MiR-132

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miR-132
MiR-132 secondary structure.png
miR-132 microRNA precursor secondary structure and sequence conservation.
Identifiers
SymbolmiR-132
Rfam RF00662
miRBase family MIPF0000065
NCBI Gene 406921
HGNC 31516
OMIM 610016
Other data
RNA type microRNA
Domain(s) Eukaryota;
PDB structures PDBe

In molecular biology miR-132 microRNA is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms, generally reducing protein levels through the cleavage of mRNAs or the repression of their translation. Several targets for miR-132 have been described, including mediators of neurological development, synaptic transmission, inflammation and angiogenesis.

Contents

Expression

miR-132 arises from the miR-212/132 cluster located in the intron of a non-coding gene on mouse chromosome 11. The transcription of this cluster was found to be enhanced by the transcription factor CREB (cAMP-response element binding protein). In neuronal cells BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) is known to induce the transcription of this cluster; the pathway is thought to involve the BDNF-mediated activation of ERK1/2, which in turn activates MSK, another kinase enzyme. MSK-mediated phosphorylation of a serine residue on CREB may then enhance production of miR-132. MSK knockout mice still produce miR-132 in response to BDNF, but at a significantly lower level, indicating that there may be an alternative pathway operating. [1] Activators of CREB phosphorylation, for instance forskolin and KSHV binding to endothelial cell targets, can also enhance miR-132 production in vitro. miR-132 levels are increased post-seizure, which strongly suggests a causal relationship between neuronal activation and miR-132 transcription. [2] One example of this phenomenon is in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, where miR-132 is thought be involved in resetting the circadian clock in response to light. [3] Inflammatory mediators such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are also implicated in inducing miR-132 expression.

Role in neuronal cells

miR-132 is enriched in neuronal cells. Recognition elements for this miRNA have been identified in a number of cellular mRNAs. One such mRNA is that of p250GAP, a GTPase activating protein linked to neuronal differentiation. miR-132 and its recognition site on p250GAP mRNA are highly conserved among vertebrates, and their interaction is suspected to have a role in vertebrate neurogenesis. By decreasing the levels of p250GAP, miR-132 promotes neuronal outgrowth and sprouting. [4]

Another target for miR-132 is MeCP2, whose mRNA is expressed as a 'long' variant in neuronal cells. This variant contains a recognition element for miR-132 in its extended 3'UTR. miRNA-132 may be involved in a homeostatic mechanism that regulates MeCP2 levels in the brain. MeCP2 increases the levels of BDNF in the brain, which in turn will increase transcription from the miR-212/132 cluster. A rise in miRNA-132 level will then decrease the levels of MeCP2 and restore the balance. Failure to regulate MeCP2 levels is connected to neurological disorders including Rett syndrome. [5]

The role of miR-132 in synaptic function is currently being studied. A BDNF-related increase in miR-132 is thought to bring about an increase in post-synaptic protein levels. [6] miR-132 has been found to associate with Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein FMRP, and may be involved in the selection of mRNAs, including those regulating synaptic function, to undergo translational suppression via an FMRP-dependent mechanism. [7]

miR-132 may also be responsible for limiting inflammation in the brain. A recognition sequence for this miRNA can be found in the mRNA for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), that degrades acetylcholine (ACh). By silencing the expression of AChE, ACh levels rise and inhibit peripheral inflammation. [8]

Infection and inflammation

Outside the brain, miR-132 can also modulate inflammation; transcription is stimulated by LPS and upregulated at a fairly early stage of herpesvirus infection. KSHV infection of endothelial cells, as well as HSV-1 or HCMV infection of monocytes, have been observed to induce this rise. In this instance, the target of translational suppression appears to be p300, a protein that associates with CREB and is an important mediator of antiviral immunity. By decreasing the levels of p300, the expression of IFN-β, ISG15, IL-1β and IL6 is impaired, resulting in the net suppression of antiviral immunity. miR-132 is only transiently induced following infection; the silencing of p300 results in a reduction in CREB-mediated transcription from the miR-212/132 cluster, thus forming a negative feedback loop. [9]

Plasma from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been found to contain lower levels of miR-132 compared to samples from healthy individuals. [10] As RA is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease, it is possible that miR-132 helps to regulate inflammation in healthy joints.

