehicle (Luna 9) [18]
	Boris Babayan (born 1933)   Soviet Union   Russia	Elbrus computer
	Vladimir Baranov-Rossine (1888–1944)   Russian Empire   France (Ukraine) (self-portrait)	Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage [19]	A modern Canadian digital camouflage
	Vladimir Barmin (1909–1993)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	first rocket launch complex (Baikonur spaceport) [20]	Baikonur spaceport souvenir
	Nikolay Basov (1922–2001)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	co-inventor of laser and maser [21]	Laser beams
	Ernest Beaux (1881–1961)   Russian Empire   France	Chanel No. 5 [22]	Chanel No. 5.
	Vladimir Bekhterev (1857–1927)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Bekhterev’s Mixture (a medicine with a sedative effect) [23]	Sodium bromide, a part of Bekhterev’s Mixture
	Nikolay Benardos (1842–1905)   Russian Empire	arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method) [24]	The first arc welding method, Electro Hephaestus
	Aleksandr Bereznyak (1912–1974)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (left on photo)	first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev) [25]	BI-1
	Georgy Beriev (1903–1979)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (Georgian origin)	Be-series amphibious aircraft [ citation needed ]	Beriev Be-12 Chayka
	Fyodor Blinov (1827–1902)   Russian Empire	first tracked vehicle (a wagon on continuous tracks), steam-powered caterpillar tractor [26] [27]	Blinov's caterpillar steam tractor
	Sam Born (1891–1959)   Russian Empire   United States	lollipop-making machine [28]	A particularly large lollipop
	Georgy Bothezat (1882–1940)   Russian Empire   United States	quadrotor helicopter (The Flying Octopus) [29]	De Bothezat's quadrotor helicopter.
	Sergey Brin (born 1973)   Soviet Union   United States	with Larry Page, invented Google web search engine [30]	Google Search logo
	Mikhail Britnev (1822–1889)   Russian Empire	first metal-hull icebreaker ( Pilot ) [31]	Icebreaker Pilot on a postage stamp
	Nikolay Brusentsov (1925–2014)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	ternary computer ( Setun ) [32]
	Gersh Budker (1918–1977)   Soviet Union	electron cooling, co-inventor of collider [33] [34]	Electron beam
	Aleksandr Butlerov (1828–1886)   Russian Empire	hexamine, formaldehyde, formose reaction (the synthesis of sugar) [35]	Formaldehyde formula

C

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Vladimir Chelomey (1914–1984)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first space station (Salyut 1), further space stations of Salyut series, Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system) [36]
	Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Cherenkov detector [37]	Cherenkov radiation
	Evgeniy Chertovsky (1902–?)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	pressure suit [38]	Pressure suit
	Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier) [39]	A modern air ionizer
	Andrey Chokhov (c. 1545–1629) Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia	Tsar Cannon, the largest bombard by caliber but inoperative [40]	The Tsar Cannon

D

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Vasily Degtyaryov (1880–1949)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov Avtomat (the first self-loading rifle) [41]
	Akinfiy Demidov (1678–1745) Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	co-developer of rebar, cast iron cupola, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk) [42]	Rebars inside the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk.
	Yuri Denisyuk (1927–2006)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	3D holography [43]	Denisyuk holography scheme
	Aleksandr Dianin (1851–1918)   Russian Empire	Bisphenol A, Dianin's compound [44]	Bisphenol A formula
	Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1862–1919)   Russian Empire (Poland, Germany)	three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer) [45]	3-phase electrical generator on exhibition in Frankfurt,1891
	Nikolay Dollezhal (1899–2000)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	AM-1 reactor for the first nuclear power plant and other RBMK-type reactors, pressurized water reactor (VVER) [46]	VVER-1000 nuclear reactor
	Alexey Dushkin (1904–1977)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	deep column station [47]

E

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Ivan Elmanov   Russian Empire	first monorail (the so-called "Road on Pillars" near Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages) [48]	Modern Moscow monorail

F

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Peter Carl Fabergé (1846–1920)   Russian Empire	Fabergé Eggs [49]	Memory of Azov Egg
	Nicolas Florine (1891–1972)   Russian Empire   Belgium (born in Georgia)	first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely [50]	A modern tandem rotor helicopter
	Ivan Fyodorov (c. 1510–1583) Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Poland-Lithuania	invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia [51]	Fedorov depicted in his typography
	Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	radial keratotomy [52]	Scheme of radial keratotomy
	Vladimir Fyodorov (1874–1966)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle) [53]

