MALT lymphoma

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MALT lymphoma
Gastric MALT lymphoma 2.jpg
Endoscopic image of gastric MALT lymphoma taken in body of stomach in patient who presented with upper GI hemorrhage. Appearance is similar to gastric ulcer with adherent clot.
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MALT lymphoma (also called MALToma) is a form of lymphoma involving the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), frequently of the stomach, but virtually any mucosal site can be affected. It is a cancer originating from B cells in the marginal zone of the MALT, and is also called extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma.

Contents

Diagnosis and staging

MALT lymphoma is often a multifocal disease in the organ of origin and is frequently macroscopically indistinguishable from other disease processes in the GI tract. Endoscopy is key to diagnosing MALT lymphoma, with multiple biopsies of the visible lesions required, as well as samples of macroscopically normal tissue, termed gastric mapping. Histologically, there is expansion of the marginal zone compartment with development of sheets of neoplastic small lymphoid cells. [1] The morphology of the neoplastic cells is variable with small mature lymphocytes, cells resembling centrocytes (centrocyte like cells), or marginal zone/monocytoid B cells. Plasmacytoid or plasmacytic differentiation is frequent. Lymphoid follicles are ubiquitous to MALT lymphoma but may be indistinct as they are often overrun or colonized by the neoplastic cells. Large transformed B cells are presently scattered among the small cell population. If these large cells are present in clusters or sheets, a diagnosis of associated large B-cell lymphoma should be considered. A characteristic feature of MALT lymphoma is the presence of neoplastic cells within epithelial structures with associated destruction of the glandular architecture to form lymphoepithelial lesions. [2]

MALT lymphoma may be difficult to distinguish from reactive infiltrates, and in some cases, multiple endoscopies are required before a confident diagnosis is reached. The Wotherspoon score, which grades the presence of histological features associated with MALT lymphoma, is useful in expressing confidence in diagnosis at presentation. Immunohistochemistry can be used to help distinguish MALT lymphoma from other small B-cell NHLs. B-cell-associated antigens such as CD19, CD20, CD22, and CD79a are usually expressed. In contrast to small lymphocytic lymphoma and MCL, staining for CD5 is usually negative, and these lymphomas can be further distinguished with CD23 (positive in small lymphocytic lymphoma) and CyclinD1 (positive in MCL). [3]

Associations

Gastric MALT lymphoma is frequently associated (72–98%) with chronic inflammation as a result of the presence of Helicobacter pylori , [4] potentially involving chronic inflammation, or the action of H. pylori virulence factors such as CagA. [5]

The initial diagnosis is made by biopsy of suspicious lesions on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, upper endoscopy). Simultaneous tests for H. pylori are also done to detect the presence of this microbe. [6]

In other sites, chronic immune stimulation is also suspected in the pathogenesis (e.g. association between chronic autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and MALT lymphoma of the salivary gland and the thyroid). [6]

Treatment

Owing to the causal relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric MALT lymphoma, identification of the infection is imperative. Histological examination of GI biopsies yields a sensitivity of 95% with five biopsies, [7] but these should be from sites uninvolved by lymphoma and the identification of the organism may be compromised by areas of extensive intestinal metaplasia. As proton-pump inhibition can suppress infection, any treatment with this class of drug should be ceased 2 weeks prior to biopsy retrieval. Serology should be performed if histology is negative, to detect suppressed or recently treated infections. [8] Following the recognition of the association of gastric MALT lymphoma with H. pylori infection, it was established that early-stage gastric disease could be cured by H. pylori eradication, which is now the mainstay of therapy. Fifty to 95% of cases achieve complete response (CR) with H. pylori treatment. [9] [10]

A t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosomal translocation, giving rise to an API2-MLT fusion gene, [11] is predictive of poor response to eradication therapy. [12]

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is a valid first option for MALT lymphoma. It provides local control and potential cure in localized gastric stage IE and II 1E disease with 5-year EFS of 85-100% reported in retrospective studies. [13] [14] However, the irradiation field is potentially large as it must include the whole stomach, which can vary greatly in size and shape. Irradiation techniques have improved considerably in the last 20 years, including treating the patient in a fasting state, decreasing the irradiated field and required dose. The moderate dose of 30 Gray (Gy) of involved-field radiotherapy administered in 15 fractions (doses) can be associated with tolerable toxicity and excellent outcomes. Hence, radiotherapy is the preferred approach for local disease where antibiotic therapy has failed, or is not indicated. Evidence also suggests that radiotherapy can be utilized to control localized relapses outside the original radiation field. [15]

