Mir-223

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mir-223
MiR-223 secondary structure.png
miR-223 microRNA secondary structure and sequence conservation
Identifiers
Symbolmir-223
Rfam RF00664
miRBase family MIPF0000067
NCBI Gene 407008
HGNC 31603
OMIM 300694
Other data
RNA type microRNA
Domain(s) Eukaryota; Euteleostomi
PDB structures PDBe

In molecular biology MicroRNA-223 (miR-223) is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. miR-223 is a hematopoietic specific microRNA with crucial functions in myeloid lineage development. [1] [2] It plays an essential role in promoting granulocytic differentiation [2] [3] while also being associated with the suppression of erythrocytic differentiation. [4] miR-223 is commonly repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma [5] and leukemia. [6] [7] [8] [9] Higher expression levels of miRNA-223 are associated with extranodal marginal-zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the stomach [10] and recurrent ovarian cancer. [11] In some cancers the microRNA-223 down-regulation is correlated with higher tumor burden, disease aggressiveness, and poor prognostic factors. [7] MicroRNA-223 is also associated with rheumatoid arthritis, [12] fibromyalgia, sepsis, [13] type 2 diabetes, [14] and hepatic ischemia. [15]

Contents

Characterization

MicroRNA-223 was initially identified bioinformatically and it was subsequently characterized as part of the haematopoietic system. [2] Its gene resembles a myeloid gene and it could be driven by the PU.1 and C/EBPα proteins which are myeloid transcription factors. [16]

MicroRNA-223 selectively targets distinct populations of transcripts harboring AU-rich elements. More specifically, it was validated that the RhoB mRNA is a bona fide miR-223 target. [17] miR-223 also regulates cyclin E activity by modulating expression of the FBXW7 protein. In particular, overexpression of miR-223 reduces FBXW7 mRNA levels while increasing endogenous cyclin E protein and activity levels. [18]

Role in hematopoiesis

The role of miR-223 in hematopoiesis has been extensively analyzed in the past few years. During granulopoiesis miR-223 acts as fine-tuner of granulocytic differentiation, maturation, and function. [19] More specifically, human granulocytic differentiation is controlled by a regulatory circuitry involving miR-223 and two transcriptional factors, NFIA and C/EBPα. These two factors compete for binding: NFI-A maintains miR-223 at low levels whereas C/EBPα upregulates miR-223 expression. The competition by C/EBPα and the granulocytic differentiation are favored by a negative-feedback loop in which miR-223 represses NFI-A translation. [20]

Analysis of expression profiles indicate that miR-223 expression decreases as cells mature during monocytic, erythroid, and mast cell differentiation. [2] [19] miR-223 down-regulation during erythropoiesis is required for erythrocyte proliferation and differentiation at progenitor and precursor level. [19] This down-modulation promotes erythropoiesis favoring translation of the key functional protein LMO2 resulting in reversible regulation of erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. [4]

MicroRNA-223 also plays an essential role during osteoclast differentiation. More specifically, miR-223 expression suppresses the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclast thus making it a potential viable therapeutic target for a range of bone metabolic disorders with excess osteoclast activity. [21]

Involvement in disease

Cancer

MicroRNA-223 is commonly repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, [5] chronic lymphocytic leukemia, [7] acute lymphoblastic leukemia, [8] acute myeloid leukemia, [6] [9] gastric MALT lymphoma, [10] and recurrent ovarian cancer. [11]

Integrative analysis in hepatocellular carcinoma implicates Stathmin 1 (STMN1) as a downstream target of miR-223. Furthermore, miR-223 could suppress the luciferase activity in reporter construct containing the STMN1 3' untranslated region. [5] The reduced expressions of miR-223 may predispose to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma via the widespread induction of chromosomal instability by STMN1. [5]

MicroRNA-223 blocks the translation of E2F1 leading to inhibition of cell-cycle progression followed by myeloid differentiation. [9] In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), miR-223 is down-regulated thus leading to E2F1 overexpression. The overexpressed E2F1 could bind to the miR-223 promoter and in turn lead to a further decrease in miR-223 expression through a negative feedback loop followed by myeloid cell-cycle progression at the expense of differentiation. [6] Overexpression of E2F1 has been shown to be an oncogenic event that predisposes cells to transformation. While there is some indication of the miR-223 role in AML there is still little known about this microRNA function in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nevertheless, MicroRNA-223 expression levels decreased significantly with the progression of these two diseases thus associating miR-223 down-regulation with higher tumor burden, disease aggressiveness, and poor prognostic factors. [7] [8]

Gastric MALT lymphoma and recurrent ovarian cancer are associated with higher levels of MicroRNA-223 expression [10] [11] making them a potential biomarker.