G

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Yakov Modestovich Gakkel (1874–1945)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first Russian-made aircraft and diesel locomotives [54]	The Gakkel-VII
	Boris Borisovich Galitzine (1862–1916)   Russian Empire	electromagnetic seismograph [55]	An electric seismograph
	Dmitri Garbuzov (1940–2006)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation   United States	continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers [56]	Laser diode array
	Georgy Gause (1910–1986)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics [57]	Gramicidin S formula
	E. K. Gauzen   Russian Empire	three bolt equipment (early diving costume) [58] [59]	A Soviet diving helmet
	Andrey Geim (born 1958)   Soviet Union   United Kingdom	graphene [60]	Graphene
	Nestor Genko (1839–1904)   Russian Empire	Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system) [61]
	Valentyn Glushko (1908–1989)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170) [62]	RD-170 rocket engine model
	Leonid Gobyato (1875–1915)   Russian Empire	first modern man-portable mortar [63]	Gobyato's mortar
	Igor Gorynin (1926–2015)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, radiation-hardened steels [64] [65]	Titanium
	Boris Grabovsky (1901–1966)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube [66] [67]	A modern cathode ray tube
	Mikhail Gurevich (1893–1976)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (left on photo)	MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan) [68]	MiG-21

H

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Waldemar Haffkine (1860–1930)   Russian Empire    Switzerland	developed and used first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague [69] [70]	An injection of anti-plague vaccine

I

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Gavriil Ilizarov (1921–1992)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis [71] [72]	Ilizarov apparatus
	Sergey Ilyushin (1894–1977)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Il-series fighter aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history) [73]
	Aleksei Isaev (1908–1971)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (second left on photo)	first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Bereznyak) [25]	BI-1
	Isidore Grand Duchy of Moscow	Russian vodka [74]
	Vladislav Ivanov (1936–2007)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	Pioneer of Magnetic resonance imaging [75] [76] [77]	MRI

J

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Boris Jacobi (1801–1874)   Prussia   Russian Empire	electrotyping (an application of electroplating to typography), electric boat [78]	Early electroplating

K

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Mikhail Kalashnikov (1919–2013)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (produced more than all other types of assault rifles combined) [79]	AK-47
	Nikolay Kamov (1902–1973)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	armored military autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters [80]
	Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (left on portrait by Boris Kustodiev, with Nikolay Semyonov right)	first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions [81]	The liquid helium in the superfluid phase
	Georgii Karpechenko (1899–1941)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding) [82] [83]	Radish and cabbage
	Eugene Kaspersky (born 1965)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products [84]	Kaspersky Anti-Virus Logo
	Adolphe Kégresse (1879–1943)  France   Russian Empire	Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual-clutch transmission [85]	Nicholas II Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track
	Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)
	Yulii Khariton (1904–1996)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomba
	Anatoly Kharlampiyev (1906–1979)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Sambo (martial art) [86]
	Konstantin Khrenov (1894–1984)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	underwater welding [ citation needed ]	A modern underwater welding
	Nikolai Kibalchich (1853–1881)   Russian Empire	pioneer of rocketry [87]	A Soyuz-U, at Baikonur Site 1/5
	Semyon Kirlian (1898–1978)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Kirlian photography	Kirlian photo of two coins
	Konstantin Konstantinov (1817/19–1871)   Russian Empire	device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machine [88]	Trajectory of a bullet
	Sergei Korolev (1907–1966)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), Vostok programme (including the first human spaceflight)	Vostok spacecraft model
	Nikolai Korotkov (1874–1920)   Russian Empire	auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement	Aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope
	Semyon Korsakov (1787–1853)   Russian Empire	punched card for information storage	Korsakov's linear homeoscope
	Mikhail Koshkin (1898–1940)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	T-34 medium tank, the most produced tank of World War II [89]	T-34
	Ogneslav Stepanovich Kostovich (1851–1916)   Serbia   Russian Empire	arborite (high-strength plywood) [90] [91]	Plywood
	Gleb Kotelnikov (1872–1944)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	knapsack parachute, drogue parachute [92] [93]	A modern knapsack parachute packed
	Aleksey Krylov (1863–1945)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	gyroscopic damping of ships	Gyroscope
	Ivan Kulibin (1735–1818)   Russian Empire	egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, self-rolling carriage (for the first time featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing), an early optical telegraph [94] [95] [96]	Kulibin's project of the one-arch bridge over Neva River.
	Igor Kurchatov (1903–1960)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships	Obninsk nuclear plant

