Oblique projection

This article is about the imaging of 3D objects. For an abstract mathematical discussion, see Projection (linear algebra).

Classification of Oblique projection and some 3D projections

Oblique projection is a simple type of technical drawing of graphical projection used for producing two-dimensional (2D) images of three-dimensional (3D) objects.

The objects are not in perspective and so do not correspond to any view of an object that can be obtained in practice, but the technique yields somewhat convincing and useful.

Oblique projection is commonly used in technical drawing. The cavalier projection was used by French military artists in the 18th century to depict fortifications.

Oblique projection was used almost universally by Chinese artists from the 1st or 2nd centuries to the 18th century, especially to depict rectilinear objects such as houses. ^[1]

Various graphical projection techniques can be used in computer graphics, including in Computer Aided Design (CAD), computer games, computer generated animations, and special effects used in movies.

Overview

Comparison of several types of graphical projection. The presence of one or more 90° angles within a pictorial image is usually a good indication that the perspective is oblique.

Various graphical projections and how they are produced

Oblique projection of a cube with foreshortening by half, seen from the side

Top view of a comparison of an oblique projection (left) and an orthographic projection (right) of a unit cube (cyan) onto the projection plane (red). The foreshortening factor (1/2 in this example) is inversely proportional to the tangent of the angle (63.43° in this example) between the projection plane (colored brown) and the projection lines (dotted).

Front view of the same.

Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection:

• it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays (projectors)
• from the three-dimensional source object with the drawing surface (projection plane).

In both oblique projection and orthographic projection, parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image. The projectors in oblique projection intersect the projection plane at an oblique angle to produce the projected image, as opposed to the perpendicular angle used in orthographic projection.

Mathematically, the parallel projection of the point ${\displaystyle (x,y,z)}$ on the ${\displaystyle xy}$-plane gives ${\displaystyle (x+az,y+bz,0)}$. The constants ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle b}$ uniquely specify a parallel projection. When ${\displaystyle a=b=0}$, the projection is said to be "orthographic" or "orthogonal". Otherwise, it is "oblique". The constants ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle b}$ are not necessarily less than 1, and as a consequence lengths measured on an oblique projection may be either larger or shorter than they were in space. In a general oblique projection, spheres of the space are projected as ellipses on the drawing plane, and not as circles as they would appear from an orthogonal projection.

Oblique drawing is also the crudest "3D" drawing method but the easiest to master. One way to draw using an oblique view is to draw the side of the object you are looking at in two dimensions, i.e. flat, and then draw the other sides at an angle of 45°, but instead of drawing the sides full size they are only drawn with half the depth creating 'forced depth' – adding an element of realism to the object. Even with this 'forced depth', oblique drawings look very unconvincing to the eye. For this reason oblique is rarely used by professional designers or engineers.

Oblique pictorial

In an oblique pictorial drawing, the angles displayed among the axis, as well as the foreshortening factors (scale) are arbitrary. More precisely, any given set of three coplanar segments originating from the same point may be construed as forming some oblique perspective of three sides of a cube. This result is known as Pohlke's theorem, from the German mathematician Pohlke, who published it in the early 19th century. ^[2]

The resulting distortions make the technique unsuitable for formal, working drawings. Nevertheless, the distortions are partially overcome by aligning one plane of the image parallel to the plane of projection. Doing so creates a true shape image of the chosen plane. This specific category of oblique projections, whereby lengths along the directions ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle y}$ are preserved, but lengths along direction ${\displaystyle z}$ are drawn at angle using a reduction factor is very much in use for industrial drawings.

• Cavalier projection is the name of such a projection, where the length along the ${\displaystyle z}$ axis remains unscaled. ^[3]
• Cabinet projection, popular in furniture illustrations, is an example of such a technique, where in the receding axis is scaled to half-size ^[3] (sometimes instead two-thirds the original). ^[4]

Cavalier projection

Further information: Mathematics and art

In cavalier projection (sometimes cavalier perspective or high view point) a point of the object is represented by three coordinates, x, y and z. On the drawing, it is represented by only two coordinates, x″ and y″. On the flat drawing, two axes, x and z on the figure, are perpendicular and the length on these axes are drawn with a 1:1 scale; it is thus similar to the dimetric projections, although it is not an axonometric projection, as the third axis, here y, is drawn in diagonal, making an arbitrary angle with the x″ axis, usually 30 or 45°. The length of the third axis is not scaled. ^{[5] [6]}

It is very easy to draw, especially with pen and paper. It is thus often used when a figure must be drawn by hand, e.g. on a black board (lesson, oral examination).

