Pasteuria

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Pasteuria
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Pasteuriaceae
Genus:
Pasteuria

Metchnikoff 1888
Type species
Pasteuria ramosa
Metchnikoff 1888
Species
  • "Ca P. aldrichii"
  • "P. goettingianae"
  • "P. hartismeri"
  • P. nishizawae
  • P. penetrans
  • P. ramosa
  • P. thornei
  • "Ca P. usgae"

Pasteuria is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans. [1] The genus of Pasteuria was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae, [2] but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae. [3]

Contents

Steps of infection

Animals that are susceptible to Pasteuria become infected when they are exposed to endospores in soil or water. Therefore, Pasteuria are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the endospore density in the environment [4] and can be affected by temperature. [5] However, the ability of an endospore to attach to and infect a host is highly specific and following contact with a compatible host, the Pasteuria endospores are activated, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host thereby restricting it from reproducing and ultimately the host dies. [6] In water fleas, the ability of the endospore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host and the parasite. [7] However, in phytonematodes there was no direct relationship between cuticle heterogeneity as exhibited by endospore attachment and the phylogeny of the nematode. [8] Furthermore, in phytonematodes the cues which initiate germination differ between different endospore isolates. For example, in Pasteuria penetrans that infects root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) endospore germination usually occurs sometime between the nematode entering the root, setting up the feeding site and the first molt as currently there are no reports of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. containing either developmental stages or endospores of P. penetrans. However, developmental stages and endospores of a field population of Pasteuria have been observed in J2s of Heterodera avenae [9] . An infected root-knot female can contain up to two million endpsores, [4] while an infected J2 of H. avenae will contain less than a thousand endospores [9] . Interestingly, endopores that do not infect water fleas and pass through a resistant host can still remain viable and infectious. [10] This suggests that different species or strains of the bacterium have evolved different life-cycle strategies.

Effects of parasite

The life-cycles of the bacteria that infect cladoceran parasites and phytonematodes have been shown to be similar in that during infection they both exhibit morphological stages that are in common with the original description by Metchinkoff. [11] Following infection with Pasteuria, the parasite interferes with the reproduction of their female hosts. Hosts can live with the parasite for a prolonged period of time after infection. [12] In Daphnia , P. ramosa induces gigantism. [13] P. penetrans parasitized females of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica, on the other hand, were smaller than healthy individuals, [5] although there is a direct relationship between the numbers of endospores produced by an individual female and its volume. [4]

Potential as biocontrol

Due to the effect of Pasteuria on reproduction, especially on nematode pests of important crops, there is an interest to develop Pasteuria as a biological control agent. [14] In 2012, Syngenta acquired a company named Pateuria Bioscience to commercialize Pasteuria as a biological control. [15] In 2013, Syngenta launched CLARIVA™ pn, which has the active ingredient of Pasteuria nishizawae to combat the soybean cyst nematode. [16] The effectiveness of Pasteuria as a biocontrol may depend on the biotypes of the nematode host that are present since they can vary in their susceptibility to Pasteuria. [17]

Species of Pasteuria and their hosts

Currently, four species of Pasteuria and two candidate species are described, all of which are obligate parasites with specific hosts. The described species and their hosts include:

Candidate species and their hosts include:

Additional species of Pasteuria have been named but are yet to be formally described, including:

See also

Related Research Articles

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Nematomorpha are a phylum of parasitoid animals superficially similar to nematode worms in morphology, hence the name. Most species range in size from 50 to 100 millimetres, reaching 2 metres (79 in) in extreme cases, and 1 to 3 millimetres in diameter. Horsehair worms can be discovered in damp areas, such as watering troughs, swimming pools, streams, puddles, and cisterns. The adult worms are free-living, but the larvae are parasitic on arthropods, such as beetles, cockroaches, mantises, orthopterans, and crustaceans. About 351 freshwater species are known and a conservative estimate suggests that there may be about 2000 freshwater species worldwide. The name "Gordian" stems from the legendary Gordian knot. This relates to the fact that nematomorphs often coil themselves in tight balls that resemble knots.

