List of U.S. states by incarceration and correctional supervision rate

Last updated April 19, 2019

This article has lists of U.S. states by adult incarceration and correctional supervision rates according to United States Department of Justice figures. The state incarceration numbers include sentenced and unsentenced inmates in jails and state prisons, but not persons in federal prisons. They are listed separately. The state numbers also do not include youth held in juvenile detention.

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the U.S. government, responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration.

Youth incarceration in the United States

The United States incarcerates more of its youth than any other country in the world through the juvenile courts and the adult criminal justice system, which reflects the larger trends in incarceration practices in the United States. In 2010, approximately 70,800 juveniles were incarcerated in youth detention facilities alone. Approximately 500,000 youth are brought to detention centers in a given year. This data does not reflect juveniles tried as adults. Around 40% are incarcerated in privatized, for-profit facilities.

Incarceration rate by state

U.S. states by incarceration rate under state prison or local jail jurisdiction per 100,000 population.^[1] Rates are for yearend 2016. The table below has all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are currently 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory and shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Due to this shared sovereignty, Americans are citizens both of the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons restricted by certain types of court orders. Four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.

Note: The rate columns can be sorted in ascending or descending order. Sort the column with the state names to return to alphabetical order.

Note: There are 2 state incarceration rate columns: One per 100,000 adults, and one per 100,000 of all ages.^[1]

Note: State and federal rows add up to US total row. Federal prison inmates are not included in the state rates.

Row numbers: The row number column on the left does not sort, and remains static.






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Incarceration rate by state.^[1]
Jurisdiction	Yearend 2016. In prison or jail	2016 rate per 100,000 adults	2016 rate per 100,000 of all ages
US total	2,131,000	850	660
Federal	188,400	80	60
States, and District of Columbia	1,942,600	780	600
Alabama	40,900	1,080	840
Alaska	4,400	800	600
Arizona	55,000	1,030	790
Arkansas	24,000	1,050	800
California	202,700	670	510
Colorado	32,100	740	580
Connecticut	15,000	530	420
Delaware	6,600	880	690
District of Columbia	1,800	320	270
Florida	149,800	900	720
Georgia	91,400	1,160	880
Hawaii	5,600	500	390
Idaho	11,300	900	670
Illinois	60,800	620	480
Indiana	43,200	850	650
Iowa	13,400	560	430
Kansas	17,200	780	590
Kentucky	34,700	1,010	780
Louisiana	45,400	1,270	970
Maine	4,100	380	300
Maryland	28,400	610	470
Massachusetts	19,400	360	280
Michigan	56,500	730	570
Minnesota	16,300	380	290
Mississippi	28,700	1,260	960
Missouri	44,300	940	730
Montana	5,700	700	550
Nebraska	8,800	610	460
Nevada	20,200	890	680
New Hampshire	4,500	410	330
New Jersey	32,000	460	360
New Mexico	14,700	930	710
New York	74,400	480	380
North Carolina	54,100	680	530
North Dakota	3,100	540	410
Ohio	71,000	790	610
Oklahoma	39,000	1,310	990
Oregon	20,700	640	500
Pennsylvania	82,400	810	640
Rhode Island	3,100	370	290
South Carolina	32,100	820	640
South Dakota	5,800	880	670
Tennessee	48,400	930	720
Texas	218,500	1,050	780
Utah	11,700	540	380
Vermont	1,700	340	280
Virginia	57,500	880	680
Washington	30,400	530	410
West Virginia	10,100	690	550
Wisconsin	35,600	790	620
Wyoming	3,900	870	660

Comparison with other countries

According to the World Prison Brief the United States currently has the largest prison population in the world, and the highest incarceration rate.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

The World Prison Brief at PrisonStudies.org is an online database providing free access to information on prison systems around the world. It is now hosted by the Institute For Criminal Policy Research (ICPR), Birkbeck College, University of London.