L

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Dmitry Lachinov (1842–1902)   Russian Empire	mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, electrolyser [97]	The details of electrical insulation tester depicted in a Lachinov's book
	Semyon Lavochkin (1900–1960)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	La-series aircraft, the first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut	Lavochkin La-7
	Nikolai Lebedenko   Russian Empire	Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history [98]	Tsar Tank
	Sergei Lebedev (1874–1934)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	commercially viable synthetic rubber	Synthetic rubber making
	Lisitsyns , Ivan Fyodorovich and his brother Nazar Fyodorovich   Russian Empire	Russian samovar [99]	A typical samovar
	Alexander Lodygin (1847–1923)   Russian Empire   United States	electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament	Lodygin's lamp draw
	Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Dmitry Vinogradov), re-discovery of smalt [100]	Lomonosov's drawings for his discovery of Venus atmosphere
	Yury Lomonosov (1876–1952)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   United Kingdom	first successful mainline diesel locomotive [101]	The Юэ 001 locomotive
	Aleksandr Loran (1849 – after 1911)   Russian Empire	fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher [102]	Modern usage of fire fighting foam.
	Oleg Losev (1903–1942)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	light-emitting diode, crystadine	Red, green and blue LEDs
	Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy (1909–2001)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	Buran (spacecraft), Spiral project [103] [104]	Buran carried by the An-225
	Arkhip Lyulka (1908–1984)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft engines [105]	Saturn AL-31

M

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Aleksandr Makarov (born 1966)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation   Germany	orbitrap [106]	Ion trajectories in an Orbitrap
	Stepan Makarov (1849–1904)   Russian Empire	Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice	Icebreaker Yermak on the Baltic Sea before 1917
	Nestor Makhno (1888–1934)   Russian Empire   France (Ukraine)	tachanka
	Victor Makeev (1924–1985)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile	Scheme of R-27 missile of Makeev
	Dmitri Maksutov (1896–1964)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Maksutov telescope	Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope.
	Sergey Malyutin (1859–1937)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (self-portrait)	matryoshka doll (together with craftsman Vasily Zvyozdochkin) [107]	Original matryoshka doll by Malyutin and Zvyozdochkin
	Boris Mamyrin (1919–2007)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	reflectron (ion mirror) [108]	Reflectron mass spectrometer
	Ilya Mechnikov (1845–1916)   Russian Empire   France	probiotics
	Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907)   Russian Empire	Periodic table, a type of pycnometer, pyrocollodion, co-developer of Icebreaker Yermak, also credited with determining the ideal vodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%) [109]	Periodic table from Mendeleev's book
	Artem Mikoyan (1905–1970)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (Armenia) (right on photo)	MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich) [68]	MiG-15
	Alexander Mikulin (1895–1985)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank [98] [110]	Mikulin and his staff presenting Mikulin AM-34
	Mikhail Mil (1909–1970)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)	Mil Mi-8
	Pavel Molchanov (1893–1941)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	radiosonde
	Alexander Morozov (1904–1979)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34 [111] [112]	T-54/55 main battle tank
	Sergei Mosin (1849–1902)   Russian Empire	Mosin–Nagant rifle, one of the most produced ever	Mosin–Nagants
	Motorins , Ivan Feodorovich (1660s – 1735) and his son Mikhail Ivanovich (?–1750) Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	Tsar Bell, the largest bell in the world [113]	The Tsar Bell
	Vera Mukhina (1889–1953)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	welded sculpture [114]	Worker and Kolkhoz Woman , the first welded sculpture
	Yevgeny Murzin (1914–1970)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	ANS synthesizer	ANS synthesizer