Northern root-knot nematode is a species of vegetable pathogens which produces tiny galls on around 550 crop and weed species. They invade root tissue after birth. Females are able to lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time in a large egg mass. By surviving harsh winters, they can survive in cold climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Root-knot nematode</span> Genus of parasitic worms

Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne. They exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters. About 2000 species of plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5% of global crop loss. Root-knot nematode larvae infect plant roots, causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant's photosynthate and nutrients. Infection of young plants may be lethal, while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield.

<i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> Nematode worm, plant disease, many hosts

Meloidogyne incognita, also known as the southern root-nematode or cotton root-knot nematode is a plant-parasitic roundworm in the family Heteroderidae. This nematode is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular galls on roots as a result of parasitism.

<i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne arenaria is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. This nematode is also known as the peanut root knot nematode. The word "Meloidogyne" is derived from two Greek words that mean "apple-shaped" and "female". The peanut root knot nematode, M. arenaria is one of the "major" Meloidogyne species because of its worldwide economic importance. M. arenaria is a predominant nematode species in the United States attacking peanut in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The most damaging nematode species for peanut in the USA is M. arenaria race 1 and losses can exceed 50% in severely infested fields. Among the several Meloidogyne species that have been characterized, M. arenaria is the most variable both morphologically and cytologically. In 1949, two races of this nematode had been identified, race 1 which reproduces on peanut and race 2 which cannot do so. However, in a recent study, three races were described. López-Pérez et al (2011) had also studied populations of M. arenaria race 2, which reproduces on tomato plants carrying the Mi gene and race 3, which reproduces on both resistant pepper and tomato.

<i>Meloidogyne javanica</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne javanica is a species of plant-pathogenic nematodes. It is one of the tropical root-knot nematodes and a major agricultural pest in many countries. It has many hosts. Meloidogyne javanica reproduces by obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis (apomixis).

<i>Pratylenchus penetrans</i> Species of roundworm

Pratylenchus penetrans is a species of nematode in the genus Pratylenchus, the lesion nematodes. It occurs in temperate regions worldwide, regions between the subtropics and the polar circles. It is an animal that inhabits the roots of a wide variety of plants and results in necrotic lesions on the roots. Symptoms of P. penetrans make it hard to distinguish from other plant pathogens; only an assay of soil can conclusively diagnose a nematode problem in the field. P. penetrans is physically very similar to other nematode species, but is characterized by its highly distinctive mouthpiece. P. penetrans uses its highly modified mouth organs to rupture the outer surface of subterranean plant root structures. It will then enter into the root interior and feed on the plant tissue inside. P. penetrans is considered to be a crop parasite and farmers will often treat their soil with various pesticides in an attempt to eliminate the damage caused by an infestation. In doing this, farmers will also eliminate many of the beneficial soil fauna, which will lead to an overall degradation of soil quality in the future. Alternative, more environmentally sustainable methods to control P. penetrans populations may be possible in certain regions.

<i>Heterodera avenae</i> Species of roundworm

Heterodera avenae, the cereal cyst nematode or European cyst nematode, is a plant pathogen and an obligate parasite of cereal crops including barley, oats, wheat and rye. Cereal crops infected with this nematode are more susceptible to infection by fungal diseases such as rhizoctonia root rot.

<i>Heterodera schachtii</i> Species of roundworm

Heterodera schachtii, the beet cyst eelworm or sugarbeet nematode, is a plant pathogenic nematode. It infects more than 200 different plants including economically important crops such as sugar beets, cabbage, broccoli, and radish. H. schachtii is found worldwide. Affected plants are marked by stunted growth, wilting, yellowing, decreased yields, and death. While there are many methods of control, crop rotation with non-susceptible plants is preferred.

Meloidogyne acronea, the African cotton root-knot nematode or African cotton root nematode, is a plant pathogenic nematode affecting pigeonpeas. It is also an invasive species. The roots and surrounding soils of cereals, grasses, and Gossypium spp. provide habitat for this organism. M. acronea was confirmed as a potentially problematic pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum cv. Makoka, which was proven through pot experiments.