Rheumatoid arthritis

MicroRNA-223 is overexpressed in the T-lymphocytes cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients suggesting that its expression in this cell type could contribute to the etiology of the disease. [12]

Sepsis

There is some evidence that MicroRNA-223 and MicroRNA-146a are significantly reduced in septic patients compared with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) patients and/or healthy controls. [13] This suggests that miR-223 can be used as a biomarker for distinguishing sepsis from SIRS.

Diabetes

Quantitative miRNA expression analyses revealed that miR-223 was consistently upregulated in the insulin-resistant hearts of patients with type 2 diabetes. This effect was associated with miR-223 role in Glut4 regulation and glucose metabolism. [14]

Hepatic ischemia

A recent study concluded that hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury might be another form of liver disease that is associated with the alteration in miR-223 expression. [15] Correlation analysis revealed that hepatic miR-223 expression levels are significantly positively correlated with the serum markers of hepatic ischemia. Further, prediction assay of miRNA targets mRNA, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3, ephrin A1, and ras homolog gene family member B were predicted to be downstream targets of miR-223.

See also

Related Research Articles

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The mir-10 microRNA precursor is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation. It is part of an RNA gene family which contains mir-10, mir-51, mir-57, mir-99 and mir-100. mir-10, mir-99 and mir-100 have now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide range of species. miR-51 and miR-57 have currently only been identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

mir-16 microRNA precursor family

The miR-16 microRNA precursor family is a group of related small non-coding RNA genes that regulates gene expression. miR-16, miR-15, mir-195 and miR-497 are related microRNA precursor sequences from the mir-15 gene family. This microRNA family appears to be vertebrate specific and its members have been predicted or experimentally validated in a wide range of vertebrate species.

mir-17 microRNA precursor family

The miR-17 microRNA precursor family are a group of related small non-coding RNA genes called microRNAs that regulate gene expression. The microRNA precursor miR-17 family, includes miR-20a/b, miR-93, and miR-106a/b. With the exception of miR-93, these microRNAs are produced from several microRNA gene clusters, which apparently arose from a series of ancient evolutionary genetic duplication events, and also include members of the miR-19, and miR-25 families. These clusters are transcribed as long non-coding RNA transcripts that are processed to form ~70 nucleotide microRNA precursors, that are subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22 nucleotide products. The mature microRNA products are thought to regulate expression levels of other genes through complementarity to the 3' UTR of specific target messenger RNA.

mir-181 microRNA precursor

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mir-19 microRNA precursor family

There are 89 known sequences today in the microRNA 19 (miR-19) family but it will change quickly. They are found in a large number of vertebrate species. The miR-19 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression. Within the human and mouse genome there are three copies of this microRNA that are processed from multiple predicted precursor hairpins:

mir-1 microRNA precursor family Type of RNA

The miR-1 microRNA precursor is a small micro RNA that regulates its target protein's expression in the cell. microRNAs are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give products at ~22 nucleotides. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3' arm of the precursor. The mature products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA. In humans there are two distinct microRNAs that share an identical mature sequence, and these are called miR-1-1 and miR-1-2.

miR-122

miR-122 is a miRNA that is conserved among vertebrate species. miR-122 is not present in invertebrates, and no close paralogs of miR-122 have been detected. miR-122 is highly expressed in the liver, where it has been implicated as a regulator of fatty-acid metabolism in mouse studies. Reduced miR-122 levels are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. miR-122 also plays an important positive role in the regulation of hepatitis C virus replication.

miR-155 Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens

MiR-155 is a microRNA that in humans is encoded by the MIR155 host gene or MIR155HG. MiR-155 plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes. Exogenous molecular control in vivo of miR-155 expression may inhibit malignant growth, viral infections, and enhance the progression of cardiovascular diseases.

mir-145 Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens

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mir-221 microRNA MicroRNA

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In molecular biology mir-339 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. miR-339-5p expression was associated with overall survival in breast cancer.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">MicroRNA 196b</span> Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens

MicroRNA 196b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIR196B gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MIR223</span> Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens

MicroRNA 223 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIR223 gene.