On January 1, 2008 more than 1 in 100 adults in the United States were in prison or jail.^[7]^[8] Total US incarceration peaked in 2008.^[1]

In addition to the overall highest incarceration rate, the United States also has the highest rate of female incarceration. According to a November 2017 report by the World Prison Brief around 212,000 of the 714,000 female prisoners worldwide (women and girls) are incarcerated in the United States.^[9] In the United States in 2015, women made up 10.4% of the incarcerated population in adult prisons and jails.^[10] In most countries, the proportion of female inmates to the larger prison population is closer to one in twenty. Australia is the exception where the rate of female imprisonment increased from 9.2 percent in 1991 to 15.3 percent in 1999.^[11]

This article discusses the incarceration of women in prisons and jails within the United States. According to a November 2018 report by the Prison Policy Initiative, 219,000 women are incarcerated in the United States. A 2017 report by the World Prison Brief states: "The highest female prison population rates are in the U.S.A., Thailand (60.7), El Salvador (58.4), Turkmenistan, Seychelles (34.8), Russian Federation (33.5), French Guiana (32.4), Macau-China (31.3), Rwanda (29.6), Greenland (28.5) and American Samoa (27.3)."

Comparing other English-speaking developed countries,^[3] whereas the incarceration rate in the US is 660 per 100,000 population of all ages (as of 2016 table above),^[1] the incarceration rate of Canada is 114 per 100,000 (as of 2015),^[12] England and Wales is 146 per 100,000 (as of 2016),^[13] and Australia is 160 per 100,000 (as of 2016).^[14] Comparing other developed countries, the rate of Spain is 133 per 100,000 (as of 2016),^[15] France is 110 per 100,000 (as of 2016),^[16] Germany is 76 per 100,000 (as of 2016),^[17] Norway is 73 per 100,000 (as of 2016),^[18] Netherlands is 69 per 100,000 (as of 2014),^[19] and Japan is 48 per 100,000 (as of 2014).^[20]

Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra. Consequently, its population is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

England and Wales is a legal jurisdiction covering England and Wales, two of the four nations of the United Kingdom. "England and Wales" forms the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England and follows a single legal system, known as English law.

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. The population of 25 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney. The country's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.

In addition, the United States has striking statistics when observing the racial dimension of mass incarceration. According to Michelle Alexander, the United States "imprisons a larger percentage of its black population than South Africa did at the height of apartheid."^[21]

Correctional supervision rates by state

Chart below has numbers for people in adult facilities, and for people on probation and on parole.^[1] The incarceration numbers in the main part of the chart below are for sentenced and unsentenced inmates in adult facilities in local jails and state prisons, but not for people in federal prisons.

The bottom of the chart has totals and average rates for each column.

Federal prison numbers are added at the end of the chart. So the total number (local, state, and federal) under adult correctional supervision is 6,582,100. That is a correctional supervision rate of 2,630 per 100,000 U.S. adult residents. That rounds off to 2.6% of US adult residents.

Correctional supervision rates by state, 2016.^[1]
Jurisdiction	Total		Community supervision		Incarcerated
Jurisdiction	Total, 12/31/2016	Rate per 100,000 adults	Probation or Parole, 12/31/2016	Rate per 100,000 adults	In prison or jail, 12/31/2016	Rate per 100,000 adults

