Member states of NATO

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NATO in 2025 NATO members (blue).svg
NATO in 2025

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an international military alliance consisting of 32 member states from Europe and North America. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Of the 32 member countries, 30 are in Europe and two are in North America. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative, and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Contents

All members have militaries, except for Iceland, which does not have a typical army (but it does have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member states. Three more members joined between 1952 and 1955, and a fourth joined in 1982. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has added 16 more members from 1999 to 2024. [1] Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members shall assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary. [2] Article 6 of the treaty limits the scope of Article 5 to the islands north of the Tropic of Cancer, the North American and European mainlands, the entirety of Turkey, and French Algeria, the last of which has been moot since July 1962. Thus, an attack on Hawaii, Puerto Rico, French Guiana, the Falkland Islands, Ceuta or Melilla, among other places, would not trigger an Article 5 response.

NATO recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members as part of their Open Doors enlargement policy. [3]

Map of NATO in Europe:
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Current members
Membership Action Plan
Countries seeking membership
Countries where membership is not a goal
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) NATO 32 Members.png
Map of NATO in Europe:
  Current members
  Membership Action Plan
  Countries seeking membership
  Countries where membership is not a goal

Founding members and enlargement

NATO was established on 4 April 1949 via the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the Alliance were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [4]

The various allies all signed the Ottawa Agreement, [5] which is a 1951 document that acts to embody civilian oversight of the Alliance. [5] [6]

Current membership consists of 32 countries. In addition to the 12 founding countries, four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece and Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982). Additionally, NATO experienced territorial expansion during this period without adding new member states when Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste was annexed by Italy in 1954, and the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany in 1990. NATO further expanded after the Cold War, adding the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and Croatia (2009); Montenegro (2017); North Macedonia (2020); Finland (2023); and Sweden (2024). [4] Of the territories and members added between 1990 and 2024, all except for Finland and Sweden were either formerly part of the Warsaw Pact (including the formerly Soviet Baltic states) or territories of the former Yugoslavia. No countries have left NATO since its founding, although France withdrew from NATO unified command between 1966 and 2009.

Currently, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization now covers a total area of 27,580,492 km2 (10,648,887 sq mi), since the accession of Sweden on 7 March 2024.

List of member states

The current members and their dates of admission are listed below.