N

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Alexander Nadiradze (1914–1987)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union (born in Georgia)	First meteorological missile "M1-Meteo". First mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), also RSD-10 Pioneer and (RT-2PM Topol) [115]	RT-2PM Topol
	Andrey Nartov (1683–1756) Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge-boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sight [116] [117] [118]	An old lathe (b marks the carriage)
	Sergey Nepobedimiy (1921–2014)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponry [119]	Strela 2 surface-to-air missile
	Nikolai Nikitin (1907–1973)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower, The Motherland Calls ), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000 )	Ostankino Tower (on the left)
	Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888)   Sweden   Russian Empire	first successful oil tanker [120]	A modern oil tanker
	Konstantin Novoselov (born 1974)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation   United Kingdom	graphene [60] (youngest Nobel Laureate since 1973) [121]	Graphene

O

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Theophil Wilgodt Odhner (1845–1903)   Sweden   Russian Empire	the Odhner Arithmometer (a mechanical pinwheel calculator)	Odhner Arithmometer
	Lucien Olivier (1838–1883)   Russian Empire (Belgian or French origin)	Russian salad (Olivier salad)	Russian salad

P

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Alexey Pajitnov (born 1956)   Soviet Union   United States	Tetris [122]	Tetris figures
	Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	classical conditioning [123]	One of the Pavlov’s dogs with an implanted cannula.
	Vasily Petrov (1761–1834)   Russian Empire	continuous electric arc, arc welding [124]	Electric arc
	Nikolay Pirogov (1810–1881)   Russian Empire	early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations	Diethyl ether
	Fyodor Pirotsky (1845–1898)   Russian Empire	electric tram	Miller's line where Pirotsky's tram was tested
	Ivan Plotnikov (1902–1995)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	kirza leather [125]	Kirza boots.
	Nikolai Polikarpov (1892–1944)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced biplane)	Polikarpov Po-2
	Ivan Polzunov (1728–1766)   Russian Empire	first two-cylinder steam engine	Polzunov's steam engine
	Mikhail Pomortsev (1851–1916)   Russian Empire	nephoscope	Nephoscope measures the parameters of clouds
	Alexander Popov (1859–1906)   Russian Empire	built an early radio receiver in the form of a lightning detector, eastern European countries claim he is the "inventor of radio"	Popov and his radio
	Nikolay Popov (1931–2008)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80) [126]	T-80 main battle tank
	Aleksandr Porokhovschikov (1892 – c. 1942)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first continuous track amphibious ATV) [127]	Vezdekhod tank in 1915
	Alexander Procofieff de Seversky (1894–1974)   Russian Empire   United States	ionocraft, first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, also developed air-to-air refueling	Modern air-to-air refueling
	Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	co-inventor of laser and maser	Laser beams
	Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850)   Russian Empire (Ukraine)	beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties	A shallow super frame filled with honey
	Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (1863–1944)   Russian Empire   France	early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures	Prokudin-Gorsky's method

R

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Leonid Ramzin (1887–1948)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	straight-flow boiler (Ramzin boiler) [128]
	Peter I of Russia (Romanov) (1672–1725) Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe) [129] [130] [131]	Sounding line throwing
	Ida Rosenthal (1886–1973)   Russian Empire   United States (born in Belarus, Jewish descent)	modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William) [132] [133] [134]	A modern brassiere
	Boris Rosing (1869–1933)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	CRT television (first TV system using cathode ray tube on the receiving side) [135] [136]	A modern cathode ray tube
	Eugene Roshal (born 1972)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver [137]	FAR Manager screenshot

