Psammophyte

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Psammophytes of three different species in the Sahara desert Sahara 05.jpg
Psammophytes of three different species in the Sahara desert

A psammophyte is a plant that grows in sandy and often unstable soils. Psammophytes are commonly found growing on beaches, deserts, and sand dunes. Because they thrive in these challenging or inhospitable habitats, psammophytes are considered extremophiles, and are further classified as a type of psammophile.

Contents

Etymology

The word "psammophyte" consists of two Greek roots, psamm-, meaning "sand", and -phyte, meaning "plant". [1] [2] [3] The term "psammophyte" first entered English in the early twentieth century via German botanical terminology. [4]

Description

Psammophytes are found in many different plant families, so may not share specific morphological or phytochemical traits. They also come in a variety of plant life-forms, including annual ephemerals, perennials, subshrubs, hemicryptophytes, and many others. [5] [6] What the many diverse psammophytes have in common is a resilience to harsh or rapidly fluctuating environmental factors, such as shifting soils, strong winds, intense sunlight exposure, or saltwater exposure, depending on the habitat. [6] [7] Psammophytes often have specialized traits, such as unusually tenacious or resilient roots that enable them to anchor and thrive despite various environmental stressors. [8] Those growing in arid regions have evolved highly efficient physiological mechanisms that enable them to survive despite limited water availability. [9] [10]

Distribution and habitat

Grass family psammophytes of the Sahara desert in Algeria Sahara 04.jpg
Grass family psammophytes of the Sahara desert in Algeria
Psammophytes growing in sand drifts at Duna de Bolonia, Tarifa, Cadiz, Andalusia, Spain Bolonia (1981) 05.jpg
Psammophytes growing in sand drifts at Duna de Bolonia, Tarifa, Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain
Haloxylon ammodendron, Mongolian psammophyte Haloxylon ammodendron level.jpg
Haloxylon ammodendron , Mongolian psammophyte

Psammophytes grow in regions all over the world and can be found on sandy, unstable soils of beaches, deserts, and sand dunes. [5] [6] [7] [11] [12] In China's autonomous Inner Mongolia region, psammophytic woodlands are found in steppe habitats. [13]

Ecology

Psammophytes often play an important ecological role by contributing some degree of soil stabilization in their sandy habitats. [14] They can also play an important role in soil nutrient dynamics. [15] Depending on the factors at play at a given site, psammophyte communities exhibit varying degrees of species diversity. [16] [17] [5] [12] For example, in the dunes of the Sahara Desert, psammophyte communities exhibit limited diversity and are predominantly made up of plants from the grass and mustard families. [5]

Like many other types of plants, psammophytes can have symbiotic relationships with microorganisms called endophytes that live inside of their tissues, which can impart enhanced growth or other benefits. [18]

Conservation

A major threat to psammophytes in many regions is dune destabilization, which is exacerbated by human development projects and factors associated with climate change, such as drought and temperature increases. [11] Encroachment of non-psammophytic plants and invasive species poses another threat to psammophyte species in some areas. [12] [16] [19] Ecological restoration efforts in psammophyte habitats often aim to utilize the natural soil stabilizing and nutrient enhancement abilities of psammophytes as part of restoration strategies. [16] [15] Another important strategy is restoring and protecting the requisite soil microbiome some psammophytes require to thrive. [19]

China's Minqin Garden of Desert Plants is one organization that is actively working on efforts to conserve both wild and horticultural psammophyte species. [20]

Examples

Some examples of psammophyte species include:


See also

Related Research Articles

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A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound, ridge, or hill. An area with dunes is called a dune system or a dune complex. A large dune complex is called a dune field, while broad, flat regions covered with wind-swept sand or dunes, with little or no vegetation, are called ergs or sand seas. Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes, but most kinds of dunes are longer on the stoss (upflow) side, where the sand is pushed up the dune, and have a shorter slip face in the lee side. The valley or trough between dunes is called a dune slack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aeolian processes</span> Processes due to wind activity

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fat sand rat</span> Species of mammals belonging to the mouse and rat family and to the gerbil subfamily of rodents

The fat sand rat is a terrestrial mammal from the gerbil subfamily that is mostly found in North Africa and the Middle East, ranging from Mauritania to the Arabian Peninsula. This species usually lives in sandy deserts, but may also be found in rocky terrain or saline marsh areas. Fat sand rats are very selective in their diet, only eating stems and leaves of plants from the family Amaranthaceae, more commonly known as the amaranth family. In captivity, fat sand rats can become obese and rapidly develop diabetes-like symptoms when fed the diet typically given to other rodents. P. obesus has an average lifespan of 14 months in the wild and 3–4 years in captivity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert ecology</span> The study of interactions between both biotic and abiotic components of desert environments

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Desert</span> Sahara Desert east of the Nile River

The Eastern Desert is the part of the Sahara Desert that is located east of the Nile River. It spans 223,000 square kilometres (86,000 sq mi) of northeastern Africa and is bordered by the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea to the east, and the Nile River to the west. It extends through Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The Eastern Desert consists of a mountain range which runs parallel to the coast, wide sedimentary plateaus extending from either side of the mountains and the Red Sea coast. The rainfall, climate, vegetation and animal life sustained in the desert varies between these different regions. The Eastern Desert has been a mining site for building materials, as well as precious and semi-precious metals, throughout history. It has historically contained many trade routes leading to and from the Red Sea, including the Suez Canal.

<i>Haloxylon ammodendron</i> Species of tree

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<i>Ammophila breviligulata</i> Species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nabkha</span>

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