Conversely, miR-132 has been implicated in promoting inflammation in adipocytes. The target for RNA silencing in this case is SirT1, a deacetylase enzyme. The p65 subunit of NF-κB is a SirT1 substrate; in the absence of SirT1 activity, NFκB is active, promoting inflammation and the production of the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1. This process is implicated in the chronic inflammation that may underlie insulin resistance in the obese, and may occur in response to serum deprivation. [11]

Angiogenesis and cancer

miR-132 can induce the proliferation of endothelial cells and has been implicated in neovascularisation. Angiogenic factors such as VEGF and bFGF are CREB activators which could theoretically induce miR-132 production in endothelial cells. Here, the miRNA can silence the expression of p120RasGAP, fixing Ras in a GTP-bound, active conformation so as to induce proliferation. [12] This angiogenic role could implicate miR-132 in oncogenesis, and this miRNA is known to be overexpressed in chronic lymphoblastic leukaemias. [13] miR-132 also comprises part of the recently identified miRNA 'signature' of mammalian osteosarcoma, although a direct role in oncogenesis is yet to be fully described. [14]

Heart pathology

MiR-132 has been found to inhibit cardiac pathology in rodents. [15] Overactivation of miR-132 upon various cardiac stress provokes adverse remodeling of the heart tissue that is implicated in the development and progression of heart failure (HF). The inhibition of miR-132 is a valid strategy in the prevention of heart failure progression in hypertrophic heart disease. [16] CDR132L is the first-in-class synthetic antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor targeting miR-132, developed by Cardior Pharmaceuticals in the framework of the therapeutic strategy to bind abnormal levels of miR-132 to hold and reverse the development of detrimental cardiac remodeling. CDR132L is being currently investigated in a Phase 2 HF-REVERT Clinical Trial.

Other targets

The Angiotensin II receptor type 1 mRNA also undergoes miR-132-mediated silencing. [17] KIAA1211L is also a predicted miR-132 target. [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regulation of gene expression</span> Modifying mechanisms used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products

Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products. Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein. Often, one gene regulator controls another, and so on, in a gene regulatory network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brain-derived neurotrophic factor</span> Protein found in humans

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4/NT-5. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. BDNF was first isolated from a pig brain in 1982 by Yves-Alain Barde and Hans Thoenen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CREB</span> Class of proteins

CREB-TF is a cellular transcription factor. It binds to certain DNA sequences called cAMP response elements (CRE), thereby increasing or decreasing the transcription of the genes. CREB was first described in 1987 as a cAMP-responsive transcription factor regulating the somatostatin gene.

Immediate early genes (IEGs) are genes which are activated transiently and rapidly in response to a wide variety of cellular stimuli. They represent a standing response mechanism that is activated at the transcription level in the first round of response to stimuli, before any new proteins are synthesized. IEGs are distinct from "late response" genes, which can only be activated later, following the synthesis of early response gene products. Thus IEGs have been called the "gateway to the genomic response". The term can describe viral regulatory proteins that are synthesized following viral infection of a host cell, or cellular proteins that are made immediately following stimulation of a resting cell by extracellular signals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silencer (genetics)</span> Type of DNA sequence

In genetics, a silencer is a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors, called repressors. DNA contains genes and provides the template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). That mRNA is then translated into proteins. When a repressor protein binds to the silencer region of DNA, RNA polymerase is prevented from transcribing the DNA sequence into RNA. With transcription blocked, the translation of RNA into proteins is impossible. Thus, silencers prevent genes from being expressed as proteins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MECP2</span> DNA-binding protein involved in methylation

MECP2 is a gene that encodes the protein MECP2. MECP2 appears to be essential for the normal function of nerve cells. The protein seems to be particularly important for mature nerve cells, where it is present in high levels. The MECP2 protein is likely to be involved in turning off several other genes. This prevents the genes from making proteins when they are not needed. Recent work has shown that MECP2 can also activate other genes. The MECP2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of the X chromosome in band 28 ("Xq28"), from base pair 152,808,110 to base pair 152,878,611.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins</span> Protein family

CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins is a family of transcription factors composed of six members, named from C/EBPα to C/EBPζ. They promote the expression of certain genes through interaction with their promoters. Once bound to DNA, C/EBPs can recruit so-called co-activators that in turn can open up chromatin structure or recruit basal transcription factors.

mir-133 microRNA precursor family

mir-133 is a type of non-coding RNA called a microRNA that was first experimentally characterised in mice. Homologues have since been discovered in several other species including invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Each species often encodes multiple microRNAs with identical or similar mature sequence. For example, in the human genome there are three known miR-133 genes: miR-133a-1, miR-133a-2 and miR-133b found on chromosomes 18, 20 and 6 respectively. The mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin. miR-133 is expressed in muscle tissue and appears to repress the expression of non-muscle genes.