FlagMapNameCapitalAccession [7] Population [8] [9] Area
[10]
Military budget as %GDP 2024 [11] GDP 2023 (million US$) [12] Languages
Flag of Albania.svg
Albania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Albania Tirana 1 April 20092,854,71028,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi)2.0322,743 Albanian
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg
Belgium on the globe (Europe centered).svg Belgium Brussels 24 August 1949 [a] 11,611,41930,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi)1.30630,110 Dutch
French
German
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria on the globe (Europe centered).svg Bulgaria Sofia 29 March 20046,885,868110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi)2.18101,611 Bulgarian
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg
Canada on the globe (North America centered).svg Canada Ottawa 24 August 1949 [a] 38,155,0129,984,670 km2 (3,855,103 sq mi)1.372,140,086 English
French
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Croatia Zagreb 1 April 20094,060,13556,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi)1.8182,044 Croatian
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic on the globe (Europe centered).svg Czech Republic [b] Prague 12 March 199910,510,75178,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi)2.10332,025 Czech
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark including autonomous territories on the globe (Europe centered).svg Denmark [c] Copenhagen 24 August 1949 [a] 5,854,2402,210,573 km2 (853,507 sq mi) [d] 2.37405,199 Danish
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Estonia Tallinn 29 March 20041,328,70145,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi)3.4340,757 Estonian
Flag of Finland.svg Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Finland Helsinki 4 April 20235,619,399338,455 km2 (130,678 sq mi)2.41300,499 Finnish
Swedish
Flag of France.svg France on the globe (Europe centered).svg France [e] Paris 24 August 1949 [a] 64,531,444643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi)2.063,031,778 French
Flag of Germany.svg Germany on the globe (Europe centered).svg Germany [f] Berlin 6 May 1955
(West Germany)
3 October 1990
(Germany)
83,408,554357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi)2.124,457,366 German
Flag of Greece.svg Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg Greece Athens 18 February 195210,445,365131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)3.08238,275 Greek
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary on the globe (Europe centered).svg Hungary Budapest 12 March 19999,709,78693,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi)2.11212,610 Hungarian
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Iceland Reykjavík 24 August 1949 [a] 370,335103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi)0.031,020 Icelandic
Flag of Italy.svg Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg Italy Rome 59,240,329301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi)1.492,255,503 Italian
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Latvia Riga 29 March 20041,873,91964,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi)3.1543,598 Latvian
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Lithuania Vilnius 2,786,65165,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi)2.8577,926 Lithuanian
Flag of Luxembourg.svg
Luxembourg on the globe (Europe centered).svg
Luxembourg Luxembourg 24 August 1949 [a] 639,3212,586 km2 (998 sq mi)1.2985,780 Luxembourgish
French
German
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro on the globe (Europe centered).svg Montenegro Podgorica 5 June 2017627,85913,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi)2.027,406 Montenegrin
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands on the globe (Europe centered).svg Netherlands [g] Amsterdam 24 August 1949 [a] 17,501,69641,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi) [h] 2.051,117,101 Dutch
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg North Macedonia Skopje 27 March 20202,103,33025,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi)2.2214,769 Macedonian
Flag of Norway.svg Norway on the globe (Europe centered).svg Norway [i] Oslo 24 August 1949 [a] 5,403,021323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi) [j] 2.20485,513 Norwegian
Flag of Poland.svg Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Poland Warsaw 12 March 199938,307,726312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi)4.12808,435 Polish
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg Portugal Lisbon 24 August 1949 [a] 10,290,10392,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi)1.55287,421 Portuguese
Flag of Romania.svg Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Romania Bucharest 29 March 200419,328,560238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi)2.25345,894 Romanian
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovakia Bratislava 5,447,62249,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi)2.0132,122 Slovak
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovenia Ljubljana 2,119,41020,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi)1.2968,236 Slovene
Flag of Spain.svg Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg Spain [k] Madrid 30 May 198247,486,935505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi)1.281,581,151 Spanish
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg Sweden Stockholm 7 March 202410,467,097450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi)2.14593,268 Swedish
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey on the globe (Europe centered).svg Turkey [l] Ankara 18 February 195284,775,404783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)2.091,108,453 Turkish
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom on the globe (Europe centered).svg United Kingdom [m] London 24 August 1949 [a] 67,281,039243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi)2.333,344,744 English
Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg United States on the globe (North America centered).svg United States [n] Washington, D.C. 336,997,6249,833,520 km2 (3,796,743 sq mi)3.3827,357,825

Special arrangements

The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allowed the U.S. to maintain an existing base, Thule Air Base (now Pituffik Space Base), in Greenland. [13]

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed "Gaullo-Mitterrandism". [14] Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance. [15] [16]

Membership aspirations

As of March 2024, three additional states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine. [3]

Withdrawal

No state has ever withdrawn from NATO, but some dependencies of member states have not requested membership after becoming independent:

Military personnel

The following list is constructed from The Military Balance, published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Numbers of military personnel
Country [18] Active Reserve Para­mili­tary TotalPer 1,000 capitaRef.
totalactive
Flag of Albania.svg Albania 10,5002,10050013,1004.23.4
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 29,4005,900035,30032.5
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 42,6633,000045,6636.66.2
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 70,50035,6005,500111,6002.91.9
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 16,70021,0003,00040,7009.74
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 27,4004,200031,60032.6
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 20,44045,800066,24011.23.5
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 7,600230,00015,800253,400207.76.2
Flag of Finland.svg Finland 24,250900,00014,321938,571168.74.4
Flag of France.svg France 208,750141,050175,050524,8507.73.1
Flag of Germany.svg Germany 184,10050,0500234,1502.92.3
Flag of Greece.svg Greece 143,300221,3504,000368,65034.813.5
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 41,60020,00012,00073,6007.64.3
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 2502502507502.10.7
Flag of Italy.svg Italy 175,10018,300182,350375,75062.8 [o]
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 16,70036,000052,70028.39
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 23,00090,00014,150127,15046.98.5
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 94006001,5402.41.5
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 2,3502,80010,10015,25025.13.9
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 41,5436,6436,50054,6863.22.4
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 8,00026,8507,60042,45019.93.8
Flag of Norway.svg Norway 25,40040,000065,40011.94.6
Flag of Poland.svg Poland 164,500200,00075,400439,90011.54.3
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 33,200211,70024,700269,60026.33.2
Flag of Romania.svg Romania 72,00055,00079,900206,9009.73.4
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 19,5000019,5003.63.6
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 7,50026,2005,95039,65018.93.6
Flag of Spain.svg Spain 133,28215,45075,800224,5324.82.8
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 24,40032,900057,3005.42.3
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 690,811380,700192,5341,264,04515.38.4
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 196,45378,6000275,0534.23
Flag of the United States.svg United States 1,598,2871,072,54302,670,83084.8
Flag of NATO.svg NATO 3,869,4023,768,103870,2718,507,7768.74