S

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Alexander Sablukov (1783–1857)   Russian Empire	centrifugal fan [138]	Components of a centrifugal fan
	Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989)   Soviet Union	explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb, co-developer of tokamak	Hollow tube generator
	Franz San Galli (1824–1908)   Russian Empire (Italian and German descent, born in Poland)	radiator, modern central heating [139] [140]	A household radiator
	Pavel Schilling (1780–1836)   Russian Empire (Estonia)	shielded cable, electric mine and electromagnetic telegraph [141]	Cooke and Wheatstone's telegraph, inspired by Schilling's one
	Guy Severin (1926–2008)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	extra-vehicular activity supporting system [142]
	Leonty Shamshurenkov (1687–1758) Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	a device for lifting the Tsar Bell, the first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge [95] [143]	A reconstruction of Shamshurenkov's self-running carriage
	Pyotr Shilovsky (1871 – after 1924)   Russian Empire   United Kingdom	gyrocar [144]	Shilovsky's gyrocar in 1914, London
	Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depot [145]	Shukhov Tower in Moscow
	Pyotr Shuvalov (1711–1762) Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	invented canister shot mortar, introduced licorne into wide usage	A "secret" canister shot mortar
	Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972)   Russian Empire   United States	first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicopters	Sikorsky Skycrane carrying a house
	Vladimir Simonov (1935–2020)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol [146] [147]	APS Underwater Assault Rifle
	Nikolay Slavyanov (1854–1897)   Russian Empire	shielded metal arc welding [148]	Shielded metal arc welding
	Alexander Smakula (1900–1983)   Russian Empire   United States (Ukraine)	anti-reflective coating
	Yefim Smolin Tsardom of Russia   Russian Empire	table-glass (stakan granyonyi) [149]	A classic table-glass
	Igor Spassky (1926–2024)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	Sea Launch platform and over 200 nuclear submarines, including the world's largest submarines of Typhoon class	Sea Launch platform Ocean Odyssey
	Ladislas Starevich (1882–1965)   Russian Empire   France (Polish descent)	puppet animation, live-action/animated film [150] [151]	Scene from The Cameraman's Revenge animation (1911)
	Boris Stechkin (1891–1969)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Lebedenko's Tsar Tank, developer of many Soviet heat and aircraft engines [98] [152]	Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
	Aleksandr Stoletov (1839–1896)   Russian Empire	first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect	A modern solar cell
	Pavel Sukhoi (1895–1975)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Su-series fighter aircraft
	Andrei Sychra (1773/76–1850)   Russian Empire (born in Lithuania, Czech ancestry)	Russian seven-string guitar	Russian guitar
	Vladimir Syromyatnikov (1933–2006)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanisms	The original APAS-75 docking unit draw

T

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Andrey Ternovskiy (born 1992)   Russian Federation	creator of Chatroulette, the first random webcam chat website
	Léon Theremin (1896–1993)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   United States   Russian Federation	theremin, burglar alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing (listening device)	Etherwave Theremin
	Andrey Tikhonov (1906–1993)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	magnetotellurics	Magnetotelluric station
	Mikhail Tikhonravov (1900–1974)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks	Sputnik 1 replica
	Gavriil Tikhov (1875–1960)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	feathering spectrograph	Scheme of a spectrograph work
	Fedor Tokarev (1871–1968)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	TT-33 semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 self-loading rifle (main Soviet guns of World War II)	A Soviet soldier with TT-33
	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , (1857–1935)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	spaceflight (theory principles that led to numerous inventions, derived the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation)	Tsiolkovsky's drawings of astronaut in space
	Mikhail Tsvet (1872–1919)   Russian Empire	chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method)	A modern gas chromatography system
	Alexei Tupolev (1925–2001)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	the Tupolev Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet)	Tupolev Tu-144
	Andrei Tupolev (1888–1972)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95)	Tupolev Tu-95

U

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Vladimir Utkin (1923–2000)   Soviet Union   Russian Federation	railcar-launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets), other Soviet rockets [153]	RT-23 in the St Petersburg railway museum

V

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Vladimir Vakhmistrov (1897–1972)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project)
	Viktor Vasnetsov (1848–1926)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	budenovka military hat
	Vladimir Veksler (1907–1966)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron [34] [154]	A modern synchrotron scheme

W

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Paul Walden (1863–1957)   Russian Empire   Germany (born in Latvia, Baltic German descent)	Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid)	Ethylammonium nitrate formula

Y

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Pavel Yablochkov (1847–1894)   Russian Empire	Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp)	Yablochkov demonstrates his illumination in Paris, 1878
	Alexander Yakovlev (1906–1989)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet)	Yakovlev Yak-40
	Vladimir Yourkevitch (1885–1964)   Russian Empire   France   United States	modern ship hull design	SS Normandie
	Sergei Yudin (1891–1954)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations [155]	World War II syringe for blood transfusion

