![]() Stew of goat meat and offals | |
Alternative names | Papaitan, sangkutsar (singkutsar), sinanglaw (sinanglao) |
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Type | Stew |
Course | Entree |
Place of origin | Philippines |
Region or state | Ilocos region |
Serving temperature | Hot |
Main ingredients | Goat (or beef), offals, bile (or cud) |
Ingredients generally used | Ginger, shallots (or onions), garlic, tamarind, bilimbi, chili pepper |
Variations | Fish, [1] carabao, kinigtot |
Similar dishes | Kilawin , niu bie tang |
Pinapaitan or papaitan (lit. "to [make] bitter") is a Filipino-Ilocano stew made with goat meat and offal and flavored with its bile, chyme, or cud (also known as papait). [2] [3] [4] This papait gives the stew its signature bitter flavor profile or "pait" (lit. "bitter"), [5] [6] a flavor profile commonly associated with Ilocano cuisine. [7] [8] Similar to other Ilocano meat dishes, pinapaitan does not contain any vegetables other than those used for flavoring. [9]
Various offal include tripe, kidneys, liver, heart, intestines, pancreas, and spleen. Hide and blood may also be added. [10] [11] [12] Alternately, it can be made with beef when goat is not available. [10] It also goes by the name sangkutsar from the Spanish term " sancochar " meaning "to parboil". [13] [2] [14] In Vigan and Pangasinan, pinapaitan made with beef is known as sinanglaw. [15]
It is enjoyed as a main dish served with rice or as pulutan (appetizer) with alcohol. [16] One researcher has suggested that the consumption of pinapaitan may be an underlying display of machismo, not dissimilar to extreme chili-eating competitions. Nevertheless, the consumption of bitter foods including bile is said to trigger the body's innate immunity, thus supporting disease prevention and promoting health. [17]
It has no relation to the similar sounding dish named paitan (白湯), a common soup for Japanese ramen .
Pinapaitan has been a staple of Ilocano cuisine for hundreds of years, and it remains a popular comfort food to this day.
The most probable origin of pinapaitan is from the Spanish colonial era. In the early 1800s, the Spanish friars would get the best meat, while the Filipinos were given the less desirable cuts. Pinapaitan is said to be a product of this resourcefulness, which dates back to that time. [18]
Pinapaitan is typically prepared the same day the goat (or cattle) is butchered. [16] Bile is collected from the liver and gallbladder, or cud from the stomach or small intestines of the same animal. [19]
The meat and offal are sliced into thin bitesize pieces 3 cm to 5 cm and parboiled in water mixed with vinegar to remove impurities or gaminess. Aromatics vegetables, primarily ginger (optionally garlic or shallots) is sauteed, followed by the meat and offal. Water is added to the meat and simmered until tender. [10]
The bile (or cud) is added to the stew towards the end of the cooking process. It is optionally soured with vinegar, bilimbi, or tamarind (pulp or leaves), or spiced with chili peppers. It may be seasoned with salt, patis, or MSG. [12]
Some recipes use bittermelon, or its leaves, as a substitute for bile or when it is not available. [18]
Kinigtot (lit. "surprised") or ginulat is a similar Ilocano stir-fried dish using goat meat or beef, which is mixed with papait. [17] Kilawin is another Ilocano dish with parcooked goat that is traditionally eaten with papait.
Ilocanos are not the only ones partial to bitter flavors using bile. Niu bie tang is a soup made by the Dong ethnic group in the Guizhou Province of China. Cattle are fed fine grass and herbs before slaughtering and extracting the ingredients. Other ingredients are added to the cud and bile and boiled to make a soup. People in Guizhou enjoy the soup as the base of noodle dishes. [20]
The Dai ethnic group in southern Yunnan is noted for its noodle dish sapie(撒撇), a dish laced with bile and chyme. [17] [21] Similarly, the Thái people (Vietnam) in Vietnam also has a dish called nậm pịa or nặm pịa (intestine juice). The Isan ethnic community in northern Thailand and Laotians, also feature bile in laap (ລາບ). [22] Further afield in Italy, chyme from unweaned calves furnishes the sauce for a Roman dish called pajata . [23] [17]
Tripe is a type of edible lining from the stomachs of various farm animals. Most tripe is from cattle, pigs and sheep.
Satay, or sate in Indonesia, is a Javanese dish of seasoned, skewered and grilled meat, served with a sauce. Satay originated in Java, but has spread throughout Indonesia, into Southeast Asia, Europe, America, and beyond.