Military expenditures

Military spending of the US compared to 31 other NATO member countries (US$ millions). [p]

  United States (65.63%)
  All other NATO countries total (34.37%)

Total military spending of NATO member countries except the United States, and Sweden (US$ millions). [p] [q]

  Greece (1.75%)
  Estonia (0.28%)
  Portugal (0.99%)
  Montenegro (0.03%)
  Lithuania (0.51%)
  Norway (2.05%)
  Turkey (4.42%)
  Latvia (0.25%)
  Denmark (1.91%)
  Croatia (0.34%)
  North Macedonia (0.062%)
  Romania (1.32%)
  Hungary (1.01%)
  Bulgaria (0.45%)
  Italy (7.63%)
  France (13.47%)
  Poland (7.50%)
  Spain (4.57%)
  Slovenia (0.21%)
  United Kingdom (18.03%)
  Slovakia (0.62%)
  Canada (6.56%)
  Germany (17.26%)
  Netherlands (3.85%)
  Other (4.928%)

United States and Sweden omitted – see above

The defence spending of the United States is more than double the defence spending of all other NATO members combined.(Note that this is total U.S. defense spending, not spending specifically for NATO) [19] Criticism of the fact that many member states were not contributing their fair share in accordance with the international agreement by then US president Donald Trump caused various reactions from American and European political figures, ranging from ridicule to panic. [20] [21] [22] While NATO members have committed to spending at least 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on defence, most of them did not meet that goal in 2023. [23]

Military budget in %25 of USA military expeditures 1988-2019.svg
Total Military budget of European NATO countries (excluding Turkey) as a percentage of US military budget. Chinese and Russian military spending included for comparison [24]
Member statePopu­lation [r] GDP
(nomi­nal)
($billions) [s]
Defence expenditure (US$) [s] Person­nel [s]
Total
($mil­lions)
 % real GDP Per capita
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 3,101,62125.435162.031147,000
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 11,913,633655.748,5191.3058521,300
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 6,827,736106.722,3252.1821826,900
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 38,516,7362,233.8330,4951.3760977,100
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 4,169,23989.901,6241.8131513,700
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 10,706,242326.136,8342.1042629,500
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 6,057,361418.589,9402.371,47917,300
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 1,202,76241.891,4373.436907,500
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 5,614,571302.727,3082.411,10330,800
Flag of France.svg  France 62,819,4283,120.3564,2712.06801204,700
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 84,220,1844,610.0497,6862.12911185,600
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 10,497,595249.817,6843.08648110,800
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 9,670,009231.614,8892.1134920,900
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 360,87232.89
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 61,021,8552,311.1734,4621.49505171,400
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 1,821,75045.151,4213.155398,400
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 2,655,75580.722,3002.8553818,500
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 660,92460.697851.29921900
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 602,4458.021622.021701,600
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 17,463,9301,162.8821,6401.851,03041,900
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 2,133,41015.873532.221276,100
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 5,600,850482.5810,6062.201,75424,300
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 37,991,766848.8634,9754.12711216,100
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 10,223,150298.984,6271.5536028,400
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 18,326,327383.928,6442.2528966,600
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 5,425,319142.812,8411.9938715,600
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 2,099,79073.529491.293395,900
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 47,051,0851,658.3621,2691.28366117,400
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 10,536,338626.5413,4282.141,18523,100
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 83,593,4831,090.2922,7762.09310481,000
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 68,502,9563,520.5082,1072.331,077138,100
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 338,229,98028,719.94967,7073.372,2391,300,200
Flag of NATO.svg  NATO 969,619,19253,976.441,474,3992.731,2103,418,600