Alabama	99,800	2,640	60,700	1,610	40,900	1,080
Alaska	12,900	2,320	8,400	1,520	4,400	800
Arizona	137,500	2,570	84,800	1,590	55,000	1,030
Arkansas	72,100	3,150	51,500	2,250	24,000	1,050
California	536,100	1,770	333,300	1,100	202,700	670
Colorado	121,900	2,820	90,900	2,110	32,100	740
Connecticut	59,600	2,110	44,700	1,580	15,000	530
Delaware	22,400	2,980	15,800	2,100	6,600	880
District of Columbia	10,400	1,840	9,600	1,710	1,800	320
Florida	366,000	2,200	218,600	1,320	149,800	900
Georgia	..	..	..	..	91,400	1,160
Hawaii	27,500	2,450	21,900	1,950	5,600	500
Idaho	48,800	3,880	37,500	2,980	11,300	900
Illinois	204,200	2,070	143,400	1,450	60,800	620
Indiana	159,900	3,150	116,700	2,300	43,200	850
Iowa	46,700	1,940	35,100	1,460	13,400	560
Kansas	38,500	1,750	21,500	980	17,200	780
Kentucky	97,900	2,850	63,800	1,860	34,700	1,010
Louisiana	111,000	3,110	71,000	1,980	45,400	1,270
Maine	10,300	960	6,800	630	4,100	380
Maryland	99,000	2,120	82,800	1,770	28,400	610
Massachusetts	82,900	1,520	63,600	1,170	19,400	360
Michigan	..	..	..	..	56,500	730
Minnesota	119,500	2,810	103,900	2,450	16,300	380
Mississippi	65,300	2,880	37,700	1,660	28,700	1,260
Missouri	105,900	2,240	61,600	1,300	44,300	940
Montana	15,200	1,860	10,200	1,250	5,700	700
Nebraska	23,300	1,620	14,600	1,010	8,800	610
Nevada	39,200	1,720	19,000	830	20,200	890
New Hampshire	10,800	1,010	6,400	590	4,500	410
New Jersey	186,300	2,670	155,700	2,230	32,000	460
New Mexico	30,200	1,900	15,500	970	14,700	930
New York	212,100	1,360	142,400	910	74,400	480
North Carolina	149,300	1,890	95,200	1,210	54,100	680
North Dakota	10,300	1,770	7,100	1,230	3,100	540
Ohio	326,200	3,620	256,400	2,840	71,000	790
Oklahoma	74,500	2,510	35,500	1,190	39,000	1,310
Oregon	82,000	2,520	61,400	1,890	20,700	640
Pennsylvania	368,100	3,640	291,600	2,880	82,400	810
Rhode Island	24,300	2,850	23,200	2,730	3,100	370
South Carolina	68,800	1,770	36,700	940	32,100	820
South Dakota	15,000	2,290	9,300	1,420	5,800	880
Tennessee	119,400	2,310	74,700	1,440	48,400	930
Texas	681,900	3,290	482,900	2,330	218,500	1,050
Utah	25,400	1,180	15,900	740	11,700	540
Vermont	7,400	1,450	5,800	1,150	1,700	340
Virginia	120,000	1,830	62,500	950	57,500	880
Washington	127,000	2,230	100,600	1,760	30,400	530
West Virginia	20,100	1,380	10,100	690	10,100	690
Wisconsin	100,500	2,230	64,900	1,440	35,600	790
Wyoming	9,400	2,100	5,500	1,230	3,900	870
State or federal district	6,262,000	2,500	4,405,400	1,760	1,942,600	780
Federal	320,000	130	131,700	50	188,400	80
U.S. total	6,582,100	2,630	4,537,100	1,810	2,131,000	850

Male and female incarceration and correctional supervision numbers

Number and rate of persons supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems, by sex and correctional status, 2015.^[22]
	Community supervision (parole, probation, etc.)					Incarcerated
	Number			Rate per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages		Number			Rate per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages
Jurisdiction	Total	Male	Female	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Male	Female
U.S. total	4,650,900	3,594,300	1,056,700	2,260	640	2,145,100	1,942,500	202,600	1,600	160
Federal	132,800	109,200	23,700	70	10	195,700	182,800	12,900	150	10
State or federal district	4,518,100	3,485,100	1,033,000	2,190	630	1,949,400	1,759,700	189,800	1,450	150

