The following is an incomplete list of notable people who have been deported from the United States . The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), particularly the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), handles all matters of deportation. [1] Their decisions may be appealed and reviewed by federal judges. [2]
In several cases (i.e., Charlie Chaplin, Adam Habib and Conrad Gallagher), the orders of deportation and/or exclusion were later lifted. Among many changes in terminology, "removal" superseded "deportation" in 1996 following the enactment of Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA). [3] [4]
Aside from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, there was no applicable deportation law in the United States until an 1882 statute specifically geared towards Chinese immigrants. [1] The Alien and Sedition Acts gave the President of the United States the power to arrest and subsequently deport any alien that he deemed dangerous. [5] The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act was designed to suspend Chinese immigration to the United States, and deport Chinese residents that were termed as illegally residing in the country. The types of individuals that could be deported from the United States was later reclassified to include those who were insane or carrying a disease, convicts, prostitutes, those entering the United States over the immigration quotas, anarchists, and those that belonged to organizations which supported the overthrow of the United States government by use of violence. [1] [5]
Legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1891 gave a time limit of one year after an alien entered the country for the individual to be deported and decreased judicial review of deportation proceedings. The office of superintendent of immigration in the Department of the Treasury was also created with the 1891 enactment, and this responsibility later passed to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). [5] During the Red Scare in 1919, a number of persons were deported under suspicion of illegal activity. The statute of limitations on deportation from the United States was removed under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. [1] Deportation laws were cited during the 1950s in order to remove union leaders and alleged members of the Communist party said to be illegally in the country. According to Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, about 23,000 aliens were deported annually from the country during the latter period of the 1980s. [5]
If an alien is deemed by the government to be removable, they will receive a "notice to appear" (NTA) and later face an immigration judge, who will decide whether or not the alien is removable from the United States. Either party (the alien or the government prosecutor) may appeal (by legal brief, not in person) an immigration judge's decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). If an alien fails to appear for any immigration hearing, such person is usually ordered removed in absentia. [6] Those individuals who illegally entered the United States constitute the single largest portion of people deported from the country. Once deported or removed, an alien is not allowed to legally reenter the country unless given special permission to do so by either the DHS or the EOIR. [1] The DHS has placed 164,000 criminals in removal proceedings in 2007, and estimated that figure would be 200,000 for 2008. [7]
In 2001, approximately 73,000 illegal aliens with criminal convictions were deported from the United States, and in 2007 this figure was 91,000. [7] In 2011, the DHS deported 396,906 people. Of those deported, 54.6% were criminal offenders. [8]
Individual | Occupation | Citizen of | Year deported | Deported to | Reasons for deportation | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrija Artuković | Lawyer, politician, revolutionary | Independent State of Croatia | 1986 | Yugoslavia | World War II war criminal, co-founder and leader of the fascist, ultranationalist and terrorist organization Ustase, died in 1988 | [9] |
Trevor Berbick | Jamaican heavyweight boxer | Jamaica | 1997, 2002 | Jamaica | Rape and sexual assault convictions, and parole violations | [10] [11] |
Conrad Black, Lord Black of Crossharbour | Publisher, businessman | Canada United Kingdom | 2012 | Canada | Mail fraud and obstruction of justice convictions | [12] [13] |
Griselda Blanco | Drug lord for the Medellín Cartel, involved in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade during the 1970s and early 1980s | Colombia | 2004 | Colombia | Various and multiple criminal convictions | [14] [15] [16] |
Charles Hopel Brown | Jamaican author, computer engineer, and U.S. Army veteran | Jamaica | 2004 | Jamaica | Resisting arrest, probation violations | [17] [18] |
Hermine Braunsteiner | Female Nazi concentration camp guard | / Germany United States | 1973 | West Germany | First Nazi to be deported from the United States; denaturalized and extradited at West German government's request | [19] |
Joe Cahill | Prominent Irish republican and former Chief of Staff of the Provisional Irish Republican Army | Ireland | 1984 | Ireland | Illegal entry | [20] [21] |
Charlie Chaplin | British actor and director | United Kingdom England | United Kingdom England | Denied a re-entry permit to the U.S. after a trip abroad, reportedly instigated by J. Edgar Hoover; returned briefly to the U.S. in 1972 | [22] | |
Anna Chapman | Soviet-born Russian national | Russia United Kingdom (later revoked) | 2010 | Russia | Illegals Program spy ring under the Russian Federation's SVR; also stripped of UK citizenship soon after U.S. deportation | [23] |
John Demjanjuk | Guard at Nazi German extermination camps | Ukraine United States Israel | 2009 | Israel (First deportation) Germany (Second deportation) | Alleged Nazi war criminal, denaturalized in 2002, and finally deported in 2009 to Germany from Israel, which had filed war crimes charges | [24] |