Pew Research Center's 2016 survey among its member states showed that while most countries viewed NATO positively, most NATO members preferred keeping their military spending the same. The response to whether their country should militarily aid another NATO country if it were to get into a serious military conflict with Russia was also mixed. Roughly half or fewer in six of the eight countries surveyed say their country should use military force if Russia attacks a neighboring country that is a NATO ally. And at least half in three of the eight NATO countries say that their government should not use military force in such circumstances. The strongest opposition to responding with armed force is in Germany (58%), followed by France (53%) and Italy (51%). More than half of Americans (56%) and Canadians (53%) are willing to respond to Russian military aggression against a fellow NATO country. A plurality of the British (49%) and Poles (48%) would also live up to their Article 5 commitment. The Spanish are divided on the issue: 48% support it, 47% oppose. [27] [28]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Founding member of NATO.
  2. Officially referred to by the name Czechia. (See Czech Republic#Name.)
  3. Including the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  4. including Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  5. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty doesn't cover overseas territories of France apart from Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
  6. Germany initially joined NATO as West Germany. The former country of East Germany became part of NATO after German reunification.
  7. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty covers only the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
  8. Figure includes the islands of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius, but they don't fall under the NATO treaty.
  9. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty doesn't cover Bouvet Island.
  10. Including Jan Mayen, and Svalbard.
  11. Excluding the Plazas de soberanía region.
  12. Officially referred to by the name Türkiye. (See Name of Turkey.)
  13. Including Bermuda, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, and Jersey. Other overseas territories are not covered under Article 5.
  14. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty covers neither Hawaii nor any of the US territories.
  15. The paramilitary forces of Italy consist of the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza.
  16. 1 2 Country order is the same as the preceding chart (military personnel per 1,000 capita) to maintain the same country colours between charts.
  17. The pie chart format does not allow as many slices as there are countries in NATO, so certain countries (Albania, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland and Luxembourg) have been combined into a single slice.
  18. Population data is based on a 2023 estimate by the Central Intelligence Agency in The World Factbook . [25]
  19. 1 2 3 Defence expenditure, GDP and personnel data are based on a June 2024 press release from NATO. [26]

References

Citations

  1. Center, Notre Dame International Security (23 March 2023). "The Addition of NATO Members Over Time (1949–2023)". ND International Security Center. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  2. "The North Atlantic Treaty". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 4 April 1949. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  3. 1 2 "Enlargement and Article 10". NATO. 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022. Currently, five partner countries have declared their aspirations to NATO membership: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Georgia, Sweden and Ukraine.
  4. 1 2 NATO. "Member countries". NATO. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  5. 1 2 Mosquera, Andrés B. Muñoz (2019). "The North Atlantic Treaty: Article 9 and NATO's Institutionalization". Volume 34. Emory International Law Review. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. Really, the Agreement on the Status of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, National Representatives and International Staff signed in Ottawa
  6. "03. Agreement on the Status of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, National Representatives and International Staff, done at Ottawa September 20, 1951". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  7. "Member countries". NATO. 11 March 2024. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024.
  8. "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  9. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  10. "Field Listing :: Area". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  11. "Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2024)" (PDF). NATO Public Diplomacy Division. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  12. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  13. "Denmark and NATO – 1949". Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  14. "Why the concept of Gaullo-Mitterrandism is still relevant". IRIS. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  15. Cody, Edward (12 March 2009). "After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  16. Stratton, Allegra (17 June 2008). "Sarkozy military plan unveiled". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  17. 1 2 NATO. "Enlargement and Article 10". NATO. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  18. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2022). The Military Balance 2022. London: Routledge. ISBN   978-1-032-27900-8. ISSN   0459-7222.
  19. Friedman, George (24 January 2017). "Where Does The Relationship Between NATO And The U.S. Go From Here?". Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  20. Birnbaum, Michael; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (8 April 2023). "NATO allies boost defense spending in the wake of Trump criticism". Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  21. Mortimer, Caroline (19 March 2017). "Ex-US ambassador in withering criticism of Trump on Nato". The Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  22. Ridgwell, Henry (25 January 2017). "Shaken by Trump's Criticism of NATO, Europe Mulls Building Own Military Force". Voice Of America . Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  23. Gray, Andrew; Siebold, Sabine (13 February 2024). "What did Trump say about NATO funding and what is Article 5?" . Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  24. "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2023. doi:10.55163/cqgc9685. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  25. "Country Comparisons — Population". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  26. "Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2024)" (PDF). NATO. March 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  27. Cuddington, Danielle (6 July 2016). "Support for NATO is widespread among member nations". Pew Research . Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  28. Emmott, Robin (23 May 2017). "U.S. would defend NATO despite Trump's criticism, Europeans believe: study". Reuters . Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.

Bibliography