Z

Portrait	Person	Inventions	Image
	Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof (1859–1917)   Russian Empire (Poland)	Esperanto language	Flag of Esperanto
	Yevgeny Zavoisky (1907–1976)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy [156]	Simulated EPR spectrum of the CH3 radical.
	Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	the first effective filtering activated charcoal gas mask in the world	A modern Russian gas mask
	Nikolai Zhukovsky (1847–1921)   Russian Empire   Russian SFSR	an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank [98] [157]	A modern wind tunnel
	Vladimir Zvorykin (1889–1982)   Russian Empire   United States	pioneer of television technology Iconoscope, kinescope	Zworykin's draft of a UV-microscope, similar to iconoscope
	Vasily Zvyozdochkin (1876–1956)   Russian Empire   Soviet Union	matryoshka doll (together with painter Sergey Malyutin) [158]	Matryoshka doll taken apart

See also

• List of Russian scientists
• Russian culture
• Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records

References

1. Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (1886). Les intégraphes (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
2. "Invention of the Aerowagon". What Poll?. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
3. "Mechanical Advantage" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
4. "404. Page Not Found". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016.{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
5. Адамян Ованес Абгарович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
6. Alexandrov's biography (in Russian)
7. Alexandrov's biography Archived 3 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
8. Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1995). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Paris, France: Indiana University Press. ISBN   2-910027-75-9
9. Biography of Alexeev Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
10. Low Orbit Helium Assisted Navigator; Lohan; Iss; Nasa; Google; purity, Brexit threatens Cornish pasty's racial; home, Grim-faced 'naut Malenchenko prepares to return; $1m+, One entire US spook base: Yours for. "In search of the Caspian Sea Monster". The Register . Retrieved 23 October 2016.{{cite web}}: |last5= has generic name (help)
11. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 – Information for the Public
12. "Zhores I. Alferov - Biographical" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
13. Altshuller's biography (in Russian)
14. Vasily Andreyev Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine article on the city site of Bezhetsk (in Russian)
15. History of balalaika (in Russian)
16. Antonov's biography Archived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
17. Artsimovich's biography (in Russian)
18. Babakin's Biography (in Russian)
19. "Biography". 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
20. Barmin's biography (in Russian)
21. Basov Nikolay Gennadiyevich Archived 26 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
22. "Ernest Beaux, Perfumer -- From 'Bouquet of Napoleon' to 'Chanel No.5' to 'Mademoiselle Chanel No.1' (???)" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
23. БЕХТЕРЕВА МИКСТУРА (MixturaBechtereva) at medicinelib.ru Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
24. Biography of Bernardos by A. A. Chekanov Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
25. Bereznyak-Isayev BI (in Russian)
26. The inventor of tractor (in Russian)
27. Our armor is strong and our tanks are fast and our people are full of courage (in Russian)
28. "Our History - Just Born - PA Candy Manufacturer". Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
29. "Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century" Archived 5 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . centennialofflight.gov. Accessed 10 May 2010.
30. "BBC NEWS - Business - Profile: The Google founders". 30 April 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
31. Вестник Регистра морского судоходства России ^{[ permanent dead link ]}(in Russian)
32. Russian Virtual Computer Museum – Hall of Fame – Nikolay Petrovich Brusentsov. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
33. Academician Gersh Itckovich Budker (in Russian)
34. The brief history of particle accelerators (in Russian)
35. Read, J. (1935), Text-Book of Organic Chemistry, London: G Bell & Sons.
36. The history of Chelomey's OKB (in Russian)
37. "Pavel A. Cherenkov - Biographical" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
38. Vita Germetika: A Brief History of Creating and Development of Soviet-Russian space suits Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
39. "The A.L.Chizhevsky Science Memorial Cultural Center in Kaluga, Russia". Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
40. Guinness Book of Records
41. Degtyaryov's biography (in Russian)
42. The office of the first Russian oligarch Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
43. Virtual Museum: Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (in Russian)
44. "Michael D. Gordin, J. Chem Education 83 (2006), 561–565" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
45. Доливо-Добровольский Михаил Осипович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
46. "Nikolay A. Dollezhal". Brief History (in Russian). N.A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
47. Mayakovskaya at the official site of the Moscow Metro Archived 29 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
