Milecastle

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The remains of Milecastle 39 (Castle Nick), near Steel Rigg on Hadrian's Wall. Milecastle 39 on Hadrian's Wall.jpg
The remains of Milecastle 39 (Castle Nick), near Steel Rigg on Hadrian's Wall.

A milecastle was a small fort (fortlet), a rectangular fortification built during the period of the Roman Empire. They were placed at intervals of approximately one Roman mile along several major frontiers, for example Hadrian's Wall in Great Britain (Britannia in the Roman period), hence the name.

Contents

Along Hadrian's Wall, milecastles were initially constructed of stone in the eastern two thirds, and stacked turf with a wooden palisade in the western third, though the turf milecastles were later rebuilt in stone. Size varied, but in general they were about 15m by 18m (50 feet by 65 feet) internally, with stone walls as much as 3m (10 feet) thick and probably 5m to 6m (17 to 20 feet) high, to match the height of the adjacent wall. There were 80 milecastles and 158 turrets.

On Hadrian's Wall, a milecastle (there are a few exceptions) guarded a gateway through the Wall with a corresponding causeway across the Wall ditch to the north, and had a garrison of perhaps 20–30 auxiliary soldiers housed in two barrack blocks. On either side of the milecastle was a stone tower (turret), located about one-third of a Roman mile (500m or 540 yards) away. It is assumed that the garrison also supplied soldiers to man the turrets. The milecastle's garrison controlled the passage of people, goods and livestock across the frontier, and it is likely that the milecastle acted as a customs post to levy taxation on that traffic.

A system of milecastles (known as milefortlets) and intervening stone watchtowers extended from the western end of Hadrian's Wall, along the Cumbrian coast as far as Tower 25B at Flimby, [1] but they were linked by a wooden palisade and not a wall fronted by a deep ditch, and they had no gateway through the palisade. [2]

Terminology and numbering

The term milecastle was formalised by Robert Smith in 1708, but was in informal use by locals before that date. [3] It generally refers to the installations attached to the curtain wall, with the term 'Milefortlet' being widely used to refer to similar installations that continued along the Cumbrian coast and were contemporary with the Milecastles. Turrets standing between milefortlets are referred to as towers. [4]

Milecastles are numbered from 1 (the easternmost Milecastle) to 80 in the West. This system was introduced by J. Collingwood Bruce at the end of the 19th century, and became a standard around 1930, though Peter Hill has suggested that there may have additionally been a Milecastle 0. [5] Milefortlets are numbered from 1 (West of Bowness on Solway) possibly as far as 26 (at Flimby). The widely used shorthand is, for example, 'MC1', 'MC2', etc. for Milecastles and 'MF1', 'MF2', etc. for Milefortlets. Intervening Turrets and Towers are referred to with an alphabetic suffix, so the turrets to the West of MC20 would be Turrets 20a and 20b, or 'T20a' and 'T20b'. Despite evidence of the curtain wall continuing for around a quarter of a mile west of Bowness-on-Solway, the Turrets between MC80 and MF1 are known as Towers 0a and 0b. [4]

Where the Turf Wall and Stone Walls diverge from one another (just to the west of Birdoswald), Milecastles and Turrets unique to the Turf Wall are given a 'TW' suffix, for example 'MC50 TW'. [4]

Milecastle plans

Gateways

The milecastles of Hadrian's Wall are recognised as having three principal types of gateway: [6]

  1. Type I have piers protruding symmetrically on the inside and outside of the gateway, with responds on both the inside and outside. The piers and passage-walls tend to be in large masonry, and the structure is broader (E to W) than it is deep (N to S, i.e. between the gateways). Examples are MC 38 (Hotbank) and MC 42 (Cawfields). Generally thought to have been built by Legio II Augusta. [7]
  2. Type II have piers protruding on the inside of the gateway, with responds on outside. The piers and passage-walls tend to be in smaller masonry than Type I. Only found on Narrow Wall milecastles; when similar gateways are found on Broad Wall milecastles, it is sometimes referred to as Type IV. An example is MC 9 (Chapel House). Generally thought to have been built by Legio XX Valeria Victrix. [7]
  3. Type III have piers protruding on the inside of the gateway, with responds on both the inside and outside. The piers tend to be in large masonry and the passage-walls in smaller material. Examples are MC 47 (Chapel House, E of Gilsland) and MC 48 (Poltross Burn). Generally thought to have been built by Legio VI Victrix. [7]

Axes

Two types of milecastle are discernible in plan. These are known as 'Long Axis' and 'Short Axis', with the referred axis being that between the northern and southern gateways. The only (known) exception is Milecastle 79, which was a Turf Wall milecastle subsequently rebuilt with stone.

