Natural history of Minnesota

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The terrestrial biomes of Minnesota, prior to European settlement. Tallgrass aspen parkland/prairie grasslands in yellow, eastern deciduous forest in olive green, and the northern coniferous forest in dark green. Minnesota Terrestrial Biomes.jpg
The terrestrial biomes of Minnesota, prior to European settlement. Tallgrass aspen parkland/prairie grasslands in yellow, eastern deciduous forest in olive green, and the northern coniferous forest in dark green.

The natural history of Minnesota covers the plant and animal species of the U.S. state of Minnesota. The continental climate and location of Minnesota at the physiographic intersection of the Laurentian and the Interior Plains influences its plant and animal life. Three of North America's biomes converge in Minnesota: prairie grasslands in the southwestern and western parts of the state, the eastern temperate deciduous forests in the east-central and the southeast, and the coniferous forest in the north-central and northeast.

Contents

Ecoregions

An ecoregion is an area uniquely defined by environmental conditions and natural features. Ecoregions in Minnesota were largely influenced by the unique glacial history, geology, soil type, land use, and climate of the state. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and World Wildlife Fund maintain separate classifications of the state's ecoregions. Although different, they generally agree on delineating between the coniferous forest in the north-central portion and the Arrowhead, a temperate deciduous forest in the central and southeast, and the tallgrass prairie in the southern and western portions of the state. [1] The northern coniferous forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.

Flora

Dwarf trout lily Erythronium propullans.jpg
Dwarf trout lily

Much of Minnesota's northern forest has been logged, leaving only a few patches of old-growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) of unlogged land. [2] Although logging continues, regrowth keeps about one third of the state forested. [3]

Flora listed as threatened on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species include the Prairie bush-clover (Lespedeza leptostachya), the Western Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera praeclara), and Leedy's roseroot (Rhodiola integrifolia ssp. leedyi), and the Dwarf trout lily (Erythronium propullans). [4]

Fauna

A groundhog seen in Minneapolis, along the banks of the Mississippi River Groundhog-Standing2.jpg
A groundhog seen in Minneapolis, along the banks of the Mississippi River
Bison at Blue Mounds State Park in the southwestern corner of Minnesota Bison at Blue Mounds State Park.jpg
Bison at Blue Mounds State Park in the southwestern corner of Minnesota

Historic (and modern) loss of habitat, as well as overharvesting, has affected some native mammals to the point of extirpation, including the bison (disappeared in the mid-1800s; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879; [5] a non-wild population exists in Blue Mounds State Park [6] ), cougar (though vagrant individuals are becoming more common), [7] wolverine, [8] and the boreal woodland caribou (extirpated from all the Lower 48). Whitetail deer and bobcats thrive; the state has the nation's largest population of wolves (specifically timber wolves) outside of Alaska, [9] and also supports healthy populations of black bears, [10] elk, Canada lynx, American martens, [11] fishers, and moose.

Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to the largest population of bald eagles in the contiguous United States following a large increase in conservation efforts and breeding areas since 1989, with an estimated 30 active nests in the Twin Cities alone. [12] The red-tailed hawk thrives in Minnesota woodlands, swamps, and prairies, where rodent populations are high. [13] Although they do not nest in the state, snowy owls migrate to Minnesota from the arctic tundra to hunt voles, mice, and rabbits. [14] The number of snowy owls in the state in any given winter depends greatly on the winter conditions of the snowy owl's natural habitat, in areas such as Canada and Alaska.

The state fish, the walleye, is found in all parts of Minnesota. [15] The walleye fishing season begins on the second Saturday of May, the time of year when the fish begin spawning. Walleye are especially active on cloudy days and after sunset, as well as during the autumn, when they feed heavily to prepare for winter. They naturally reproduce in 260 lakes throughout the state, and are stocked in 1,300 other lakes by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The lakes contain other sport fish such as smallmouth and largemouth bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and streams in the southeast are populated by brook, brown, and rainbow trout. [16]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest</span> Nature preserve in Wisconsin, U.S.

The Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest is a 1,530,647-acre (6,194.31 km2) U.S. National Forest in northern Wisconsin in the United States. Due to logging in the early part of the 20th century, very little old growth forest remains. Some of the trees there were planted by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. The national forest land trees and vegetation are part of the North Woods Ecoregion that prevails throughout the upper Great Lakes region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piney Woods</span> Temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the United States

The Piney Woods is a temperate coniferous forest terrestrial ecoregion in the Southern United States covering 54,400 square miles (141,000 km2) of East Texas, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma. These coniferous forests are dominated by several species of pine as well as hardwoods including hickory and oak. Historically the most dense part of this forest region was the Big Thicket though the lumber industry dramatically reduced the forest concentration in this area and throughout the Piney Woods during the 19th and 20th centuries. The World Wide Fund for Nature considers the Piney Woods to be one of the critically endangered ecoregions of the United States. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines most of this ecoregion as the South Central Plains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurentian Mixed Forest Province</span> Forested ecoregion in North America

The Laurentian Mixed Forest Province, also known as the North Woods, is a forested ecoregion in eastern North America. Among others, this terminology has been adopted by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Similar, though not necessarily entirely identical regions, are identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as Northern Lakes and Forests, and by the World Wildlife Fund by regions such as the Western Great Lakes forests and Eastern forest-boreal transition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aspen parkland</span> Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion of Canada and the United States

Aspen parkland refers to a very large area of transitional biome between prairie and boreal forest in two sections, namely the Peace River Country of northwestern Alberta crossing the border into British Columbia, and a much larger area stretching from central Alberta, all across central Saskatchewan to south central Manitoba and continuing into small parts of the US states of Minnesota and North Dakota. Aspen parkland consists of groves of aspen, poplar and spruce, interspersed with areas of prairie grasslands, also intersected by large stream and river valleys lined with aspen-spruce forests and dense shrubbery. This is the largest boreal-grassland transition zone in the world and is a zone of constant competition and tension as prairie and woodlands struggle to overtake each other within the parkland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glacial Lakes State Park</span> State park in Minnesota, United States

