Masuma Esmati-Wardak | |
---|---|
Minister of Education | |
In office 1990-1992 | |
Member of the House of the People | |
In office 1965–1969 | |
Constituency | Kandahar |
Masuma Esmati-Wardak was an Afghan writer and politician. She was jointly one of the first women to serve in the Afghan parliament and served as Minister of Education.
In 1953 she graduated from Kabul Women's College,and received a degree in business in the United States in 1958. [1]
In 1959,she and Kubra Noorzai became one of the first women to appear in public in Afghanistan without a veil after Queen Humaira Begum had removed hers,supporting the call by the Prime minister Mohammed Daoud Khan for women to voluntary remove their veil. [2]
In 1964 King Mohammed Zahir Shah appointed her to an advisory committee that reviewed the draft 1964 constitution, [3] which granted women the right to vote and stand for election. In 1965 she was elected to represent Kandahar in the House of the People of Parliament,and became a leading advocate of women's rights. [1] [4] She was the only one of the four women elected in 1965 to run for re-election in 1969,but lost her seat. [5]
In 1987 she became President of the Afghan Women's Council. [1]
In May 1990 she was appointed cabinet minister of Education and Training in the government of Mohammad Najibullah. [6]
Babrak Karmal was an Afghan communist revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Afghanistan,serving in the post of general secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1986.
Eileen Christine Desmond was an Irish Labour Party politician who served as Minister for Health and Minister for Social Welfare from 1981 to 1982. She served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1965 to 1969,1973 to 1981 and 1981 to 1987. She served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Munster constituency from 1979 to 1981. She was a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1969 to 1973.
Simone Veil was a French magistrate,Holocaust survivor,and politician who served as Health Minister in several governments and was President of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1982,the first woman to hold that office. As health minister,she is best remembered for advancing women's rights in France,in particular for the 1975 law that legalized abortion,today known as the Veil Act. From 1998 to 2007,she was a member of the Constitutional Council,France’s highest legal authority.
Nicole Fontaine was a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the Île-de-France from 1984 until 2002 and from 2004 until 2009. She was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement,part of the European People's Party. Fontaine was the President of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2001,and was then replaced by Pat Cox,from the European Liberal,Democrat and Reform Party,in accordance with an agreement between the two groups at the start of the term.
Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz was a politician and Muslim League activist. She was the daughter of Sir Muhammad Shafi. Her husband was Mian Shah Nawaz. She studied at Queen Mary College,Lahore,British India.
Soraya Tarzi was the first queen consort of Afghanistan as the wife of King Amanullah Khan. She played a major part in the modernization reforms of Amanullah Khan,particularly in regard to the emancipation of women.
Movements for Muslim women to seek roles in national leadership have increased rapidly. Greater opportunities for women in education have further encouraged their involvement in politics. The most prominent Muslim female leaders are former prime minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto,Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001–2004),former Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Çiller (1993–1996),former Senegalese Prime Minister Mame Madior Boye (2001–2002),Bangladeshi Prime Ministers Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina Wajed,former Iranian Vice President Masoumeh Ebtekar (1997–2005),former Malian Prime Minister CisséMariam Kaïdama Sidibé(2011–2012),Kosovan President Atifete Jahjaga (2011–2016),former President of Mauritius Ameenah Gurib (2015–2018),former President of Singapore Halimah Yacob (2017–2023) and current President of Tanzania Samia Suluhu Hassan
Women's rights in Afghanistan have oscillated back and forth depending on the time period as well as the regime in power. After King Amanullah Khan's attempts to modernize the country in the 1920s,women officially gained equality under the 1964 Constitution. However,these rights were taken away in the 1990s through different temporary rulers such as the mujahideen and the Taliban during the Afghan civil war. During the first Taliban regime (1996–2001),women had very little to no freedom,specifically in terms of civil liberties. When the Taliban was overthrown by the United States following the 9/11 attacks,women's rights gradually improved under the presidential Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Women were de jure equal to men under the 2004 Constitution.
Humaira Begum was the wife and first cousin of King Mohammed Zahir Shah and the last queen consort of Afghanistan.
Anahita Ratebzad was an Afghan socialist and Marxist-Leninist politician and a member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and the Revolutionary Council under the leadership of Babrak Karmal. One of the first women elected to the Afghan parliament,Ratebzad was deputy head of state from 1980 to 1986.
Roqia Abubakr was an Afghan politician,and jointly the first woman elected to parliament in the country.
Parliamentary elections were held in Afghanistan between August 29 and September 11 1969. They were the second elections after the introduction of the 1964 constitution,with 2,030 candidates standing for the 216 seats of the House of the People and for one-third of the House of Elders. The single-member plurality electoral system was used.
Zamina Begum,also known as Zainab Begum,was an Afghan princess. She was the First Lady of Afghanistan in 1973–1978,as the wife of the first President of Afghanistan,Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan.
Kubra Noorzai (1932–1986) was an Afghan politician. She was the first woman to become a government minister in the country,serving as Minister of Public Health between 1965 and 1969.
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Afghanistan in January 1977. The Constitutional Assembly was called to produce a new constitution four years after the coup that saw Mohammed Daoud Khan overthrow his cousin,King Mohammed Zahir Shah. The Assembly was part-elected and part-appointed.
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Afghanistan in 1964. The Assembly produced the 1964 constitution,which introduced women's suffrage.
Princess Bilqis Begum is a former Afghan princess.
Shafiqa Ziaie or Shafiqa Ziaye was an Afghan educator and cabinet minister. She belonged to the generation of pioneer women who attained public positions in Afghan society after the reforms of Mohammed Daoud Khan.
Soraya Parlika (1944-2019) was an Afghan women's rights activist and politician. She served as Chairperson of the Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan (DOAW) in 1978 and in 1979–1981. She served as head of Afghanistan's Red Crescent Society in 1986–1992.