List of milecastles

NumberName
0 (unnamed, existence uncertain)
1 Stott's Pow [8]
2 Walker [9]
3 Ouseburn [10]
4 Westgate Road [11]
5 Quarry House [12]
6 Benwell Grove [13]
7 Benwell Bank [14]
8 West Denton [15]
9 Chapel House [16]
10 Walbottle Dene [17]
11 Throckley Bank Top [18]
12 Heddon [19]
13 Rudchester Burn [20]
14 March Burn [21]
15 Whitchester [22]
16 Harlow Hill [23]
17 Welton [24]
18 East Wallhouses [25]
19 Matfen Piers [26]
20 Halton Shields [27]
21 Down Hill [28]
22 Portgate [29]
23 Stanley [30]
24 Wall Fell [31]
25 Codlawhill [32]
26 Planetrees [33]
27 Low Brunton [34]
28 Walwick [35]
29 Tower Tye [36]
30 Limestone Corner [37]
31 Carrowburgh [38]
32 Carraw [39]
33 Shield-on-the-Wall [40]
34 Grindon [41]
35 Sewingshields [42]
36 King's Hill [43]
37 Housesteads [44]
38 Hotbank [45]
39 Castle Nick [46]
40 Winshields [47]
41 Melkridge [48]
42 Cawfields [49]
43 (Unnamed?) [50]
44 Allolee [51]
45 Walltown [52]
46 Carvoran [53]
47 Chapel House [54]
48 Poltross Burn [55]
49 Harrow's Scar [56]
50 Turf Wall [57]
51 Wall Bowers [58]
52 Bankshead [59]
53 Banks Burn [60]
54 Randylands [61]
55 Low Wall [62]
56 Walton [63]
57 Cambeckhill [64]
58 Newtown [65]
59 Old Wall [66]
60 High Strand [67]
61 Wallhead [68]
62 Walby East [69]
63 Walby West [70]
64 Drawdykes [71]
65 Tarraby [72]
66 Stanwix Bank [73]
67 Stainton [74]
68 Boomby Gill [75]
69 Sourmilk Bridge [76]
70 Braelees [77]
71 Wormanby [78]
72 Fauld Farm [79]
73 Dykesfield [80]
74 Burgh Marsh [81]
75 Easton [82]
76 Drumburgh [83]
77 Raven Bank [84]
78 Kirkland [85]
79 Solway House [86]
80 (Unnamed) [87]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 4</span>

Milecastle 4 (Westgate Road) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist beneath the Newcastle Arts Centre at 67-75 Westgate Road. This position is some way away from its predicted position which is at these coordinates: 54.970440°N 1.608669°W The actual location is between the predicted positions of Turrets 4A and 4B, which has led to suggestions that the numbering and positioning of milecastles and turrets on this part of Hadrian's Wall should be reconsidered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 18</span>

Milecastle 18 (East Wallhouses) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. It is located to the west of the settlement of East Wallhouses in Northumberland and is visible as a platform in the ground. The milecastle is of a unique construction, having a gateway associated with builders of the Legio II Augusta and a layout typical of the Legio VI Victrix or Legio XX Valeria Victrix. Historians have suggested that it may have been begun by men of one legion and finished by those of another. One of Milecastle 18's associated turrets shows evidence of being used as a workshop, possibly for the repair of shoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 9</span>

Milecastle 9 (Chapel House) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist partially as a low platform, and are located in West Denton (to the west of Newcastle upon Tyne), 300 yards (270 m) from Chapel House Farm. However, the northern part of the remains are now mostly covered by the modern roads (A69/B6528). The milecastle marks a watershed between those with relatively well-defined positions (to the west) and those whose position are less certain (to the east).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 10</span>

Milecastle 10 (Walbottle Dene) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. It is located near to the modern village of Throckley in Tyne and Wear, northern England. Much of the milecastle lies beneath a road but partial remains of the north wall can be seen in the garden of Dene House. It has been excavated several times and its walls located, though the remains have been "considerably damaged by ploughing". Only one of the two associated turrets has been located and excavated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 15</span>

Milecastle 15 (Whitchester) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as a bold platform with robbed walls located on the southern side of the B6318 Military Road approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of its crossing of the A69 road. It has not been excavated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 22</span>

Milecastle 22 (Portgate) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as a low, turf covered platform just east of the Portgate roundabout (junction of the A68 and B6318). The platform is 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) on the east side, reducing to only a parch mark on the west side.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 23</span> Milecastle in Northumberland, England, UK