MicroRNA-125 (miR-125) is a highly conserved microRNA family consisting of miR-125a and miR-125b. MiR-125 can be found throughout diverse species from nematode to humans. MiR-125 family members are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis as a result of targeting messenger RNAs related to these cellular processes. By affecting these cellular processes, miR-125 can cause promotion or suppression of pathological processes including carcinogenesis, muscle abnormalities, neurological disorders and pathologies of the immune system. Moreover, miR-125 also plays an important role in normal immune functions and was described to affect development and function of immune cells as well as playing role in immunological host defense in response to bacterial and viral infections.

References

  1. ↑ Sun W, Shen W, Yang S, Hu F, Li H, Zhu TH (2010). "miR-223 and miR-142 attenuate hematopoietic cell proliferation, and miR-223 positively regulates miR-142 through LMO2 isoforms and CEBP-β". Cell Res. 20 (10): 1158–69. doi: 10.1038/cr.2010.134 . PMID   20856265.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Johnnidis JB, Harris MH, Wheeler RT, Stehling-Sun S, Lam MH, Kirak O, Brummelkamp TR, Fleming MD, Camargo FD (2008). "Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and granulocyte function by microRNA-223". Nature. 451 (7182): 1125–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.451.1125J. doi:10.1038/nature06607. PMID   18278031. S2CID   4421981.
  3. ↑ Fazi F, Racanicchi S, Zardo G, Starnes LM, Mancini M, Travaglini L, Diverio D, Ammatuna E, Cimino G, Lo-Coco F, Grignani F, Nervi C (2007). "Epigenetic silencing of the myelopoiesis regulator microRNA-223 by the AML1/ETO oncoprotein". Cancer Cell. 12 (5): 457–66. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.09.020 . PMID   17996649.
  4. 1 2 Yuan JY, Wang F, Yu J, Yang GH, Liu XL, Zhang JW (2009). "MicroRNA-223 reversibly regulates erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells". J Cell Mol Med. 13 (11–12): 4551–9. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00585.x. PMC   4515070 . PMID   19017354.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Wong QW, Lung RW, Law PT, Lai PB, Chan KY, To KF, Wong N (2008). "MicroRNA-223 is commonly repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and potentiates expression of Stathmin1". Gastroenterology. 135 (1): 257–69. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.003. PMID   18555017.
  6. 1 2 3 Eyholzer M, Schmid S, Schardt JA, Haefliger S, Mueller BU, Pabst T (2010). "Complexity of miR-223 regulation by CEBPA in human AML". Leuk Res. 34 (5): 672–6. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2009.11.019. PMID   20018373.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Stamatopoulos B, Meuleman N, Haibe-Kains B, Saussoy P, Van Den Neste E, Michaux L, Heimann P, Martiat P, Bron D, Lagneaux L (2009). "microRNA-29c and microRNA-223 down-regulation has in vivo significance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and improves disease risk stratification". Blood. 113 (21): 5237–45. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-11-189407 . PMID   19144983.
  8. 1 2 3 Chiaretti S, Messina M, Tavolaro S, Zardo G, Elia L, Vitale A, Fatica A, Gorello P, Piciocchi A, Scappucci G, Bozzoni I, Fozza C, Candoni A, Guarini A, Foà R (2010). "Gene expression profiling identifies a subset of adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with myeloid-like gene features and over-expression of miR-223". Haematologica. 95 (7): 1114–21. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.015099. PMC   2895035 . PMID   20418243.
  9. 1 2 3 Pulikkan JA, Dengler V, Peramangalam PS, Peer Zada AA, Müller-Tidow C, Bohlander SK, Tenen DG, Behre G (2010). "Cell-cycle regulator E2F1 and microRNA-223 comprise an autoregulatory negative feedback loop in acute myeloid leukemia". Blood. 115 (9): 1768–78. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-08-240101. PMC   2832809 . PMID   20029046.