Alabama	64,600	50,600	14,000	2,140	560	42,900	38,600	4,300	1,640	170
Alaska	8,500	6,600	1,900	1,700	550	5,400	4,800	600	1,230	170
Arizona	83,300	66,700	16,700	1,950	480	54,900	49,100	5,800	1,440	170
Arkansas	51,500	39,000	12,500	2,660	820	24,000	21,200	2,800	1,450	180
California	349,600	277,500	72,100	1,420	360	201,000	186,000	15,100	950	80
Colorado	89,200	66,700	22,400	2,410	820	31,800	28,000	3,800	1,010	140
Connecticut	45,300	35,700	9,500	2,040	520	15,800	14,700	1,100	840	60
Delaware	16,100	12,400	3,700	2,690	760	6,700	6,100	500	1,330	110
District of Columbia	9,900	8,500	1,400	2,640	400	1,800	1,700	100	530	30
Florida	225,400	167,000	58,400	1,670	560	153,000	137,900	15,100	1,380	140
Georgia	451,800	353,600	98,200	7,060	1,870	88,500	79,600	8,900	1,590	170
Hawaii	22,500	17,200	5,300	2,360	740	5,900	5,200	700	710	100
Idaho	37,800	28,100	9,700	3,370	1,160	10,900	9,300	1,600	1,120	190
Illinois	151,300	118,200	33,100	1,870	510	63,900	59,500	4,400	940	70
Indiana	122,500	93,100	29,400	2,850	870	43,500	38,200	5,200	1,170	160
Iowa	35,600	26,900	8,700	1,730	550	12,900	11,500	1,400	740	90
Kansas	20,900	16,400	4,500	1,120	310	16,600	14,800	1,800	1,010	130
Kentucky	70,600	49,400	21,300	2,260	940	33,800	28,700	5,100	1,310	230
Louisiana	71,900	57,400	14,500	2,510	600	49,000	45,400	3,600	1,980	150
Maine	6,700	5,400	1,400	820	200	4,000	3,500	500	540	70
Maryland	87,400	71,800	15,600	2,460	500	29,700	27,800	1,900	950	60
Massachusetts	66,900	52,600	14,300	1,590	410	20,100	19,000	1,200	570	30
Michigan	193,900	147,700	46,100	3,020	910	57,700	53,100	4,600	1,090	90
Minnesota	105,100	81,000	24,000	2,960	870	16,500	14,800	1,600	540	60
Mississippi	44,800	35,500	9,300	2,440	600	28,000	25,800	2,300	1,770	150
Missouri	62,600	47,600	15,000	1,590	480	43,400	38,500	4,900	1,290	160
Montana	9,700	7,400	2,300	1,430	440	5,600	4,800	800	930	150
Nebraska	13,700	10,000	3,700	1,050	390	8,600	7,700	900	810	100
Nevada	19,200	15,200	4,000	1,040	270	19,100	16,800	2,300	1,150	160
New Hampshire	6,300	4,900	1,400	750	210	4,600	4,100	500	620	80
New Jersey	151,300	117,700	33,700	2,690	730	33,900	31,700	2,200	720	50
New Mexico	16,800	12,600	4,200	1,210	400	15,100	13,300	1,800	1,290	170
New York	145,600	120,500	25,000	1,250	250	75,900	71,100	4,800	740	50
North Carolina	97,400	73,400	24,000	1,490	460	53,800	48,800	5,000	990	100
North Dakota	6,900	5,100	1,800	1,300	490	3,200	2,700	400	690	120
Ohio	262,000	189,700	72,300	3,330	1,220	70,700	62,800	7,900	1,100	130
Oklahoma	33,400	25,700	7,700	1,320	390	39,700	34,400	5,300	1,770	270
Oregon	61,900	49,600	12,300	2,470	600	21,000	18,600	2,400	930	120
Pennsylvania	296,200	223,500	72,700	3,560	1,110	83,900	76,300	7,600	1,220	120
Rhode Island	24,400	20,600	3,800	4,010	690	3,200	3,100	100	600	30
South Carolina	38,500	30,500	8,000	1,280	320	31,600	28,900	2,800	1,210	110
South Dakota	9,800	7,500	2,300	1,720	540	5,300	4,600	800	1,050	180
Tennessee	75,400	57,100	18,300	1,770	540	48,000	41,600	6,500	1,290	190
Texas	488,800	375,200	113,600	2,730	810	214,800	192,500	22,300	1400	160
Utah	15,700	12,000	3,700	790	240	11,700	10,100	1,600	660	110
Vermont	6,300	4,800	1,500	1,550	470	1,800	1,600	200	520	50
Virginia	57,000	43,700	13,300	1,060	310	57,300	51,000	6,300	1,230	150
Washington	104,700	81,600	23,200	2,260	640	29,700	26,300	3,400	730	90
West Virginia	10,100	7,300	2,800	800	300	10,100	8,700	1,400	950	150
Wisconsin	65,600	52,700	12,900	1,830	440	35,000	31,800	3,100	1,110	110
Wyoming	5,900	4,300	1,600	1,450	550	3,900	3,400	600	1,130	200