Joe Doherty | Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteer | Ireland | 1992 | Ireland | Involvement with Provisional Irish Republican Army | [25] |
Hanns Eisler | Composer | Austria Germany | 1948 | Austria | Alleged communist ties, victim of McCarthyism | [26] |
Raffaello Follieri | Real estate developer, socialite | Italy | 2012 | Italy | Legal misappropriation of funds related to the "Vati-Con scandal" | [27] [28] |
Johanna Gadski | Operatic soprano singer | Prussia | 1918 | Germany | Declared an enemy alien by the Wilson administration and deported from the United States during World War I | [29] |
Conrad Gallagher | Irish chef and restaurateur | Ireland | 2002 | Ireland | Financial convictions in the United States and Ireland | [30] [31] |
Marcus Garvey | Founder of Universal Negro Improvement Association | Jamaica | 1927 | Jamaica | Fraud conviction related to sale of stock in one of his businesses | [32] [33] |
Peter Gatien | Businessman and New York nightclub owner | Canada | 2003 | Canada | Tax-evasion convictions | [34] |
Emma Goldman | Anarchist and political activist | Russia United States | 1919 | Soviet Union | [35] [36] | |
Adam Habib | Scholar | South Africa | 2006 | South Africa | Apprehended and deported over allegations of "engaging in terrorist activities", ban lifted in 2010 | [37] |
C. L. R. James | Journalist, social theorist | Trinidad and Tobago | 1953 | Trinidad and Tobago | Alleged Communist ties | [38] [39] |
Claudia Jones | Black Nationalist and political activist | Trinidad and Tobago | 1955 | United Kingdom | Deported under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 for being a Communist, granted asylum in the United Kingdom | [40] [41] |
Konrāds Kalējs | Latvian soldier | Latvia | 1994 | Australia | Alleged Nazi collaborator and war criminal during World War II, moved to Canada but was deported from Canada back to Australia in 1997 | [42] [43] |
Herman W. Lang | Nazi German spy | Germany | 1950 | West Germany | Espionage-related convictions | |
Karl Linnas | Chief of Tartu Nazi concentration camp | Estonia | 1987 | Soviet Union | Nazi war criminal | [44] [45] |
Lucky Luciano | Organized crime boss | Italy United States | 1946 | Italy | Pandering, operating a massive prostitution ring | [46] [47] |
Peter Lundin | Serial killer | Denmark | 1999 | Denmark | First-degree murder-related charges, one of whom was his mother | [48] |
Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook | Hamas leader | Jordan | 1997 | Jordan | Involvement with Hamas | [49] [50] [51] |
Charles Mowbray | Anarcho-communists, trade unionist | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | [52] | ||
Oliver O'Grady | Former Roman Catholic priest | Ireland | 2001 | Ireland | Rape, molestation and abuse of children convictions in California | [53] [54] |
Vicky Peláez | Spy | Peru | 2010 | Russia | Worked as an unregistered foreign agent for Russia, agreed to deportation in exchange for the U.S. government dropping the more serious charge of money laundering | [55] |
Charles Ponzi | Fraudster | Italy | 1934 | Italy | Fraud charges, created the Ponzi scheme | [56] [57] |
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh | Public speaker, godman, mystic | India | 1985 | India | Immigration violations | [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] |
Rosaura Revueltas | Stage and film actress | Mexico | 1954 | Mexico | Illegal entrance, deported during filming of Salt of the Earth | [64] [65] |
Alphonso Sgroia | Neapolitan Camorra gangster, hitman | Italy | Italy | Numerous murder convictions | [66] [67] | |
Heinz Spanknöbel | Pro-Nazi Friends of New Germany activist, spy | Germany | 1933 | Germany | Failure to register as a foreign agent | [68] |
Mollie Steimer | Anarchy activist | Russia | 1921 | Russian SFSR | Unknown | [69] [70] |
Tsien Hsue-shen | Scientist, aerospace engineer | China | 1955 | China | Accused of being a communist sympathizer | [71] [72] |
John Turner | anarchist communist shop steward | United Kingdom England | 1903 | United Kingdom England | First person deported from the United States for violating the 1903 Anarchist Exclusion Act | [73] [74] |
Tim Maia | Soul singer | Brazil | 1963 | Brazil | Marijuana possession charges | [75] |
Ernst Zündel | German neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier | Germany | 2005 | Germany | Deported subsequently from Canada | [76] [77] |
The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was an agency of the U.S. Department of Labor from 1933 to 1940 and the U.S. Department of Justice from 1940 to 2003.
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is a federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE's stated mission is to protect the United States from cross-border crime and undocumented immigration that threaten national security and public safety.
Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a territory. The actual definition changes depending on the place and context, and it also changes over time. Forced displacement or forced migration of an individual or a group may be caused by deportation, for example ethnic cleansing, and other reasons. A person who has been deported or is under sentence of deportation is called a deportee.
Operation Wetback was an immigration law enforcement initiative created by Joseph Swing, the Director of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The program was implemented in June 1954 by U.S. Attorney General Herbert Brownell. The short-lived operation used military-style tactics to remove Mexican immigrants—some of them American citizens—from the United States. Though millions of Mexicans had legally entered the country through joint immigration programs in the first half of the 20th century and some who were naturalized citizens who were once native, Operation Wetback was designed to send them to Mexico.