There are many plant-parasitic species in the root-knot nematode genus (Meloidogyne) that attack coffee such as M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. exigua, M. javanica and M. coffeicola. Study has already shown interspecific variability coffee, in which show how this species can be adapting to new hosts and environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nematophagous fungus</span> Carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematodes

Nematophagous fungi are carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematodes. Around 160 species are known. Species exist that live inside the nematodes from the beginning and others that catch them, mostly with glue traps or in rings, some of which constrict on contact. Some species possess both types of traps. Another technique is to stun the nematodes using toxins, a method employed by Coprinus comatus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, and the family Pleurotaceae. The habit of feeding on nematodes has arisen many times among fungi, as is demonstrated by the fact that nematophagous species are found in all major fungal groups. Nematophagous fungi can be useful in controlling those nematodes that eat crops. Purpureocillium, for example, can be used as a bio-nematicide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nematode</span> Phylum of worms

The nematodes, roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, but many species are parasitic. The parasitic worms (helminths) are the cause of soil-transmitted helminthiases.

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<i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> Species of fungus

Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from 8 to 38 °C for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range 26 to 30 °C. It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates. P. lilacinum has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.

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The Pasteuriaceae are a family of nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria. They are moderately to strongly resistant to heat. Species in this family produce a septate mycelium with one refractile endospore. The mycelium grows bigger on one end to form sporangia and sometimes endospores. The size of the endospores is different for each species of the genus Pasteuria. Species of the family of Pastueriaceae are endoparasitic in plant, soil, and freshwater invertebrates.

<i>Bacillus firmus</i> Species of bacterium

Bacillus firmus is an aerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped species of bacteria within the genus Bacillus. It is a soil-dwelling bacterium.

Pasteuria nishizawae is a mycelial and endospore-forming bacterium parasitic on cyst nematodes of genera Heterodera and Globodera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pasteuria ramosa</span> Species of bacterium

Pasteuria ramosa is a gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium in the Bacillus/Clostridia clade within Bacillota. It is an obligate pathogen of cladoceran crustaceans from the genus Daphnia. Daphnia is a genus of small planktonic crustaceans including D. magna, P. ramosa's most popular host target. Other hosts include D. pulex, D. longispina, D. dentifera, and Moina rectirostris. An established and widely used coevolutionary model of host-pathogen interactions exists with P. ramosa and D. magna.