Chemotherapy

MALT lymphoma is exquisitely immunotherapy sensitive. Chemotherapy is reserved for those uncommon patients with disseminated disease at presentation or lack of response to local treatment. Rituximab, the anti-CD20 chimeric antibody, is a key component of therapy. Responses vary from 55% to 77% with monotherapy and 100% in combination with chemotherapy. [16] [17] Ocular MALT lymphoma can be treated by intralesional administration of rituximab. [18] Oral alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil have been administered for a median duration of 12 months with high rates of disease control (CR up to 75%) but appear not to be active in t(11;18) disease. [19] The purine nucleoside analogs fludarabine and cladribine also demonstrate activity, [20] the latter conferring a CR rate of 84% (100% in those with gastric primaries) in a small study. [21] A pivotal study of rituximab plus chlorambucil compared with chlorambucil alone (IELSG-19 study, n = 227) demonstrated a significantly higher CR rate (78% vs. 65%; p = 0.017) and 5-year EFS (68% vs. 50%; p = 0.024) over chlorambucil alone. However, 5-year OS was not improved (88% in both arms). First-line treatment of choice is generally rituximab in combination with single alkylating agents or fludarabine, or a combination of all three drugs. The final results of this study, including the later addition of a rituximab-alone arm, are pending. [22]

Two other genetic alterations are known:[ citation needed ]

These seem to turn on the same pathway as API2-MLT (i.e., that of NF-κB). They both act upon IGH, [23] which is at the locus 14q32.

Epidemiology

Of all cancers involving the same class of blood cell, 8% of cases are MALT lymphomas. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium. Mutants can have a rod or curved rod shape, and are less effective. Its helical body is thought to have evolved in order to penetrate the mucous lining of the stomach, helped by its flagella, and thereby establish infection. The bacterium was first identified as the causal agent of gastric ulcers in 1983 by the Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.

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Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues or tumours of the haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues are tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system. Because these tissues are all intimately connected through both the circulatory system and the immune system, a disease affecting one will often affect the others as well, making aplasia, myeloproliferation and lymphoproliferation closely related and often overlapping problems. While uncommon in solid tumors, chromosomal translocations are a common cause of these diseases. This commonly leads to a different approach in diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies. Hematological malignancies are malignant neoplasms ("cancer"), and they are generally treated by specialists in hematology and/or oncology. In some centers "hematology/oncology" is a single subspecialty of internal medicine while in others they are considered separate divisions. Not all hematological disorders are malignant ("cancerous"); these other blood conditions may also be managed by a hematologist.

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Helicobacter salomonis is a species within the Helicobacter genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Helicobacter pylori is by far the best known Helicobacter species primarily because humans infected with it may develop gastrointestinal tract diseases such as stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers of the nonlymphoma type, and various subtypes of extranodal marginal zone lymphomass, e.g. those of the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and rectumn. H. pylori is also associated with the development of bile duct cancer and has been associated with a wide range of other diseases, although its role in the development of many of these other diseases requires further study. Humans infected with H. salomonis may develop some of the same gastrointestinal diseases viz., stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and extranodal marginal B cell lymphomas of the stomach. Other non-H. pylori Helicobacter species that are known to be associated with these gastrointestinal diseases are Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter suis, Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter heilmannii s.s. Because of their disease associations, these four Helicobacter species plus H. salomonis are often group together and termed Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato.

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Helicobacter bizzozeronii is a species within the Helicobacter genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Helicobacter pylori is by far the best known Helicobacter species, primarily because humans infected with it may develop gastrointestinal tract diseases such as stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers of the nonlymphoma type, and various subtypes of extranodal marginal zone lymphomass, e.g. those of the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and rectumn. H. pylori is also associated with the development of bile duct cancer and has been associated with a wide range of other diseases although its role in the development of many of these other diseases requires further study. Humans infected with H. bizzozeronii are prone to develop some of the same gastrointestinal diseases viz., stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and extranodal marginal B cell lymphomas of the stomach. Other non-H. pylori Helicobacter species that are known to be associated with these gastrointestinal diseases are Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter salomonis, Helicobacter suis, and Helicobacter heilmannii s.s. Because of their disease associations, these four Helicobacter species plus H. bizzozeronii are often grouped together and termed Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato.

