Masuma Esmati-Wardak | |
---|---|
Minister of Education | |
In office 1990-1992 | |
Member of the House of the People | |
In office 1965–1969 | |
Constituency | Kandahar |
Masuma Esmati-Wardak (1930 -),was an Afghan writer and politician. She was jointly one of the first women to serve in the Afghan parliament in 1965,and served as Minister of Education in 1990-1992.
In 1953 she graduated from Kabul Women's College,and received a degree in business in the United States in 1958. [1]
In 1959,she and Kubra Noorzai became one of the first women to appear in public in Afghanistan without a veil after Queen Humaira Begum had removed hers,supporting the call by the Prime minister Mohammed Daoud Khan for women to voluntary remove their veil. [2]
In 1964 King Mohammed Zahir Shah appointed her to an advisory committee that reviewed the draft 1964 constitution, [3] which granted women the right to vote and stand for election. In 1965 she was elected to represent Kandahar in the House of the People of Parliament,and became a leading advocate of women's rights. [1] [4] She was the only one of the four women elected in 1965 to run for re-election in 1969,but lost her seat. [5]
In 1987 she became President of the Afghan Women's Council. [1]
In May 1990 she was appointed cabinet minister of Education and Training in the government of Mohammad Najibullah. [6] She was one of two women in the cabinet alongside Saleha Farooq Etemadi,and one of the first women in the Afghan government. [7]
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Afghanistan.
Sima Samar is a Hazara human rights advocate,activist and medical doctor within national and international forums,who served as Minister of Women's Affairs of Afghanistan from December 2001 to 2003. She is the former Chairperson of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) and,from 2005 to 2009,United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Sudan. In 2012,she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "her longstanding and courageous dedication to human rights,especially the rights of women,in one of the most complex and dangerous regions in the world."
The following lists events that happened during 1969 in Afghanistan.
Movements for Muslim women to seek roles in national leadership have increased rapidly. Greater opportunities for women in education have further encouraged their involvement in politics. The most prominent and important Muslim female leaders are former prime minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto,Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001–2004),former Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Çiller (1993–1996),former Senegalese Prime Minister Mame Madior Boye (2001–2002),Bangladeshi Prime Ministers Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina Wajed,former Iranian Vice President Masoumeh Ebtekar (1997–2005),former Malian Prime Minister CisséMariam Kaïdama Sidibé(2011–2012),Kosovan President Atifete Jahjaga (2011–2016),former President of Mauritius Ameenah Gurib (2015–2018),former President of Singapore Halimah Yacob (2017–2023) and current President of Tanzania Samia Suluhu Hassan
Women's rights in Afghanistan are severely restricted by the Taliban. In 2023,the United Nations termed Afghanistan as the world's most repressive country for women. Since the US troops withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021,the Taliban gradually imposed restrictions on women's freedom of movement,education,and employment. Women are banned from studying in secondary schools and universities,making Afghanistan the only country to prohibit females from studying beyond the sixth grade. Women are not allowed in parks,gyms,or beauty salons. They are forbidden from going outside for a walk or exercise,from speaking or showing any part of their face or body outside the home,or even from singing or reading from within their own homes if they could be heard by strangers outside. In extreme cases,women have reportedly been subjected to gang-rape and torture in Taliban prisons.
Humaira Begum was the wife and first cousin of King Mohammed Zahir Shah and the last Queen of Afghanistan.
Anahita Ratebzad was an Afghan socialist and Marxist-Leninist politician and a member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and vice-president of the Revolutionary Council under the leadership of Babrak Karmal. One of the first women elected to the Afghan parliament,Ratebzad was deputy head of state from 1980 to 1986.
Khadija Ahrari was an Afghan politician,and jointly the first woman elected to parliament in the country.
Roqia Abubakr was an Afghan politician,and jointly the first woman elected to parliament in the country.
Ghulam Farooq Wardak is a politician in Afghanistan,formerly serving as the Minister of Education. He was appointed to that position by Afghan President Hamid Karzai on October 11,2008. On June 2022,Farooq Wardak was returned to Afghanistan after temporary self-exile following the Taliban takeover of the country in August 2021.
Parliamentary elections were held in Afghanistan in August and September 1965. Members of the Senate were elected between 26 August and 7 September,and members of the House of the People between 10 and 26 September. Following the introduction of women's suffrage in the 1964 constitution,four women were elected to the House of People and two were appointed the Senate.
The First Karzai cabinet lead the administration of Afghanistan between 2004,the year Hamid Karzai won the first Afghan presidential election and 2009 when the second presidential election took place. In 2006 there was a major cabinet reshuffle. The first Karzai cabinet followed the Afghan Transitional Administration which was put in place by the 2002 loya jirga. Karzai announced the names of the cabinet on 23 December 2004. The cabinet was sworn in on 24 December 2002 and held its first cabinet meeting on 27 December. This cabinet consisted of 27 ministers,including two women.
Ghulam Faruq,meaning "Servant of Farooq",is a male Muslim given name popular in Afghanistan,Bangladesh and Pakistan. Notable bearers of the name include:
Zamina Begum,also known as Zainab Begum,was an Afghan princess who was the First Lady of Afghanistan from 1973 until her assassination in 1978. She was the wife of Mohammed Daoud Khan,the first president of Afghanistan,and the brother of the last king of Afghanistan,Mohammed Zahir Shah.
Kubra Noorzai (1932–1986) was an Afghan politician. She was the first woman to become a government minister in the country,serving as Minister of Public Health between 1965 and 1969.
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Afghanistan in January 1977. The Constitutional Assembly was called to produce a new constitution four years after the coup that saw Mohammed Daoud Khan overthrow his cousin,King Mohammed Zahir Shah. The Assembly was part-elected and part-appointed.
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Afghanistan in 1964. The Assembly produced the 1964 constitution,which introduced women's suffrage.
Shafiqa Ziaie or Shafiqa Ziaye was an Afghan educator and cabinet minister. She belonged to the generation of pioneer women who attained public positions in Afghan society after the reforms of Mohammed Daoud Khan.
Saleha Farooq Etemadi was an Afghan politician. She served as Minister of Social Security in 1990-1992.