48. The Unknown Russian Monorail (in Russian)
49. The House of Fabergé Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
50. Jean Boulet, Histoire de l'hélicoptère : racontée par ses pionniers, 1907–1956, Paris : Ed. France-Empire, 1982 (in French)
51. Ivan Fyodorov's biography Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
52. Ophthalmology for all (in Russian)
53. C. Taylor The fighting rifle – A complete study of the rifle in combat, ISBN   0-87947-308-8
54. "Ya.M.Gakkel. The designer of the first Soviet diesel locomotives" @ Innovation Digest.
55. About Prince B. B. Galitzine Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Alexey Krylov (in Russian)
56. Investigation of the influence of the AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure parameters on the laser threshold current and the realization of the continuous emission at the room temperature, Zh. I. Alferov, V.M. Andreev, D.Z. Garbuzov, and others, Sov. Phys. Semiconductors 4
57. Gause, GF. 1960. The search for new antibiotics. New Haven: Yale University Press. 97pp.
58. A Brief History of Diving (in Russian)
59. History of diving in Russia Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
60. It’s a thinner winner bbc.co.uk 19 October 2006
61. Genko's Forest Belt ^{[ permanent dead link ]} at the site dedicated to protected areas of Ulyanovsk Oblast (in Russian)
62. "Valentin Glushko biography". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2006.
63. Gobyato's biography Archived 26 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
64. Gorynin's biography on the web page of Prometey ^{[ permanent dead link ]}(in Russian)
65. Igor Gorynin's article on Personalities of Saint Petersburg (in Russian)
66. "Television in Uzbekistan" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
67. Grabovsky Boris Pavlovich and his "Telephote". Myths and reality Archived 31 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Yury Rubchenko (in Russian)
68. Migavia.ru Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine – official site of MiG "OKB" successor enterprise
69. History of Haffkine Institute Archived 4 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
70. Haffkine's biography (in Russian)
71. A Genius of Osteogenesis Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
72. Lee Beadling "Ilizarov discovered the miracle of distraction osteogenesis"
73. Ilyushin's biography at The Heroes of the Country site (in Russian)
74. Pokhlebkin V. V. / Похлёбкин В. В. (2007). The history of vodka / История водки. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф. p. 272. ISBN   978-5-9524-1895-0.
75. MacWilliams B (November 2003). "Russian claims first in magnetic imaging". Nature. 426 (6965): 375. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..375M. doi: 10.1038/426375a . PMID   14647349.
76. ПРИВЕТ НОБЕЛЮ ОТ ИВАНОВА
77. Patents by Ivan Vladislav
78. Jacobi's biography (in Russian)
79. Poyer, Joe. The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications. 2004.
80. Kuznetsov, G.I.OKB Kamov. 50 years
81. "Pyotr Kapitsa – Biographical" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
82. Karpechenko, G.D., Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus X Brassica oleracea L., Bull. Appl. Bot. 17:305–408 (1927)
83. Biotechnomogy timeline at bio.org Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
84. "Kaspersky Personal & Family Security Software" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
85. Derela, Michal. "Citroën-Kegresse halftracks in Polish service" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
86. Creation of Sambo Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine – by Michail Lukashev, first published in Physical Culture and Sport magazine N9-10/91.(in Russian)
87. "Kibalchich" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
88. School Encyclopedia Russica (in Russian)
89. David.B (30 June 2014). "T-34-76". The Online Tank Museum. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
90. Ognjeslav Kostović – čovek koji je živeo u budućnosti (in Serbian) Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
91. Manojlo srpski Ikar (in Serbian)
92. Parachuting – who invented the first parachute (in Russian)
93. Russian parachute of Kotelnikov Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
94. Samokatka of Kulibin (in Russian)
95. Коляски Шамшуренкова и самокатка Кулибина / The carriages of Shamshurenkov and samokatka of Kulibin ^{[ permanent dead link ]}(in Russian)
96. "Trident › Mobile-Friendly Social Network Software Platform" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
97. Rzhosnitsky B. N. Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosenergoizdat, 1955 / Ржонсницкий Б. Н. Дмитрий Александрович Лачинов. — М.—Л.: Госэнергоиздат, 1955 (in Russian)
98. "Site Disabled - FreeServers" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
99. Самовары Лисицыных / Samovars of Lisitsyns Archived 1 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the site of Sloboda, a Tula-based newspaper (in Russian)
100. "early helicopter technology" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
101. Heywood, Anthony, Modernising Lenin's Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade, and the Railways, 1917–1924, p. 209. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN   0-521-62178-X
102. Loran and the fire extinguisher Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine at p-lab.org (in Russian)