Milecastle 23 (Stanley) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as a low, grass covered platform with traces of an external ditch (as Milecastle 25). It is located to the south of the B6318 Military Road around 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) west of its junction with the A68.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 80</span>

Milecastle 80 was one of a series of Milecastles or small fortlets built at intervals of approximately one Roman mile along Hadrian's Wall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 79</span>

Milecastle 79 (Solway House) was one of a series of Milecastles or small fortlets built at intervals of approximately one Roman mile along Hadrian's Wall (grid reference NY23596224).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 42</span>

Milecastle 42 (Cawfields) is a milecastle on Hadrian's Wall (grid reference NY7157466692).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 27</span>

Milecastle 27 (Low Brunton) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. It was located on the line of Hadrian's Wall, approximately midway between the A6079 and the River North Tyne. Its remains survive as a slight squarish platform with a maximum height of 0.4 metres (1.3 ft), but it is poorly defined to the north and east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 24</span>

Milecastle 24 (Wall Fell) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as a low platform, and are located to the south of the B6318 Military Road around 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of its junction with the A68.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 25</span>

Milecastle 25 (Codlawhill) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as a low platform, and are located to the south of the B6318 Military Road (about 1 metre (3.3 ft) high), nearly 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the west of its junction with the A68.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 26</span> Milecastle on Hadrians Wall, England

Milecastle 26 (Planetrees) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its position is slightly to the south of, but mostly covered by the B6318 Military Road., and it is located around 700 metres (0.43 miles) east of the B6318 Military Road's junction with the A6079. No visible traces exist currently. The dimensions are the same as Milecastles 23, 24, and 25.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 28</span>

Milecastle 28 (Walwick) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall in England. No remains are currently visible. Its location is immediately to the south of the B6318 Military Road in Walwick.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 29</span>

Milecastle 29 (Tower Tye) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as a mutilated earth platform accentuated by deep robber-trenches around all sides, and are located beside the B6318 Military Road. Like Milecastles 9, 23, 25, and 51, a ditch has been identified around the Milecastle, and is still visible to a small extent. It has been postulated that this was as a result of the need for drainage on the site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 30</span>

Milecastle 30 (Limestone Corner) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as an outward-facing scarp with a maximum height of 0.8 metres (2.6 ft). Masonry from the east wall (both faces) remains in situ. The remaining stretch is 3.1 metres (10 ft) in length by 2.25 metres (7.4 ft) thick, and survives to a height of 0.6 metres (2.0 ft). It is located at the western part of Limestone Corner, just off the B6318 Military Road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 32</span>

Milecastle 32 (Carraw) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as earthworks and with no exposed masonry. The layout of the milecastle walls is defined (still quite evident) by robber trenches (to a maximum depth of 0.3 metres (1 ft 0 in). The north wall is beneath a modern wall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 33</span>

Milecastle 33 (Shield on the Wall) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall, one of a series of small fortlets built at intervals of approximately one Roman mile along the length of the UNESCO World Heritage Site in northern England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milecastle 34</span>

Milecastle 34 (Grindon) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. There are no visible remains, but the site is within a small, tree-filled, walled enclosure located around 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) east of Sewingshields farm.