References

  1. ↑ Stackebrandt, Erko (2014). "The Family Pasteuriaceae". In Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko; Thompson, Fabiano (eds.). The Prokaryotes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 281–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30120-9_347. ISBN   9783642301193.
  2. ↑ Preston, J. F.; Dickson, D. W.; Maruniak, J. E.; Nong, G.; Brito, J. A.; Schmidt, L. M.; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2003). "Pasteuria spp.: Systematics and Phylogeny of These Bacterial Parasites of Phytopathogenic Nematodes". Journal of Nematology. 35 (2): 198–207. ISSN   0022-300X. PMC   2620627 . PMID   19265995.
  3. ↑ Vos, P; Garrity, G; Jones, D; Krieg, N.R.; Ludwig, W; Rainey, F.A.; Schleifer, K.-H.; Whitman, W.B. (2009). "The Firmicutes". Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68489-5. ISBN   978-0-387-95041-9.
  4. 1 2 3 Davies, K. G.; Kerry, B. R.; Flynn, C. A. (1988). "Observations on the pathogenicity of Pasteuria penetrans, a parasite of root-knot nematodes". Annals of Applied Biology. 112: 491–501.
  5. 1 2 Hatz, B.; Dickson, D. W. (1992). "Effect of Temperature on Attachment, Development, and Interactions of Pasteuria penetrans on Meloidogyne incognita". Journal of Nematology. 24 (4): 512–521. ISSN   0022-300X. PMC   2619314 . PMID   19283029.
  6. ↑ Duneau, David; Luijckx, Pepijn; Ben-Ami, Frida; Laforsch, Christian; Ebert, Dieter (2011). "Resolving the infection process reveals striking differences in the contribution of environment, genetics and phylogeny to host-parasite interactions". BMC Biology. 9 (1): 11. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-11 . PMC   3052238 . PMID   21342515.
  7. ↑ Luijckx, Pepijn; Duneau, David; Andras, Jason P.; Ebert, Dieter (2014). "Cross-Species Infection Trials Reveal Cryptic Parasite Varieties and a Putative Polymorphism Shared Among Host Species". Evolution. 68 (2): 577–586. doi: 10.1111/evo.12289 . ISSN   1558-5646. PMID   24116675. S2CID   6083589.
  8. ↑ Davies, K.G.; Fargette, M.; Balla, G.; Daudi, A.; Duponnois, R.; Gowen, S.R.; Mateille, T.; Phillips, M.S.; Sawadogo, A.; Trivino, C.; Vouyoukalou, E.; Trudgill, D.L. (2001). "Cuticle heterogeneity as exhibited by Pasteuria spore attachment is not linked to the phylogeny of parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)". Parasitology. 122: 111–120. doi:10.1017/s0031182000006958.
  9. 1 2 Davies, K G; Flynn, C A; Laird, V; Kerry, B R. "The life-cycle, population dynamics and host specificity of a parasite of Heterodera avenae, similar to Pasteuria penetrans". Revue de Nématologie. 13: 303–309.
  10. ↑ King, Kayla C; Auld, Stuart K J R; Wilson, Philip J; James, Janna; Little, Tom J (2013). "The bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa is not killed if it fails to infect: implications for coevolution". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1002/ece3.438. ISSN   2045-7758. PMC   3586630 . PMID   23467806.
  11. ↑ Sayre, R M; Gherna, R L; Wergin, W P (1983). "Morphological and taxonomic reevaluation of Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff 1888 and "Bacillus penetrans" Mankau 1975". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (33): 636–649.
  12. ↑ Ebert, D. (2005). Ecology, epidemiology and evolution of parasitism in Daphnia. National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda (MD). ISBN   978-1-932811-06-3.
  13. ↑ Cressler, Clayton E.; Nelson, William A.; Day, Troy; McCauley, Edward (2014). "Starvation reveals the cause of infection-induced castration and gigantism". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1792): 20141087. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1087. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   4150321 . PMID   25143034.
  14. ↑ Davies, K. G.; Rowe, J. A.; Williamson, V. M. (2008). "Inter- and intra-specific cuticle variation between amphimictic and parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) as revealed by a bacterial parasite (Pasteuria penetrans)". International Journal for Parasitology. 38 (7): 851–859. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.007. PMID   18171577.
  15. ↑ "Syngenta to acquire Pasteuria Bioscience". www.syngenta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  16. ↑ "CLARIVA". www.syngenta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  17. ↑ Tzortzakakis, E. A.; De. R. Channer, A. G.; Gowen, S. R.; Ahmed, R. (1997). "Studies on the potential use of Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)". Plant Pathology. 46 (1): 44–55. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-211.x . ISSN   1365-3059.
  18. ↑ Sayre, R. M; Wergin, W. P; Schmidt, J. M; Starr, M. P (1991). "Pasteuria nishizawae sp. nov., a mycelial and endospore-forming bacterium parasitic on cyst nematodes of genera Heterodera and Globodera". Research in Microbiology. 142 (5): 551–564. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(91)90188-G. PMID   1947427.
  19. 1 2 Starr, M. P.; Sayre, R. M. (1988). "Pasteuria thornei sp. nov. and Pasteuria penetrans sensu stricto emend., mycelial and endospore-forming bacteria parasitic, respectively, on plant-parasitic nematodes of the genera Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie. 139 (1): 11–31. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90094-4. PMID   3382544.
  20. ↑ Metchnikoff, M.E. (1888). "Pasteuria ramosa un représentant des bactéries à division longitudinale". Ann. Inst. Pasteur: 165–170.
  21. 1 2 Giblin-Davis, R. M.; Nong, G.; Preston, J. F.; Williams, D. S.; Center, B. J.; Brito, J. A.; Dickson, D. W. (2011). "'Candidatus Pasteuria aldrichii', an obligate endoparasite of the bacterivorous nematode Bursilla". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (9): 2073–2080. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.021287-0 . PMID   20870891.
  22. ↑ Bishop, Alistair H.; Gowen, Simon R.; Pembroke, Barbara; Trotter, James R. (2007). "Morphological and molecular characteristics of a new species of Pasteuria parasitic on Meloidogyne ardenensis". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 96 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.02.008. PMID   17399736.
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