Pentagonal bipyramid

Pentagonal bipyramid
Type	Bipyramid, Deltahedra Johnson J12 – J13 – J14
Faces	10 triangles
Edges	15
Vertices	7
Vertex configuration	${\displaystyle 5\times (3^{4})+2\times (3^{5})}$
Symmetry group	${\displaystyle D_{5\mathrm {h} }}$
Dihedral angle (degrees)	As a Johnson solid: triangle-to-triangle: 138.2° triangle-to-triangle if pyramids being attached base-to-base: 74.8°
Dual polyhedron	pentagonal prism
Properties	convex, composite, face-transitive

The pentagonal bipyramid (or pentagonal dipyramid) is a polyhedron with ten triangular faces. It is constructed by attaching two pentagonal pyramids to each of their bases. If the triangular faces are equilateral, the pentagonal bipyramid is an example of deltahedra, composite polyhedron, and Johnson solid.

The pentagonal bipyramid may be represented as four-connected well-covered graph. This polyhedron may be used in the chemical compound as the description of an atom cluster known as pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry, as a solution in Thomson problem, as well as in decahedral nanoparticles.

Special cases

As a right bipyramid

Like other bipyramids, the pentagonal bipyramid can be constructed by attaching the base of two pentagonal pyramids. ^[1] These pyramids cover their pentagonal base, such that the resulting polyhedron has ten triangles as its faces, fifteen edges, and seven vertices. ^[2] The pentagonal bipyramid is said to be right if the pyramids are symmetrically regular and both of their apices are on the line passing through the base's center; otherwise, it is oblique. ^[3]

Like other right bipyramids, the pentagonal bipyramid has three-dimensional symmetry group of dihedral group ${\displaystyle D_{5\mathrm {h} }}$ of order twenty: the appearance is symmetrical by rotating around the axis of symmetry that passing through apices and base's center vertically, and it has mirror symmetry relative to any bisector of the base; it is also symmetrical by reflecting it across a horizontal plane. ^[4] Therefore, the pentagonal bipyramid is face-transitive or isohedral. ^[5]

The pentagonal bipyramid is four-connected, meaning that it takes the removal of four vertices to disconnect the remaining vertices. It is one of only four four-connected simplicial well-covered polyhedra, meaning that all of the maximal independent sets of its vertices have the same size. The other three polyhedra with this property are the regular octahedron, the snub disphenoid, and an irregular polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 triangular faces. ^[6]

The dual polyhedron of a pentagonal bipyramid is the pentagonal prism. More generally, the dual polyhedron of every bipyramid is the prism, and the vice versa is true. ^[7] The pentagonal prism has two pentagonal faces at the base, and the rest are five rectangular. ^[8]

As a Johnson solid

Pentagonal bipyramid with regular faces, alongside its net.

3D model of a pentagonal bipyramid as a Johnson solid

If the pyramids have regular polygonal faces, and all of their edges are equal in length, the pentagonal bipyramid is a deltahedron, a polyhedron with only equilateral triangular faces. ^[9] There are only eight different convex deltahedra, one of which is the pentagonal bipyramid with regular faces. More generally, the convex polyhedron in which all faces are regular is the Johnson solid, and every convex deltahedron is a Johnson solid. The pentagonal bipyramid with the regular faces is among the numbered Johnson solids as ${\displaystyle J_{13}}$, the thirteenth Johnson solid. ^[10] It is an example of a composite polyhedron because it is constructed by attaching two regular pentagonal pyramids. ^{[11] [2]}

A pentagonal bipyramid's surface area ${\displaystyle A}$ is 10 times that of all triangles, and its volume ${\displaystyle V}$ can be ascertained by slicing it into two pentagonal pyramids and adding their volume. In the case of edge length ${\displaystyle a}$, they are: ^[2] $${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&={\frac {5{\sqrt {3}}}{2}}a^{2}&\approx 4.3301a^{2},\\V&={\frac {5+{\sqrt {5}}}{12}}a^{3}&\approx 0.603a^{3}.\end{aligned}}}$$

The dihedral angle of a pentagonal bipyramid with regular faces can be calculated by adding the angle of pentagonal pyramids: ^[12]

• the dihedral angle of a pentagonal bipyramid between two adjacent triangles is that of a pentagonal pyramid, approximately 138.2°, and
• the dihedral angle of a pentagonal bipyramid with regular faces between two adjacent triangular faces, on the edge where two pyramids are attached, is 74.8°, obtained by summing the dihedral angle of a pentagonal pyramid between the triangular face and the base.

