Computers and writing is a sub-field of college English studies about how computers and digital technologies affect literacy and the writing process. The range of inquiry in this field is broad including discussions on ethics when using computers in writing programs,how discourse can be produced through technologies,software development,and computer-aided literacy instruction. Some topics include hypertext theory,visual rhetoric,multimedia authoring,distance learning,digital rhetoric,usability studies,the patterns of online communities,how various media change reading and writing practices,textual conventions,and genres. Other topics examine social or critical issues in computer technology and literacy,such as the issues of the "digital divide",equitable access to computer-writing resources,and critical technological literacies. Many study by scientist such have shown that writing on computer is better than writing in a book
The Conference on College Composition and Communication is a national professional association of college and university writing instructors in the United States. The CCCC formed in 1949 as an organization within the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE). CCCC is the largest organization dedicated to writing research,theory,and teaching worldwide.
An interlanguage is an idiolect which has been developed by a learner of a second language (L2) which preserves some features of their first language (L1) and can overgeneralize some L2 writing and speaking rules. These two characteristics give an interlanguage its unique linguistic organization. It is idiosyncratically based on the learner's experiences with L2. An interlanguage can fossilize,or cease developing,in any of its developmental stages. It is claimed that several factors shape interlanguage rules,including L1 transfer,previous learning strategies,strategies of L2 acquisition,L2 communication strategies,and the overgeneralization of L2 language patterns.
Second language writing is the study of writing performed by non-native speakers/writers of a language as a second or foreign language. According to Oxford University,second language writing is the expression of one's actions and what one wants to say in writing in a language other than one's native language. Learning a new language and writing in it is the most challenging thing. Learning a new language first requires an understanding of the writing system and the grammar of the language. Because grammar is the basis of writing. Learning the grammar of a language is the only way to write in that language. The extent to which non-native speakers write in formal or specialized domains,and the requirements for grammatical accuracy and compositional coherence,will vary according to the specific context. The process of second language writing has been an area of research in applied linguistics and second language acquisition theory since the middle of the 20th century. The focus has been mainly on second-language writing in academic settings. In the last few years,there has been a great deal of interest in and research on informal writing. These informal writings include writing in online contexts. In terms of instructional practices,the focus of second language writing instruction has traditionally been on achieving grammatical accuracy. However,this changed under the influence of compositional studies,which focused on conceptual and structural properties. Another development in the teaching of second language writing is the increasing use of models and the emphasis on the properties of particular writing genres. Recent research has analyzed how second-language writing differs from native-language writing,emphasizing the cultural factors that influence second-language writers. In general,second language acquisition research has transitioned from a primary focus on cognitive factors to a sociocultural perspective in which writing is viewed not only as an acquired language skill and cognitive ability but also,more broadly,as a socially situated communicative act involving a target audience. Recently,particular attention has been paid to the integration of written texts with other media (multimodality) and to the mixing of languages in online media.
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities. Historically it has been used to establish language genealogies.
Composition studies is the professional field of writing,research,and instruction,focusing especially on writing at the college level in the United States.
Contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a person's first language and his or her culture influence writing in a second language or how a common language is used among different cultures. The term was first coined by the American applied linguist Robert Kaplan in 1966 to denote eclecticism and subsequent growth of collective knowledge in certain languages. It was widely expanded from 1996 to today by Finnish-born,US-based applied linguist Ulla Connor,among others. Since its inception the area of study has had a significant impact on the exploration of intercultural discourse structures that extend beyond the target language's native forms of discourse organization. The field brought attention to cultural and associated linguistic habits in expression of English language.
Raymond Keith Gilyard is a writer and American professor of English who teaches and researches in the fields of rhetoric,composition,literacy studies,sociolinguistics,and African American literature. Interested in the complex interplay among race,ethnicity,language,writing,and politics,his primary interest lies in identifying intersections of African American English and composing practices. Advocating African American English as a legitimate discourse,Gilyard has been a prominent voice in the movement to recognize ethnic and cultural discourses other than Standard English as valid. As a literary scholar and creative writer,his interests have been in the interplay among African American literature,rhetorical criticism,and bio-critical work.