Helicobacter suis is a species within the Helicobacter genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Helicobacter pylori is by far the best known Helicobacter species, primarily because humans infected with it may develop gastrointestinal tract diseases such as stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers of the nonlymphoma type, and various subtypes of extranodal marginal zone lymphomass, e.g. those of the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and rectumn. H. pylori is also associated with the development of bile duct cancer and has been associated with a wide range of other diseases although its role in the development of many of these other diseases requires further study. Humans infected with H. suis may develop some of the same gastrointestinal diseases - stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and extranodal marginal B cell lymphomas of the stomach. Other non-H. pylori Helicobacter species that are known to be associated with these gastrointestinal diseases are Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter salomonis, Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter heilmannii s.s. Because of their disease associations, these four Helicobacter species plus H. suis are often group together and termed Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato.

Helicobacter heilmannii s.s. is a species within the Helicobacter genus of Gram negative bacteria. Helicobacter pylori is by far the best known Helicobacter species primarily because humans infected with it may develop gastrointestinal tract diseases such as stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers of the non-lymphoma type, and various subtypes of extranodal marginal zone lymphomass, e.g. those of the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and rectumn. H. pylori is also associated with the development of bile duct cancer and has been associated with a wide range of other diseases although its role in the development of many of these other diseases requires further study. Humans infected with H. heilmannii s.s. may develop some of the same gastrointestinal diseases viz., stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and extranodal marginal B cell lymphomas of the stomach. Other non-H. pylori Helicobacter species that are known to be associated with these gastrointestinal diseases are Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter suis, Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter salomonis. Because of their disease associations, these four Helicobacter species plus H. heilmannii s.s. are often group together and termed Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato.