103. "Lozino-Lozinskiy" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
104. Lozino-Lozinskiy's biography at Encyclopedia Astronautica
105. Lyulka's biography (in Russian)
106. Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Graham Cooks R (2005). "The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 40 (4): 430–443. Bibcode:2005JMSp...40..430H. doi:10.1002/jms.856. PMID   15838939. S2CID   14756501.
107. Malyutin's biography Archived 20 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
108. Mamyrin, B. A.; Karataev, V. I.; Shmikk, D. V.; Zagulin, V. A. (1973). "The mass-reflectron, a new nonmagnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high resolution". Sov. Phys. JETP. 37: 45. Bibcode:1973JETP...37...45M.
109. The short history of naval science Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
110. Mikulin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian)
111. Morozov's biography at the Heroes of the country (in Russian)
112. Halberstadt, Hans Inside the Great Tanks The Crowood Press Ltd. Wiltshire, England 1997 94–96 ISBN   1-86126-270-1
     "The T-54/T-55 series is the hands down, all-time most popular tank in history."
113. Slobodskoy, Archpriest Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals", The Law of God, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, p. 624, ISBN   0-88465-044-8
114. The history of welding Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
115. Nadiradze's biography Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
116. Nartov Andrey Konstantinovich (in Russian)
117. Nartov's biography at hronos.km.ru Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
118. Nartov's biography (in Russian)
119. Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimiy at astronautix.com
120. Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press. ISBN   0-8179-6581-5.
121. Sample, Ian (5 October 2010). "Nobel prize for physics goes to Manchester University scientists". The Guardian. London.
122. 4 maart 2009. "Tetris 1985 History of Games part 07". YouTube. Retrieved 20 November 2009.^{[ dead YouTube link ]}
123. Pavlov and, I. P. (1927/1960). Conditional Reflexes. New York: Dover Publications (the 1960 edition is an unaltered republication of the 1927 translation by Oxford University Press http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/).
124. Petrov Vasily Vladimirovich at weldworld.ru (in Russian)
125. Kirza (in Russian)
126. Chief designer of the T-80 tank dies (in Russian)
127. "Site Disabled - FreeServers" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
128. "Леонид Константинович Рамзин Leonid Konstantinovich Ramzin". Leonid. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
129. The history of Russian ruble and kopeck Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine at the law-theory.ru (in Russian)
130. "Oldest International Yacht Clubs" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
131. Monarchs can be good at anything (in Russian)
132. Lin, Patricia. Ida Kaganovich Rosenthal Archived 8 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
133. Maidenform Inc., company website, company history section. Retrieved June 2004 from http://www.maidenform.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?sectionId=33
134. "Maidenform, Inc. – Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
135. "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
136. The beginnings of a blue screen (in Russian)
137. Interview with Roshal (in Russian)
138. A History of Mechanical Fan Archived 20 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
139. "family San Galli: a European success" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
140. The hot boxes of San Galli Archived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
141. Virtual Museum of Information technology Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
142. Severin, Guy Ilich at the Russian Academy of Sciences website (in Russian)
143. Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov Archived 19 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
144. "Wolseley Register - The Club for Wolseley Car Owners and Enthusiasts" . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
145. Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov's biography at Shukhov Tower Foundation site.
146. SPP-1 Archived 14 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
147. Modern weapons of underwater fighters (in Russian)
148. Slavyanov's biography Archived 15 August 2007 at archive.today (in Russian)
149. The Day of Granenyi Stakan Archived 20 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine at hronograf.narod.ru (in Russian)
150. An illustrated biography of Starevich Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
151. Entomology and Animation: A Portrait of an Early Master Ladislaw Starewicz (May 2000 6-page article from Animation World Magazine)
152. Stechkin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian)
153. Utkin's biography at the Heroes of the Country site (in Russian)
154. Who and when invented synchrophasotron? (in Russian)
155. Shamov V.N. The transfusion of stored cadaver blood Lancet 1937; 2, August 7:306–309
156. Gareth R. Eaton; et al. (1998). Foundations of modern EPR. World Scientific. pp. 45–46. ISBN   981-02-3295-0 . Retrieved 30 September 2010.
157. Zhukovsky's biography Archived 3 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
158. Vasily Zvyozdochkin – the father of Russian Matryoshka Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)