Cognitive science and linguistic theory have played an important role in providing empirical research into the writing process and serving the teaching of composition. As for composition theories,there is some dispute concerning the appropriateness of tying these two schools of thought together into one theory of composition. However,their empirical basis for research and ties to the process theory of composition and cognitive science can be thought to warrant some connection.
The study and practice of visual rhetoric took a more prominent role in the field of composition studies towards the end of the twentieth century and onward. Proponents of its inclusion in composition typically point to the increasingly visual nature of society,and the increasing presence of visual texts. Literacy,they argue,can no longer be limited only to written text and must also include an understanding of the visual.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to second-language acquisition:
Kathleen Blake Yancey is the Kellogg W. Hunt Professor of English at Florida State University in the rhetoric and composition program. Her research interests include composition studies,writing knowledge,creative non-fiction,and writing assessment.
Marjolijn Verspoor is a Dutch linguist. She is a professor of English language and English as a second language at the University of Groningen,Netherlands. She is known for her work on Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and the application of dynamical systems theory to study second language development. Her interest is also in second language writing.
Wander Marius Lowie is a Dutch linguist. He is currently a professor of applied linguistics at the Department of Applied Linguistics at the University of Groningen,Netherlands. He is known for his work on Complex Dynamic Systems Theory.
Rosa María Manchón Ruiz is a Spanish linguist. She is currently a professor of applied linguistics at the University of Murcia,Spain. Her research focuses on second language acquisition and second language writing. She was the editor of the Journal of Second Language Writing between 2008 and 2014.
Lourdes Ortega is a Spanish-born American linguist. She is currently a professor of applied linguistics at Georgetown University. Her research focuses on second language acquisition and second language writing. She is noted for her work on second language acquisition and for recommending that syntactic complexity needs to be measured multidimensionally.
Scott Andrew Crossley is an American linguist. He is a professor of applied linguistics at Vanderbilt University,United States. His research focuses on natural language processing and the application of computational tools and machine learning algorithms in learning analytics including second language acquisition,second language writing,and readability. His main interest area is the development and use of natural language processing tools in assessing writing quality and text difficulty.
Victor Villanueva is an American academic and scholar in rhetoric and composition studies,serving the role of Regents Professor Emeritus at Washington State University. Villanueva was awarded NCTE's David Russell Award for Distinguished Research in the Teaching of English for his groundbreaking book Bootstraps,From an American Academic of Color. In 2009,Villanueva was the recipient of the Conference on College Composition and Communication Exemplar's Award. Villanueva has written and edited a number of significant works on the topic of race,rhetoric,basic writing,and the social and political contexts of literacy education.
Asao B. Inoue is a Japanese American academic writer and professor of rhetoric and composition in the College of Integrative Sciences and Arts at Arizona State University whose research and teaching focus on anti-racist writing assessment. In 2019,Inoue was elected the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) Chair. He delivered the keynote presentation for the 2019 CCCC Annual Convention,entitled "How Do We Language So People Stop Killing Each Other,Or What Do We Do About White Language Supremacy?" Inoue is the recipient of multiple disciplinary and institutional academic awards,including the 2017 CCCC Outstanding Book Award,the 2017 Council of Writing Program Administrators (CWPA) Best Book Award,and the 2012 Provost's Award for Teaching Excellence at California State University,Fresno.
Janice M. Lauer Rice was an American scholar of composition,rhetoric,and linguistics. She was a founding member of the Rhetoric Society of America. She founded one of the first doctoral programs in rhetoric and composition at Purdue University in 1980. The Lauer Series in Rhetoric and Composition from Parlor Press is named in her honor,as well as the Rhetoric Society of America's Janice Lauer Fund for Graduate Student Support and the Purdue Foundation Janice M. Lauer Dissertation Award.