  10. 1 2 3 Liu TY, Chen SU, Kuo SH, Cheng AL, Lin CW (2010). "E2A-positive gastric MALT lymphoma has weaker plasmacytoid infiltrates and stronger expression of the memory B-cell-associated miR-223: possible correlation with stage and treatment response". Mod Pathol. 23 (11): 1507–17. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.139 . PMID   20802470.
  11. 1 2 3 Laios A, O'Toole S, Flavin R, Martin C, Kelly L, Ring M, Finn SP, Barrett C, Loda M, Gleeson N, D'Arcy T, McGuinness E, Sheils O, Sheppard B, O' Leary J (2008). "Potential role of miR-9 and miR-223 in recurrent ovarian cancer". Mol Cancer. 7: 35. doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-35 . PMC   2383925 . PMID   18442408.
  12. 1 2 Fulci V, Scappucci G, Sebastiani GD, Giannitti C, Franceschini D, Meloni F, Colombo T, Citarella F, Barnaba V, Minisola G, Galeazzi M, Macino G (2010). "miR-223 is overexpressed in T-lymphocytes of patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis". Hum Immunol. 71 (2): 206–11. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2009.11.008. PMID   19931339.
  13. 1 2 Wang JF, Yu ML, Yu G, Bian JJ, Deng XM, Wan XJ, Zhu KM (2010). "Serum miR-146a and miR-223 as potential new biomarkers for sepsis". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 394 (1): 184–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.145. PMID   20188071.
  14. 1 2 Lu Han; Buchan Rachel; Cook Stuart (2010). "MicroRNA-223 regulates Glut4 expression and cardiomyocyte glucose metabolism". Cardiovasc Res. 86 (3): 410–420. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvq010 . PMID   20080987.
  15. 1 2 Yu CH, Xu CF, Li YM (2009). "Association of MicroRNA-223 expression with hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice". Dig Dis Sci. 54 (11): 2362–6. doi:10.1007/s10620-008-0629-8. PMID   19104939. S2CID   10255437.
  16. ↑ Fukao T, Fukuda Y, Kiga K, Sharif J, Hino K, Enomoto Y, Kawamura A, Nakamura K, Takeuchi T, Tanabe M (2007). "An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for microRNA-223 expression revealed by microRNA gene profiling". Cell. 129 (3): 617–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.048 . PMID   17482553.
  17. ↑ Sun G, Li H, Rossi JJ (2010). "Sequence context outside the target region influences the effectiveness of miR-223 target sites in the RhoB 3'UTR". Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (1): 239–52. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp870. PMC   2800228 . PMID   19850724.
  18. ↑ Xu Y, Sengupta T, Kukreja L, Minella AC (2010). "MicroRNA-223 regulates cyclin E activity by modulating expression of F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7". J Biol Chem. 285 (45): 34439–46. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.152306 . PMC   2966058 . PMID   20826802.
  19. 1 2 3 Felli N, Pedini F, Romania P, Biffoni M, Morsilli O, Castelli G, Santoro S, Chicarella S, Sorrentino A, Peschle C, Marziali G (2009). "MicroRNA 223-dependent expression of LMO2 regulates normal erythropoiesis". Haematologica. 94 (4): 479–86. doi:10.3324/haematol.2008.002345. PMC   2663611 . PMID   19278969.
  20. ↑ Fazi F, Rosa A, Fatica A, Gelmetti V, De Marchis ML, Nervi C, Bozzoni I (2005). "A minicircuitry comprised of microRNA-223 and transcription factors NFI-A and C/EBPalpha regulates human granulopoiesis". Cell. 123 (5): 819–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.023 . PMID   16325577.
  21. ↑ Sugatani T, Hruska KA (2007). "MicroRNA-223 is a key factor in osteoclast differentiation". J Cell Biochem. 101 (4): 996–9. doi:10.1002/jcb.21335. PMID   17471500. S2CID   29037084.

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