References

  1. ↑ "RISEHOW TOWER 25B". Pastscape. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  2. ↑ Stephen Johnson (2004) Hadrian's Wall, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, ISBN   0-7134-8840-9
  3. ↑ Birley, E. (1961) Research on Hadrian’s Wall, Titus Wilson & Son (Kendal)
  4. 1 2 3 Breeze, David J (1934), Handbook to the Roman Wall (14th Revised edition – Nov 2006), Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, p. 12, ISBN   0901082651
  5. ↑ Hill, Peter (2001) ‘Hadrian’s Wall from MC0 to MC9, Archaeologia Aeliana series 5, Volume 29, The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne doi : 10.5284/1061058
  6. ↑ Stephen Johnson (2004) Hadrian's Wall, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, ISBN   0-7134-8840-9 pp 31–32
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wilmot, Tony (1 October 2009), Hadrian's Wall: Archaeological Research by English Heritage 1976–2000, Frank Graham, pp. 137–138, ISBN   978-1-905624-71-3
  8. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060287 (Milecastle 1 (Stott's Pow))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  9. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060277 (Milecastle 2 (Walker))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  10. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060312 (Milecastle 3 (Ouseburn))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  11. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060316 (Milecastle 4 (Westgate Road))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  12. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060354 (Milecastle 5 (Quarry House))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  13. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060357 (Milecastle 6 (Benwell Grove))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  14. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060352 (Milecastle 7 (Benwell Bank))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  15. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060349 (Milecastle 8 (West Denton))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  16. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060373 (Milecastle 9 (Chapel House))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  17. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060378 (Milecastle 10 (Walbottle Dene))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  18. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060371 (Milecastle 11 (Throckley Bank Top))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  19. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060410 (Milecastle 12 (Heddon))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  20. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060405 (Milecastle 13 (Rudchester Burn))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  21. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060404 (Milecastle 14 (March Burn))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  22. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060427 (Milecastle 15 (Whitchester))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  23. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060428 (Milecastle 16 (Harlow Hill))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  24. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060425 (Milecastle 17 (Welton))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  25. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060420 (Milecastle 18 (East Wallhouses))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  26. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060221 (Milecastle 19 (Matfen Piers))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  27. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060224 (Milecastle 20 (Halton Shields))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  28. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060215 (Milecastle 21 (Down Hill))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  29. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060252 (Milecastle 22 (Portgate))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  30. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060249 (Milecastle 23 (Stanley))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  31. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060246 (Milecastle 24 (Wall Fell))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  32. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060295 (Milecastle 25 (Codlawhill))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  33. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060294 (Milecastle 26 (Planetrees))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  34. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060297 (Milecastle 27 (Low Brunton))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  35. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060292 (Milecastle 28 (Walwick))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  36. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060332 (Milecastle 29 (Tower Tye))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  37. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060333 (Milecastle 30 (Limestone Corner))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  38. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060326 (Milecastle 31 (Carrowburgh))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  39. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060269 (Milecastle 32 (Carraw))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  40. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060272 (Milecastle 33 (Shield-on-the-Wall))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  41. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060271 (Milecastle 34 (Grindon))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  42. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060231 (Milecastle 35 (Sewingshields))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  43. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060232 (Milecastle 36 (King's Hill))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  44. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 893595278 (Milecastle 37 (Housesteads))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  45. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060234 (Milecastle 38 (Hotbank))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  46. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060395 (Milecastle 39 (Castle Nick))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  47. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060399 (Milecastle 40 (Winshields))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  48. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060392 (Milecastle 41 (Melkridge))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  49. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060363 (Milecastle 42 (Cawfields))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  50. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060368 (Milecastle 43)". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  51. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060361 (Milecastle 44 (Allolee))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  52. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060347 (Milecastle 45 (Walltown))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  53. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060342 (Milecastle 46 (Carvoran))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  54. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060341 (Milecastle 47 (Chapel House))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  55. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060302 (Milecastle 48 (Poltross Burn))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  56. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060303 (Milecastle 49 (Harrow's Scar))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  57. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060310 (Milecastle 50 (Turf Wall) (High House))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  58. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060283 (Milecastle 51 (Wall Bowers))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  59. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060278 (Milecastle 52 (Bankshead))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  60. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060243 (Milecastle 53 (Banks Burn))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  61. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060240 (Milecastle 54 (Randylands))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  62. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060237 (Milecastle 55 (Low Wall))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  63. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060244 (Milecastle 56 (Walton))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  64. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060258 (Milecastle 57 (Cambeckhill))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  65. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060265 (Milecastle 58 (Newtown))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  66. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060256 (Milecastle 59 (Old Wall))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  67. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060290 (Milecastle 60 (High Strand))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  68. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060328 (Milecastle 61 (Wallhead))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  69. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060389 (Milecastle 62 (Walby East))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  70. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060432 (Milecastle 63 (Walby West))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  71. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060433 (Milecastle 64 (Drawdykes))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  72. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060434 (Milecastle 65 (Tarraby))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  73. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060430 (Milecastle 66 (Stanwix Bank))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  74. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060218 (Milecastle 67 (Stainton))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  75. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060217 (Milecastle 68 (Boomby Gill))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  76. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060415 (Milecastle 69 (Sourmilk Bridge))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  77. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060327 (Milecastle 70 (Braelees))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  78. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060386 (Milecastle 71 (Wormanby))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  79. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060383 (Milecastle 72 (Fauld Farm))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  80. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060416 (Milecastle 73 (Dykesfield))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  81. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060419 (Milecastle 74 (Burgh Marsh))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  82. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060414 (Milecastle 75 (Easton))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  83. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060411 (Milecastle 76 (Drumburgh))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  84. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060324 (Milecastle 77 (Raven Bank))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  85. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060320 (Milecastle 78 (Kirkland))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  86. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060319 (Milecastle 79 (Solway House))". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  87. ↑ Vanderbilt, S. "Places: 967060359 (Milecastle 80)". Pleiades. Retrieved 13 September 2020.

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