Offal, also called variety meats, pluck or organ meats, is the internal organs of a butchered animal. The word does not refer to a particular list of edible organs, and these lists of organs vary with culture and region, but usually exclude skeletal muscle. Offal may also refer to the by-products of milled grains, such as corn or wheat.
Sinigang, sometimes anglicized as sour broth, is a Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour and savory taste. It is most often associated with tamarind, although it can use other sour fruits and leaves as the souring agent such as unripe mangoes or rice vinegar. It is one of the more popular dishes in Filipino cuisine. This soup, like most Filipino dishes, is usually accompanied by rice.
Sancocho is a traditional stew in several Caribbean and Latin American cuisines. Latin variations represent popular national dishes in Dominican Republic, Colombia, Cuba, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. It usually consists of large pieces of meat, tubers and vegetables served in a broth.
Kare-kare is a Philippine stew that features a thick savory peanut sauce. It is generally made from a base of stewed oxtail, beef tripe, pork hocks, calves' feet, pig's feet or trotters, various cuts of pork, beef stew meat, and occasionally offal. Vegetables, such as eggplant, Chinese cabbage, or other greens, daikon, green beans, okra, and asparagus beans, are added. The stew is flavored with ground roasted peanuts or peanut butter, onions, and garlic. It is colored with annatto and can be thickened with toasted or plain ground rice. Variations of kare-kare can be made with seafood, such as prawns, squid, and mussels, or exclusively from vegetables.
Pancit, also spelled pansít, is a general term referring to various traditional noodle dishes in Filipino cuisine. There are numerous types of pancit, often named based on the noodles used, method of cooking, place of origin or the ingredients. Most pancit dishes are characteristically served with calamansi, which adds a citrusy flavor profile.
Sopa de mondongo is a soup that originally came from Colombia, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. It is made from diced tripe slow-cooked with vegetables such as bell peppers, onions, carrots, cabbage, celery, tomatoes, cilantro, garlic or root vegetables. The dish is generally prepared in former Spanish colonies in Latin America, Caribbean, and in the Philippines. The proposed etymology for mondongo is in the African Kikongo language, meaning “intestines, entrails of certain animals.
Ghanaian cuisine refers to the meals of the Ghanaian people. The main dishes of Ghana are centered around starchy staple foods, accompanied by either a sauce or soup as well as a source of protein. The primary ingredients for the vast majority of soups and stews are tomatoes, hot peppers, and onions. As a result of these main ingredients, most Ghanaian jollof rice, soups, and stews appear red or orange.
Pinakbet is an indigenous Filipino dish from the northern regions of the Philippines. Pinakbet is made with a variety of mixed vegetables flavored with bagoóng. The word is the contracted from the Ilokano word pinakebbet, meaning "shrunk" or "shriveled."
Dinengdeng is a dish of the Ilocano people of the Philippines, similar to pinakbet. It is classified as a bagoong soup-based dish. Unlike pinakbet, dinengdeng contains fewer vegetables more soup base.
Dinuguan is a Filipino savory stew usually of pork offal and/or meat simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig blood, garlic, chili, and vinegar.
Goat meat is the meat of the domestic goat. The term 'goat meat' denotes meat of older animals, while meat from young goats is called 'kid meat'. In South Asian cuisine, goat meat is called mutton, along with sheep meat.
Kilawin is a Filipino dish of chopped or sliced meats, poultry, seafood, or vegetables typically eaten as an appetizer before a meal, or as finger food with alcoholic drinks.
Paklay is two different Filipino braised dishes from the Mindanao and Visayas Islands characterized by julienned ingredients. They are eaten with rice or served as pulutan with alcohol.
Poqui poqui, also spelled puke puke or puki puki, is a Filipino eggplant and scrambled eggs dish originating from the Ilocos Region of Northern Luzon in the Philippines. It is very similar to tortang talong in that the eggplant is first grilled directly on an open flame, then peeled and mashed. It is then added to ginisa and scrambled eggs. It is garnished with spring onions. It has a creamy texture and is usually eaten as a side dish to grilled fish and meat dishes, but it can also be eaten with white rice.
Lauya is a Filipino stew. Its name is derived from the Spanish-Filipino term "la olla", likely referring to the native clay pots in which stews were made in. It is now often associated with the Ilocano stew typically made with pork or beef. The term is sometimes used in Ilonggo cuisine.