Michael Greenberg is an American neuroscientist who specializes in molecular neurobiology. He served as the Chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School from 2008 to 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene. The gene is believed to derive from a retrotransposon. The protein is found in the neurons of tetrapods and other animals where it can form virus-like capsids that transport RNA between neurons.

The cellular transcription factor CREB helps learning and the stabilization and retrieval of fear-based, long-term memories. This is done mainly through its expression in the hippocampus and the amygdala. Studies supporting the role of CREB in cognition include those that knock out the gene, reduce its expression, or overexpress it.

miR-155 Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens

MiR-155 is a microRNA that in humans is encoded by the MIR155 host gene or MIR155HG. MiR-155 plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes. Exogenous molecular control in vivo of miR-155 expression may inhibit malignant growth, viral infections, and enhance the progression of cardiovascular diseases.

mir-126

In molecular biology mir-126 is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several pre- and post-transcription mechanisms.

While the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory have long been a central focus of neuroscience, it is only in recent years that attention has turned to the epigenetic mechanisms behind the dynamic changes in gene transcription responsible for memory formation and maintenance. Epigenetic gene regulation often involves the physical marking of DNA or associated proteins to cause or allow long-lasting changes in gene activity. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications have been shown to play an important role in learning and memory.

Cocaine addiction is the compulsive use of cocaine despite adverse consequences. It arises through epigenetic modification and transcriptional regulation of genes in the nucleus accumbens.

Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis is the role that epigenetics plays in the regulation of neurogenesis.

Epigenetics of physical exercise is the study of epigenetic modifications to the cell genome resulting from physical exercise. Environmental factors, including physical exercise, have been shown to have a beneficial influence on epigenetic modifications. Generally, it has been shown that acute and long-term exercise has a significant effect on DNA methylation, an important aspect of epigenetic modifications.

Epigenetics of depression is the study of how epigenetics contribute to depression.

Alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by trouble controlling the consumption of alcohol, dependence, and withdrawal upon rapid cessation of drinking. According to ARDI reports approximately 88,000 people had alcohol-related deaths in the United States between the years of 2006 and 2010. Furthermore, chronic alcohol use is consistently the third leading cause of death in the United States. In consequence, research has sought to determine the factors responsible for the development and persistence of alcoholism. From this research, several molecular and epigenetic mechanisms have been discovered.