Glacial Lakes State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Starbuck. It was founded in 1963 to preserve some of the remaining rolling prairie which previously covered much of the state. Located in the Leaf Mountains, the park and the area around it contains many glacial landforms created by the Wisconsonian glaciation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North American cougar</span> Subspecies of carnivore

The North American cougar is a cougar subspecies in North America. It is the biggest cat in North America. And the second largest cat in the New World. It was once common in eastern North America and is still prevalent in the western half of the continent. This subspecies includes populations in western Canada, the western United States, Florida, Mexico and Central America, and possibly South America northwest of the Andes Mountains. It thus includes the extirpated eastern cougar and extant Florida panther populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</span> State government agency in Minnesota, United States

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, or Minnesota DNR, is the agency of the U.S. state of Minnesota charged with conserving and managing the state's natural resources. The agency maintains areas such as state parks, state forests, recreational trails, and recreation areas as well as managing minerals, wildlife, and forestry throughout the state. The agency is divided into six divisions - Ecological & Water Resources, Enforcement, Fish & Wildlife, Forestry, Lands & Minerals, and Parks & Trails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Minnesota</span>

The U.S. State of Minnesota is the northernmost state outside Alaska; its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel north. Minnesota is in the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest in interior North America. The state shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and Wisconsin on the northeast; the remainder of the eastern border is with Wisconsin. Iowa is to the south, South Dakota and North Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario are to the north. With 87,014 square miles (225,370 km2), or approximately 2.26% of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th largest state.

The wildlife of Alaska is both diverse and abundant. The Alaskan Peninsula provides an important habitat for fish, mammals, reptiles, and birds. At the top of the food chain are the bears. Alaska contains about 70% of the total North American brown bear population and the majority of the grizzly bears, as well as black bears and Kodiak bears. In winter, polar bears can be found in the Kuskokwim Delta, St. Matthew Island, and at the southernmost portion of St. Lawrence Island. Other major mammals include moose and caribou, bison, wolves and wolverines, foxes, otters and beavers. Fish species are extensive, including: salmon, graylings, char, rainbow and lake trout, northern pike, halibut, pollock, and burbot. The bird population consists of hundreds of species, including: bald eagles, owls, falcons, ravens, ducks, geese, swans, and the passerines. Sea lions, seals, sea otters, and migratory whales are often found close to shore and in offshore waters. The Alaskan waters are home to two species of turtles, the leatherback sea turtle and the green sea turtle. Alaska has two species of frogs, the Columbia spotted frog and wood frog, plus two introduced species, the Pacific tree frog and the red-legged frog. The only species of toad in Alaska is the western toad. There are over 3,000 recorded species of marine macroinvertebrates inhabiting the marine waters, the most common being the various species of shrimp, crab, lobster, and sponge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloquet Valley State Forest</span> State forest in Minnesota, United States

The Cloquet Valley State Forest encompasses 327,098 acres (1,323.7 km2); 48,384 acres (195.8 km2) of which are Minnesota Department of Natural Resources forestry administered lands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife of Canada</span>

The wildlife of Canada or biodiversity of Canada consist of over 80,000 classified species, and an equal number thought yet to be recognized. Known fauna and flora have been identified from five kingdoms: protozoa represent approximately 1% of recorded species; chromist ; fungis ; plants ; and animals. Insects account for nearly 70 percent of documented animal species in Canada. More than 300 species are found exclusively in Canada.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecology of the Rocky Mountains</span> Ecology of the Rocky Mountain range in North America

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Central Rockies forests</span> Temperate coniferous forest ecoregion in Canada and the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Great Lakes forests</span> Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregion in Canada and the United States

The Western Great Lakes forests is a terrestrial ecoregion as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. It is within the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of North America. It is found in northern areas of the United States' states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and in southern areas of the Canadian province of Manitoba and northwestern areas of the province of Ontario.

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The Swan Lake Wildlife Area is a 2,466 acres (998 ha) tract of protected land located in Columbia County, Wisconsin, managed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). Land to be used for the wildlife area was first acquired in 1963 to provide for hunting and other outdoor recreational activities in the county. In addition to outdoor recreation activities, the wildlife area was established to protect the Fox River watershed.

References

  1. "Biomes of Minnesota". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  2. Heinselman, Miron (1996). The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN   0-8166-2805-X.
  3. Bewer, Tim (2004). Moon Handbooks Minnesota (First ed.). Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN   1-56691-482-5.
  4. "Listing and occurrences for Minnesota". Species Reports. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. November 30, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  5. Moyle, J. B. (1965). Big Game in Minnesota, Technical Bulletin, no. 9. Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Section of Research and Planning. p. 172., as referenced in Anfinson, Scott F. (1997). Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 20. ISBN   0-87351-355-X.
  6. "Bison".
  7. "Cougars in Minnesota".
  8. "NatureServe Explorer 2.0".
  9. "Comprehensive Report Species - Canis lupus" . Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  10. Yang, Hannah (May 8, 2023). "Recent Minneapolis bear sighting is part of larger trend, experts say". MPR News. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  11. "American marten".
  12. "Bald eagles in summer". Minnesota DNR. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  13. "Red-tailed Hawk". Minnesota DNR. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  14. Snowy owl, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2019).
  15. "How to catch walleye, Minnesota's state fish". Minnesota DNR. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  16. "Fishes of Minnesota" . Retrieved 2021-01-07.