Reforming the immigration policy of the United States is a subject of political discourse and contention. Immigration has played an essential part in American history, as except for the Native Americans, everyone in the United States is descended from people who migrated to the United States. Some claim that the United States maintains the world's most liberal immigration policy.
The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 made major changes to the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). IIRIRA's changes became effective on April 1, 1997.
The Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 was a bill in the 109th United States Congress. It was passed by the United States House of Representatives on December 16, 2005, by a vote of 239 to 182, but did not pass the Senate. It was also known as the "Sensenbrenner Bill," for its sponsor in the House of Representatives, Wisconsin Republican Jim Sensenbrenner. The bill was the catalyst for the 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests and was the first piece of legislation passed by a house of Congress in the United States illegal immigration debate. Development and the effect of the bill was featured in "The Senate Speaks", Story 11 in How Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories a documentary series from filmmaking team Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini.
Illegal immigration, or unauthorized immigration, occurs when foreign nationals, known as aliens, violate US immigration laws by entering the United States unlawfully, or by lawfully entering but then remaining after the expiration of their visas, parole or temporary protected status.
Illegal immigration is the migration of people into a country in violation of that country's immigration laws, or the continuous residence in a country without the legal right to. Illegal immigration tends to be financially upward, from poorer to richer countries. Illegal residence in another country creates the risk of detention, deportation, and/or other persecutions.
Cancellation of removal is a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of the United States that allows some aliens who are in removal proceedings, who have lived in the United States for a long period of time and meet certain other conditions, to apply to remain in the United States and have the removal proceedings terminated. Cancellation of removal was crafted by the U.S. Congress to replace "suspension of deportation," a similar form of relief available prior to April 1, 1997.
At law, criminal deportation is where a person is ordered deported or physically removed from a country by reason of such alien's criminal conduct.
The term aggravated felony was used in the United States immigration law to refer to a broad category of criminal offenses that carry certain severe consequences for aliens seeking asylum, legal permanent resident status, citizenship, or avoidance of deportation proceedings. Anyone convicted of an aggravated felony and removed from the United States "must remain outside of the United States for twenty consecutive years from the deportation date before he or she is eligible to re-enter the United States." The supreme court ruled 5-4 in Sessions v. Dimaya that the residual clause was unconstitutionally vague limiting the term.
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 (2001), is a United States Supreme Court case involving habeas corpus and INA § 212(c) relief for deportable aliens.
The history of immigration to the United States details the movement of people to the United States from the colonial era to the present day. Throughout U.S. history, the country experienced successive waves of immigration, particularly from Europe and later on from Asia and Latin America. Colonial-era immigrants often repaid the cost of transoceanic transportation by becoming indentured servants in which the new employer paid the ship's captain. In the late 19th century, immigration from China and Japan was restricted. In the 1920s, restrictive immigration quotas were imposed but political refugees had special status. Numerical restrictions ended in 1965. In recent years, the largest numbers of immigrants to the United States have come from Asia and Central America.
Removal proceedings are administrative proceedings to determine an individual's removability under United States immigration law. Removal proceedings are typically conducted in Immigration Court by an immigration judge (IJ).
Secure Communities is a data-sharing program that relies on coordination between federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. The program was designed to "check the immigration status of every single person arrested by local police anywhere in the country". As part of the program, fingerprints that are taken upon arrest, which are traditionally forwarded to the FBI, are then also forwarded to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). If these finger prints match the DHS's Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT), then the ICE district office decides whether or not to issue a detainer request which can include requesting that the person be detained for up to 48 hours (I-247D), or a request for ICE to be notified upon their release (I-247N).
Deportation and removal from the United States occurs when the U.S. government orders a person to leave the country. In fiscal year 2014, Immigration and Customs Enforcement conducted 315,943 removals. Criteria for deportations are set out in 8 U.S.C. § 1227.
Expedited removal is a process related to immigration enforcement in the United States where an alien is denied entry to and/or physically removed from the country, without going through the normal removal proceedings. The legal authority for expedited removal allows for its use against most unauthorized entrants who have been in the United States for less than two years. Its rollout so far has been restricted to people seeking admission and those who have been in the United States for 14 days or less, and excludes first-time violators from Mexico and Canada.
Voluntary departure in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of the United States is a legal remedy available to certain aliens who have been placed in removal proceedings by the former U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) or the now Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
The Priority Enforcement Program is a program by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the agency responsible for immigration enforcement in the interior of the United States, under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). PEP was an ICE program that worked with state and local law enforcement to identify illegal aliens who come in contact with state or local law enforcement, and remove those who are removable. PEP was announced by DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson in a November 20, 2014 memo as a replacement for Secure Communities (S-COMM). It builds on an updated list of immigration enforcement priorities released in another memo by Johnson issued on the same day.
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