References

  1. ↑ Remenyi J, Hunter CJ, Cole C, Ando H, Impey S, Monk CE, Martin KJ, Barton GJ, Hutvagner G, Arthur JS (2010). "Regulation of the miR-212/132 locus by MSK1 and CREB in response to neurotrophins" (PDF). Biochem. J. 428 (2): 281–91. doi:10.1042/BJ20100024. PMID   20307261.
  2. ↑ Nudelman AS, DiRocco DP, Lambert TJ, Garelick MG, Le J, Nathanson NM, Storm DR (2010). "Neuronal activity rapidly induces transcription of the CREB-regulated microRNA-132, in vivo". Hippocampus. 20 (4): 492–8. doi:10.1002/hipo.20646. PMC   2847008 . PMID   19557767.
  3. ↑ Cheng HY, Papp JW, Varlamova O, Dziema H, Russell B, Curfman JP, Nakazawa T, Shimizu K, Okamura H, Impey S, Obrietan K (2007). "microRNA modulation of circadian-clock period and entrainment". Neuron. 54 (5): 813–29. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.017. PMC   2590749 . PMID   17553428.
  4. ↑ Vo N, Klein ME, Varlamova O, Keller DM, Yamamoto T, Goodman RH, Impey S (2005). "A cAMP-response element binding protein-induced microRNA regulates neuronal morphogenesis". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102 (45): 16426–31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0508448102 . PMC   1283476 . PMID   16260724.
  5. ↑ Klein ME, Lioy DT, Ma L, Impey S, Mandel G, Goodman RH (2007). "Homeostatic regulation of MeCP2 expression by a CREB-induced microRNA". Nat Neurosci. 10 (12): 1513–4. doi:10.1038/nn2010. PMID   17994015. S2CID   29308441.
  6. ↑ Kawashima H, Numakawa T, Kumamaru E, Adachi N, Mizuno H, Ninomiya M, Kunugi H, Hashido K (2010). "Glucocorticoid attenuates brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent upregulation of glutamate receptors via the suppression of microRNA-132 expression". Neuroscience. 165 (4): 1301–11. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.057. PMID   19958814. S2CID   23619017.
  7. ↑ Edbauer D, Neilson JR, Foster KA, Wang CF, Seeburg DP, Batterton MN, Tada T, Dolan BM, Sharp PA, Sheng M (2010). "Regulation of synaptic structure and function by FMRP-associated microRNAs miR-125b and miR-132". Neuron. 65 (3): 373–84. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.005. PMC   5018398 . PMID   20159450.
  8. ↑ Shaked I, Meerson A, Wolf Y, Avni R, Greenberg D, Gilboa-Geffen A, Soreq H (2009). "MicroRNA-132 potentiates cholinergic anti-inflammatory signaling by targeting acetylcholinesterase". Immunity. 31 (6): 965–73. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.019 . PMID   20005135.
  9. ↑ Lagos D, Pollara G, Henderson S, Gratrix F, Fabani M, Milne RS, Gotch F, Boshoff C (2010). "miR-132 regulates antiviral innate immunity through suppression of the p300 transcriptional co-activator". Nat Cell Biol. 12 (5): 513–9. doi:10.1038/ncb2054. PMID   20418869. S2CID   26625810.
  10. ↑ Murata K, Yoshitomi H, Tanida S, Ishikawa M, Nishitani K, Ito H, Nakamura T (2010). "Plasma and synovial fluid microRNAs as potential biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis". Arthritis Research & Therapy . 12 (3): R86. doi: 10.1186/ar3013 . PMC   2911870 . PMID   20470394.
  11. ↑ Strum JC, Johnson JH, Ward J, Xie H, Feild J, Hester A, Alford A, Waters KM (2009). "MicroRNA 132 regulates nutritional stress-induced chemokine production through repression of SirT1". Mol Endocrinol. 23 (11): 1876–84. doi:10.1210/me.2009-0117. PMC   5419165 . PMID   19819989.
  12. ↑ Anand S, Majeti BK, Acevedo LM, Murphy EA, Mukthavaram R, Scheppke L, Huang M, Shields DJ, Lindquist JN, Lapinski PE, King PD, Weis SM, Cheresh DA (2010). "MicroRNA-132-mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis". Nat Med. 16 (8): 909–14. doi:10.1038/nm.2186. PMC   3094020 . PMID   20676106.
  13. ↑ Calin GA, Liu CG, Sevignani C, Ferracin M, Felli N, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Cimmino A, Zupo S, Dono M, Dell'Aquila ML, Alder H, Rassenti L, Kipps TJ, Bullrich F, Negrini M, Croce CM (2004). "MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101 (32): 11755–60. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10111755C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404432101 . PMC   511048 . PMID   15284443.
  14. ↑ Gougelet A, Pissaloux D, Besse A, Perez J, Duc A, Dutour A, Blay JY, Alberti L (2010). "miRNA profiles in osteosarcoma as a predictive tool for ifosfamide response". Int J Cancer. 129 (3): 680–690. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25715 . PMID   20949564.
  15. ↑ "Researchers prevent heart failure in mice".
  16. ↑ Hinkel, Rabea; Batkai, Sandor; Bähr, Andrea; Bozoglu, Tarik; Straub, Sarah; Borchert, Tobias; Viereck, Janika; Howe, Andrea; Hornaschewitz, Nadja; Oberberger, Lisa; Jurisch, Victoria; Kozlik-Feldmann, Rainer; Freudenthal, Franz; Ziegler, Tilman; Weber, Christian (2021). "AntimiR-132 Attenuates Myocardial Hypertrophy in an Animal Model of Percutaneous Aortic Constriction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 77 (23): 2923–2935. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.028 .
  17. ↑ Elton TS, Kuhn DE, Malana GE, Martin MM, Nuovo GJ, Pleister AP, Feldman DS (2007). "MiR-132 Regulates Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression Through a Protein Coding Region Binding Site". Circulation. 118 (18): S513.
  18. ↑ Mooney, C. (2012). "Prediction of Short Linear Protein Binding Receptors". Journal of Molecular Biology. 415 (1): 193–204. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.025. hdl: 10197/3395 . PMID   22079048.
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