References

  1. ↑ Taal BG, Boot H, van Heerde P, de Jong D, Hart AA, Burgers JM (October 1996). "Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the stomach: endoscopic pattern and prognosis in low versus high grade malignancy in relation to the MALT concept". Gut. 39 (4): 556–61. doi:10.1136/gut.39.4.556. PMC   1383269 . PMID   8944565.
  2. ↑ Jankowski J, Hawk E, eds. (2012). Handbook of Gastrointestinal Cancer (2 ed.). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. pp. 243–244. ISBN   978-0-470-65624-2.
  3. ↑ Wotherspoon, AC; Doglioni, C; Diss, TC; Pan, L; Moschini, A; de Boni, M; Isaacson, PG (4 September 1993). "Regression of primary low-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori". Lancet. 342 (8871): 575–7. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91409-f. PMID   8102719. S2CID   9531600.
  4. ↑ Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb A, Warnke R, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman J, Friedman G (1994). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma". N Engl J Med. 330 (18): 1267–71. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199405053301803 . PMID   8145781.
  5. ↑ Hatakeyama, M.; Higashi, H. (2005). "Helicobacter pylori CagA: a new paradigm for bacterial carcinogenesis". Cancer Science. 96 (12): 835–843. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00130.x . PMID   16367902.
  6. 1 2 "MALT Lymphoma". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  7. ↑ Bayerdörffer E, Oertel H, Lehn N, Kasper G, Mannes GA, Sauerbruch T, Stolte M (August 1989). "Topographic association between active gastritis and Campylobacter pylori colonisation". J. Clin. Pathol. 42 (8): 834–9. doi:10.1136/jcp.42.8.834. PMC   1142061 . PMID   2768523.
  8. ↑ Park, Jeong Bae (2014). "infection in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (11): 2751–9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2751 . PMC   3961970 . PMID   24659867.
  9. ↑ Fischbach, W; Goebeler, M E; Ruskone-Fourmestraux, A; Wundisch, T; Neubauer, A; Raderer, M; Savio, A (1 December 2007). "Most patients with minimal histological residuals of gastric MALT lymphoma after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori can be managed safely by a watch and wait strategy: experience from a large international series". Gut. 56 (12): 1685–1687. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.096420. PMC   2095715 . PMID   17639089.
  10. ↑ Sarah, Silverman. "MALT lymphoma Diagnosis, Staging, Treatment". pylori.org. UEG. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
  11. ↑ Noels H, van Loo G, Hagens S, et al. (April 2007). "A Novel TRAF6 binding site in MALT1 defines distinct mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by API2middle dotMALT1 fusions". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (14): 10180–9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M611038200 . PMID   17287209.
  12. ↑ Liu H, Ruskon-Fourmestraux A, Lavergne-Slove A, Ye H, Molina T, Bouhnik Y, Hamoudi RA, Diss TC, Dogan A, Megraud F, Rambaud JC, Du MQ, Isaacson PG (January 2001). "Resistance of t(11;18) positive gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy". Lancet. 357 (9249): 39–40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03571-6. PMID   11197361. S2CID   22237525.
  13. ↑ Tomita N, Kodaira T, Tachibana H, Nakamura T, Mizoguchi N, Takada A (February 2009). "Favorable outcomes of radiotherapy for early-stage mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma". Radiother Oncol. 90 (2): 231–5. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2008.12.004. PMID   19135751.
  14. ↑ Schechter NR, Portlock CS, Yahalom J (May 1998). "Treatment of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the stomach with radiation alone". J. Clin. Oncol. 16 (5): 1916–21. doi:10.1200/JCO.1998.16.5.1916. PMID   9586910.
  15. ↑ Avilés A, Nambo MJ, Neri N, Talavera A, Cleto S (2005). "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach: results of a controlled clinical trial". Med. Oncol. 22 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1385/MO:22:1:057. PMID   15750197. S2CID   29541664.
  16. ↑ Conconi A, Martinelli G, Thiéblemont C, Ferreri AJ, Devizzi L, Peccatori F, et al. (October 2003). "Clinical activity of rituximab in extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type". Blood. 102 (8): 2741–5. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3496 . PMID   12842999.
  17. ↑ Martinelli G, Laszlo D, Ferreri AJ, Pruneri G, Ponzoni M, Conconi A, et al. (March 2005). "Clinical activity of rituximab in gastric marginal zone non-Hodgkin's lymphoma resistant to or not eligible for anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (9): 1979–83. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.08.128. PMID   15668468. S2CID   2572398.
  18. ↑ Ferreri, Andrés J. M.; Sassone, Marianna; Miserocchi, Elisabetta; Govi, Silvia; Cecchetti, Caterina; Corti, Matteo E.; Mappa, Silvia; Arcaini, Luca; Zaja, Francesco; Todeschini, Giuseppe; Mannina, Donato; Calimeri, Teresa; Perrone, Salvatore; Ponzoni, Maurilio; Modorati, Giulio (2020-03-24). "Treatment of MALT lymphoma of the conjunctiva with intralesional rituximab supplemented with autologous serum". Blood Advances. 4 (6): 1013–1019. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001459. ISSN   2473-9537. PMC   7094013 . PMID   32182364.
  19. ↑ Lévy M, Copie-Bergman C, Gameiro C, Chaumette MT, Delfau-Larue MH, Haioun C, et al. (August 2005). "Prognostic value of translocation t(11;18) in tumoral response of low-grade gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type to oral chemotherapy". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (22): 5061–6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.660 . PMID   16051953.
  20. ↑ Zinzani PL, Stefoni V, Musuraca G, Tani M, Alinari L, Gabriele A, et al. (May 2004). "Fludarabine-containing chemotherapy as frontline treatment of nongastrointestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma". Cancer. 100 (10): 2190–4. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20237 . PMID   15139063. S2CID   25251522.
  21. ↑ Jäger G, Neumeister P, Quehenberger F, Wöhrer S, Linkesch W, Raderer M (November 2006). "Prolonged clinical remission in patients with extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type treated with cladribine: 6 year follow-up of a phase II trial". Ann. Oncol. 17 (11): 1722–3. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdl126 . PMID   16766585.
  22. ↑ Zucca E, Conconi A, Laszlo D, López-Guillermo A, Bouabdallah R, Coiffier B, et al. (February 2013). "Addition of rituximab to chlorambucil produces superior event-free survival in the treatment of patients with extranodal marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma: 5-year analysis of the IELSG-19 Randomized Study". J. Clin. Oncol. 31 (5): 565–72. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.40.6272. hdl:11573/512880. PMID   23295789.
  23. ↑ Ye H, Gong L, Liu H, Hamoudi RA, Shirali S, Ho L, et al. (February 2005). "MALT lymphoma with t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-MALT1 is characterized by strong cytoplasmic MALT1 and BCL10 expression". J. Pathol. 205 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1002/path.1715. PMID   15682443. S2CID   41038826.
  24. ↑ Turgeon, Mary Louise (2005). Clinical hematology: theory and procedures. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 283. ISBN   0-7817-5007-5. Frequency of lymphoid neoplasms. (Source: Modified from WHO Blue Book on Tumour of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 2001, p. 2001.)
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