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Incarceration prevention in the United States

Incarceration prevention refers to a variety of methods aimed at reducing prison populations and costs while fostering enhanced social structures. Due to the nature of incarceration in the United States today caused by issues leading to increased incarceration rates, there are methods aimed at preventing the incarceration of at-risk populations.

The United States has the highest prison and jail population, and the highest incarceration rate in the world. According to the World Prison Population List there were around 10.35 million people in penal institutions worldwide in 2015. The US had 2,173,800 prisoners in adult facilities in 2015. That means the US held 21.0% of the world's prisoners in 2015, even though the US represented only around 4.4 percent of the world's population in 2015.

The Department of Corrections is an agency of the Thai Ministry of Justice. Its mission is to keep prisoners in custody and rehabilitate them. Its headquarters is in Suanyai Sub-district, Mueang Nonthaburi District, Nonthaburi Province. As of 2018, Police Colonel Narat Sawatanan is director-general of the department.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016 (NCJ 251211). Published April 2018 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). By Danielle Kaeble and Mary Cowhig, BJS statisticians. See PDF. Appendix table 1 on page 11 has rates and counts by state. See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 4 on page 4 for a timeline of nationwide incarceration rates. See appendix table 3 on page 13, for "Persons held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000, 2010, and 2015–2016". That table also has incarceration rates. See appendix table 2 on page 12 for the number or persons incarcerated in territorial prisons, military facilities, and jails in Indian country.
↑ Walmsley, Roy (30 Jan 2009). World Prison Population List (8th Edition). From World Prison Population Lists. By World Prison Brief. "The information is the latest available in early December 2008. … Most figures relate to dates between the beginning of 2006 and the end of November 2008." According to the summary on page one there were 2.29 million U.S. inmates and 9.8 million inmates worldwide. The U.S. held 23.4% of the world's inmates. The U.S. total in this report is for December 31, 2007 (see page 3), and does not include inmates in juvenile detention facilities.
1 2 Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
↑ United States of America. By World Prison Brief.
↑ Mahapatra, Lisa (19 March 2014). Incarcerated In America: Why Are So Many People In US Prisons? (CHARTS). International Business Times. Chart showing incarceration rates of 50 most populous countries. Another chart showing what the inmates in the USA are in for (does not indicate reasons for probation and parole violations. Those offenses, such as drug tests, etc. change the breakdown of what inmates are in for).
↑ National Research Council. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014: "The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons."
↑ One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. February 28, 2008. The Pew Center on the States.
↑ Liptak, Adam (28 Feb 2008). 1 in 100 U.S. Adults Behind Bars, New Study Says. New York Times .
↑ World Female Imprisonment List (fourth edition). Nov. 9, 2017. World Prison Brief.
↑ Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 15 says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.
↑ Carlen, Pat (2004). Analysing Women's Imprisonment. Portland: Willan Publishing. p. 42.
↑ Canada. World Prison Brief.
↑ United Kingdom: England & Wales. World Prison Brief.
↑ Australia. World Prison Brief.
↑ Spain. World Prison Brief.
↑ France. World Prison Brief.
↑ Germany. World Prison Brief.
↑ Norway. World Prison Brief.
↑ Netherlands. World Prison Brief.
↑ Japan. World Prison Brief.
↑ Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press. p. 7.
↑ Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 14 has male and female counts and rates by state. It says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.
↑ Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement". Click "National Crosstabs" at the top, and then choose the census years. Click "Show table" to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years. Or go here for all the years. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