The pentagonal bipyramid has one type of closed geodesic, the path on the surface avoiding the vertices and locally looks like the shortest path. In other words, this path follows straight line segments across each face that intersect, creating complementary angles on the two incident faces of the edge as they cross. Its closed geodesic crosses the apical and equator edges, with the length of ${\displaystyle 2{\sqrt {3}}\approx 3.46}$. ^[13]

Applications

In the geometry of chemical compounds, the pentagonal bipyramid can be used as the atom cluster surrounding an atom. The pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry describes clusters for which this polyhedron is a pentagonal bipyramid. An example of such a cluster is iodine heptafluoride in the gas phase. ^[14]

The Thomson problem concerns the minimum-energy configuration of charged particles on a sphere. One of them is a pentagonal bipyramid, a known solution for the case of seven electrons, by placing vertices of a pentagonal bipyramid inscribed in a sphere. ^[15]

Pentagonal bipyramids and related five-fold shapes are found in decahedral nanoparticles, which can also be macroscopic in size when they are also called fiveling cyclic twins in mineralogy. ^{[16] [17]}

References

1. Rajwade, A. R. (2001), Convex Polyhedra with Regularity Conditions and Hilbert's Third Problem, Texts and Readings in Mathematics, Hindustan Book Agency, p. 84, doi:10.1007/978-93-86279-06-4, ISBN   978-93-86279-06-4 .
2. Berman, Martin (1971), "Regular-faced convex polyhedra", Journal of the Franklin Institute, 291 (5): 329–352, doi:10.1016/0016-0032(71)90071-8, MR   0290245 .
3. Polya, G. (1954), Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning: Induction and analogy in mathematics, Princeton University Press, p. 138, ISBN   0-691-02509-6 .
4. Alexander, Daniel C.; Koeberlin, Geralyn M. (2014). Elementary Geometry for College Students (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 403. ISBN   978-1-285-19569-8.
5. McLean, K. Robin (1990), "Dungeons, dragons, and dice", The Mathematical Gazette, 74 (469): 243–256, doi:10.2307/3619822, JSTOR   3619822, S2CID   195047512 .
6. Finbow, Arthur S.; Hartnell, Bert L.; Nowakowski, Richard J.; Plummer, Michael D. (2010), "On well-covered triangulations. III", Discrete Applied Mathematics, 158 (8): 894–912, doi: 10.1016/j.dam.2009.08.002 , MR   2602814 .
7. Montroll, John (2011), Origami Polyhedra Design, CRC Press, p. 5, ISBN   978-1-4398-7106-5 .
8. Goldberg, Nicholas; Haylett, Christine (2019), Oxford Mathematics for the Caribbean: Book 1 (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 308, ISBN   978-0-19-842569-4 .
9. Trigg, Charles W. (1978), "An infinite class of deltahedra", Mathematics Magazine, 51 (1): 55–57, doi:10.1080/0025570X.1978.11976675, JSTOR   2689647, MR   1572246 .
10. Uehara, Ryuhei (2020), Introduction to Computational Origami: The World of New Computational Geometry, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4470-5, ISBN   978-981-15-4470-5, S2CID   220150682 .
11. Timofeenko, A. V. (2009), "Convex Polyhedra with Parquet Faces" (PDF), Docklady Mathematics, 80 (2): 720–723, doi:10.1134/S1064562409050238 .
12. Johnson, Norman W. (1966), "Convex polyhedra with regular faces", Canadian Journal of Mathematics , 18: 169–200, doi: 10.4153/cjm-1966-021-8 , MR   0185507, S2CID   122006114, Zbl   0132.14603 .
13. Lawson, Kyle A.; Parish, James L.; Traub, Cynthia M.; Weyhaupt, Adam G. (2013), "Coloring graphs to classify simple closed geodesics on convex deltahedra." (PDF), International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 89 (2): 123–139, doi: 10.12732/ijpam.v89i2.1 , Zbl   1286.05048 .
14. Gillespie, Ronald J.; Hargittai, István (2013), The VSEPR Model of Molecular Geometry, Dover Publications, p. 152, ISBN   978-0-486-48615-4 .
15. Sloane, N. J. A.; Hardin, R. H.; Duff, T. D. S.; Conway, J. H. (1995), "Minimal-energy clusters of hard spheres", Discrete & Computational Geometry , 14 (3): 237–259, doi: 10.1007/BF02570704 , MR   1344734, S2CID   26955765 .
16. Marks, L. D.; Peng, L. (2016), "Nanoparticle shape, thermodynamics and kinetics" , Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 28 (5): 053001, Bibcode:2016JPCM...28e3001M, doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/5/053001 , ISSN   0953-8984, PMID   26792459 .
17. Rose, Gustav (1831), "Ueber die Krystallformen des Goldes und des Silbers", Annalen der Physik, 99 (10): 196–204, Bibcode:1831AnP....99..196R, doi:10.1002/andp.18310991003, ISSN   0003-3804 .

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W., "Pentagonal dipyramid" ("Dipyramid") at MathWorld .
• Conway Notation for Polyhedra Try: dP5