The representation was initially used for military fortifications. In French, the "cavalier" (literally rider, horseman, see Cavalry ) is an artificial hill behind the walls that allows sighting of the enemy above the walls. ^[7] The cavalier perspective was the way the things were seen from this high point. Some also explain the name by the fact that it was the way a rider could see a small object on the ground from his horseback. ^[8]

Cabinet projection

The term cabinet projection stems from its use in illustrations by the furniture industry. ^[9] Like cavalier perspective, one face of the projected object is parallel to the viewing plane, and the third axis is projected as going off at an angle (typically atan(2) or about ~63.4°). Unlike cavalier projection, where the third axis keeps its length, with cabinet projection the length of the receding lines is cut in half.

Mathematical formula

As a formula, if the plane facing the viewer is xy, and the receding axis is z, then a point P is projected like this:

${\displaystyle P{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}x+{\frac {1}{2}}z\cos \alpha \\y+{\frac {1}{2}}z\sin \alpha \\0\end{pmatrix}}}$

Where ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ is the mentioned angle.

The transformation matrix is:

${\displaystyle P={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&{\frac {1}{2}}\cos \alpha \\0&1&{\frac {1}{2}}\sin \alpha \\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}}$

Alternatively one could remove one third from the leading arm projected off the starting face, thus giving the same result.

Military projection

In the military projection, the angles of the x and z-axis and y and z -axis are at 45°, meaning that the angle between the x-axis and the y-axis is 90°. That is, the xy-plane is not skewed. It is rotated over 45°, though. ^[10]

Examples

Besides technical drawing and illustrations, video games (especially those preceding the advent of 3D games) also often use a form of oblique projection. Examples include SimCity , Ultima VII , Ultima Online , EarthBound , Paperboy and, more recently, Tibia .

• 
  The figures to the left are orthographic projections. The figure to the right is an oblique projection with an angle of 30° and a ratio of 1⁄2.
• 
  Potting bench drawn in cabinet projection with an angle of 45° and a ratio of 2/3.
• 
  Pieces of fortification in cavalier perspective ( Cyclopaedia vol. 1, 1728).
• 
  How the coordinates are used to place a point on a cavalier perspective.
• 
  Stone arch drawn in military perspective.
• 
  Stone arch drawn in cabinet perspective.
• 
  A representative Korean painting depicting the two royal palaces, Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung located in the east of the main palace, Gyeongbokgung.
• 
  Entrance and yard of a yamen. Detail of scroll about Suzhou by Xu Yang, ordered by the Qianlong Emperor. 18th century
• 
  18th century plan of Port-Royal-des-Champs drawn in military projection
• 
  A variation of military projection is used in the video game SimCity
• 
  A 3D rendered magnetic resonance angiography, shown in an oblique projection in order to distinguish the aberrant subclavian artery

See also

• Space-oblique Mercator projection
• Oblique Mercator projection
• Hatsusaburō Yoshida
• List of art techniques

References

1. Cucker, Felipe (2013). Manifold Mirrors: The Crossing Paths of the Arts and Mathematics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–278. ISBN   978-0-521-72876-8.
2. Weisstein, Eric W. "Pohlke's Theorem". From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource.
3. Parallel Projections Archived 23 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine from PlaneView3D Online
4. Bolton, William (1995), Basic Engineering, Butterworth-Heinemann GNVQ Engineering Series, BH Newnes, p. 140, ISBN   9780750625845 .
5. "Repair and Maintenance Manuals - Integrated Publishing". Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. from "Repair and Maintenance Manuals - Integrated Publishing". Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
6. Ingrid Carlbom, Joseph Paciorek, Planar Geometric Projections and Viewing Transformations, ACM Computing Surveys, v.10 n.4, pp. 465–502, Dec. 1978
7. Etymologie des maths, letter C (French)
8. DES QUESTIONS D'ORIGINES (French)
9. Ching, Francis D. K.; Juroszek, Steven P. (2011), Design Drawing (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 205, ISBN   9781118007372 .
10. "The Geometry of Perspective Drawing on the Computer" . Retrieved 24 April 2015.

Further reading

• Foley, James (1997). Computer Graphics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN   0-201-84840-6.
• Ingrid Carlbom, Joseph Paciorek, Planar Geometric Projections and Viewing Transformations, ACM Computing Surveys, v.10 n.4, p. 465–502, Dec. 1978
• Alpha et al. 1988, Atlas of Oblique Maps, A Collection of Landform Portrayals of Selected Areas of the World (US Geological Survey)

External links

• Illustrator Draftsman 3 & 2 – Volume 2 Standard Practices and Theory, page 68 from https://web.archive.org/web/20100822152816/http://www.tpub.com:80/