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[cpusa2016-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016 (NCJ 251211). Published April 2018 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). By Danielle Kaeble and Mary Cowhig, BJS statisticians. See PDF. Appendix table 1 on page 11 has rates and counts by state. See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 4 on page 4 for a timeline of nationwide incarceration rates. See appendix table 3 on page 13, for "Persons held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000, 2010, and 2015–2016". That table also has incarceration rates. See appendix table 2 on page 12 for the number or persons incarcerated in territorial prisons, military facilities, and jails in Indian country.

[icps8-2] Walmsley, Roy (30 Jan 2009). World Prison Population List (8th Edition). From World Prison Population Lists. By World Prison Brief. "The information is the latest available in early December 2008. … Most figures relate to dates between the beginning of 2006 and the end of November 2008." According to the summary on page one there were 2.29 million U.S. inmates and 9.8 million inmates worldwide. The U.S. held 23.4% of the world's inmates. The U.S. total in this report is for December 31, 2007 (see page 3), and does not include inmates in juvenile detention facilities.

[WorldPrisonBrief-3] 1 2 Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.

[WPB-USA-4] United States of America. By World Prison Brief.

[IBTcharts-5] Mahapatra, Lisa (19 March 2014). Incarcerated In America: Why Are So Many People In US Prisons? (CHARTS). International Business Times. Chart showing incarceration rates of 50 most populous countries. Another chart showing what the inmates in the USA are in for (does not indicate reasons for probation and parole violations. Those offenses, such as drug tests, etc. change the breakdown of what inmates are in for).

[6] National Research Council. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014: "The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons."

[pewcenterstudy-7] One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. February 28, 2008. The Pew Center on the States.

[nytimes2008feb-8] Liptak, Adam (28 Feb 2008). 1 in 100 U.S. Adults Behind Bars, New Study Says. New York Times .

[WFIL-9] World Female Imprisonment List (fourth edition). Nov. 9, 2017. World Prison Brief.

[cpusa-2015-10] Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 15 says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.

[11] Carlen, Pat (2004). Analysing Women's Imprisonment. Portland: Willan Publishing. p. 42.

[Canada-12] Canada. World Prison Brief.

[EnglandWales-13] United Kingdom: England & Wales. World Prison Brief.

[Australia-14] Australia. World Prison Brief.

[Spain-15] Spain. World Prison Brief.

[France-16] France. World Prison Brief.

[Germany-17] Germany. World Prison Brief.

[Norway-18] Norway. World Prison Brief.

[Netherlands-19] Netherlands. World Prison Brief.

[Japan-20] Japan. World Prison Brief.

[21] Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press. p. 7.

[cpusa2015-22] Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015. By Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze, BJS Statisticians. Dec. 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. See PDF. Appendix table 3 on page 14 has male and female counts and rates by state. It says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.

[cjrp-23] Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement". Click "National Crosstabs" at the top, and then choose the census years. Click "Show table" to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years. Or go here for all the years. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

v t e Incarceration of adults in the United States
This template pertains only to agencies that handle sentenced felons (with sentences over 1-2 years). In many states, pre-trial detainees, persons convicted of misdemeanors, and persons sentenced under state law to fewer than one year are held in county jails instead of state prisons.
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See also	Immigration detention in the United States
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