Road runway

A Lockheed C-130 Hercules about to land on the West German Bundesautobahn 29 (A29 Autobahn) near Ahlhorn during military exercise 'Highway 84'.

Road runway on the West German Bundesautobahn 29 (A29 Autobahn) near Ahlhorn.

A road runway or road base or highway airstrip (US), is a section of an automotive public road, highway, motorway, or similar, that is specially built (or adapted) to act as a runway for (primarily) military aircraft, and to serve as an emergency or auxiliary military airbase. These road runways allow military aircraft to continue operating even if the runway at their respective airbases (some of the most high-priority targets in any war) are degraded, damaged, or destroyed.

The first road runways were constructed towards the end of World War II in Nazi Germany, where the well-developed Reichsautobahn system allowed their military aircraft to use their motorways. During the Cold War, road runways were systematically built on both sides of the Iron Curtain, in many cases in response to the Six Day War and Operation Focus in 1967, where the Israeli Air Force in a surprise air strike disabled many of their opponents' air bases in just a few hours. ^{[1] [2]} Countries which have built road runways include both West and East Germany, Singapore, North Korea, Taiwan, Sweden, Finland, Bulgaria, Switzerland (military significance), ^[3] Poland, India, Pakistan, and Czechoslovakia.

Design

The road runways are typically 2 to 3.5 kilometres (1.2 to 2.2 miles) straight sections of the road or highway, where any central reservation is made of crash barriers that can be removed quickly (in order to allow aeroplanes to use the whole width of the road). Other features of an airbase (taxiways, aircraft parking aprons) may also be built. The road will need a thicker-than-normal surface and a solid concrete base. The specialised equipment of a typical airfield are stored somewhere nearby, and only moved to the road runway when airfield operations start. The road runways can be converted from motorways to airbases typically within 24-to-48 hours. The road would need to be swept to remove any FOD debris before use by aircraft. Road runways can however also be quite small; the short runways built in the Swedish Bas 90 system are commonly only 800 metres (2,600 feet) in length. The STOL-capability of the Viggen and Gripen allowed for such short runways. ^{[4] [5]} In the case of Finnish road airbases, the space needed for landing aircraft is reduced by means of a wire, similar to the CATOBAR system used on some aircraft carriers. ^[6]

Around the world

A number of countries around the world utilise the strategy of highways constructed to double as auxiliary runways for nearby airbases in the event of war.

Australia

A sign on the Eyre Highway in Australia indicating that an Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) emergency airstrip is ahead; there are four such strips on the highway.

While not designed for military use, in outback Australia, some sections of highway are maintained as emergency runways for use by the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS). ^{[7] [8]}

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In Glamoč, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the M15 road was used as a military airstrip. There is a clear example of how the road was widened for the needs of aeroplane landing. ^[9]

China

In 1989, China conducted its first road runway drills. They have since been conducted at later dates, and in different areas of the country.^{[ citation needed ]} In 2014, Chinese forces landed military aircraft^{[ which? ]} on a road runway in Henan province for the first time. ^[10]

Cyprus

After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, three road runways were built in the Greek part of Cyprus, easily recognisable by a runway centre line and markings for the touchdown zone. They also have aircraft turning areas at either end. One is located on the A1 Limassol–Nicosia highway (5,200 metres (17,100 feet)) and one near the western end of the A5 Limassol–Larnaca highway (5,000 metres (16,000 feet)). ^[11] The third is a much smaller strip located on the A6 Limassol-Paphos highway near to Paphos International Airport. ^[12]

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, road runways are called 'the airport section of the highway' (Czech : letištní úsek dálnice (LÚD)). There are two existing road runways. One on highway D1 (km 136.8 to 139.2) near Měřín, 2,100 metres (6,900 feet) long by 25.5 metres (84 feet) wide. It was finished in 1976, and was used for exercise landings and take-offs in 1980, 1982, and 1985. The second road runway is on highway D46 (km 1.4 to 4.2), and it is designed as backup take-off and landing runway for Vyškov Airport. Many more were planned, but not built. ^[13]

Estonia

During the Operation Saber Strike exercises in Estonia in 2016 and 2018, A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft from the United States Air National Guard operated from former Warsaw Pact road runways in Estonia. ^{[14] [15]}

Finland

Alavus road runway in Finland.

In the Winter War of 1939-1940, the Finnish Air Force re-deployed its aircraft to makeshift airfields, including frozen lakes, to preserve them against Soviet air attack. The tactic was successful, with Soviet air raids on bases causing little damage, and the vastly outnumbered Finnish aircraft scoring a high number of aerial victories. ^[16]

Throughout the Cold War, the Finnish Air Force maintained a network of secondary airfields, including civilian airports and road bases, to improve survivability and effectiveness in the event of war. ^[17]

As of 2017, all aircraft in the Finnish Air Force are capable of operating from road bases. ^[18]

Currently Finland conducts drills on its road bases (Finnish : maantietukikohta), around once a year. In the Baana 16 exercise in 2016, the Finnish Air Force flew F/A-18C and BAE Hawk, Pilatus PC-12, and C295M aircraft from a highway in Lusi. The Finnish Air Force uses arresting cables to quickly stop F/A-18s, which were originally designed to operate from aircraft carriers. The Swedish Air Force also took part in the 2015 and 2016 exercises, flying Gripen fighters. ^{[18] [19]} The Royal Norwegian Air Force took part in the 2023 exercise, flying F-35 fighter. ^[20]

Germany

German Reichsautobahn road runway in World War II (Spring 1945), with Ju 88 heavy fighters parked on the shoulders.

Germany has a number of road runways (NLP-Str - German : Notlandeplätze auf Straßen, 'emergency airfields on roads').

India

In India, road runways are called 'emergency landing facilities' (ELF). ELFs are activated in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. A total thirteen locations have been chosen for development of such road runways. ^[21]

• Yamuna Expressway: India has successfully tested its road runway on a stretch of the Yamuna Expressway in Uttar Pradesh on 21 May 2015. ^[22] It was built at a cost of ₹130 billion for its combat jets of the Indian Air Force (IAF), a first for military aviation in the country. In June 2016, the Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari announced that the government was considering developing 'road runways' for commercial operations as well. ^[23]
• Agra–Lucknow Expressway (Lucknow): India successfully tested another road runway on a stretch of the Agra Lucknow Expressway in Uttar Pradesh on 24 October 2017. ^[24]
• National Highway 925 (Barmer): on 9 September 2021, the Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, and the Minister of Defence, Rajnath Singh, inaugurated India's first road runway on a National Highway NH925 in Barmer, Rajasthan and, a mock emergency landing was conducted with the two ministers and the Air Chief Marshal R. K. S. Bhadauria on-board a military transport aircraft. ^{[25] [26]}
• National Highway 16 (Bapatla): an emergency landing facility airstrip was activated on National Highway 16 on 18 March 2024. The 4.1 kilometres (2.5 miles) long by 33 metres (108 feet) wide strip has been constructed by the National Highways Authority of India. Aircraft, including Sukhoi Su-30MKI, BAE Systems Hawk, Antonov An-32, and Dornier 228, conducted landing trials on the same day. ^[27]
• National Highway 44 (Anantnag): an ELF was tested on 2 April 2023 from 03:45 to 04:30 am in Jammu and Kashmir's Anantnag district. The road runway is 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) long. Five helicopters, including two Chinook, two Dhruv, and one Mi-17 of IAF were part of the trial. It also included Sukhoi Su-30MKI and HAL Tejas. The road runway construction started in 2020 at a cost of ₹ 119 crore (equivalent to ₹140 croreorUS$16 million in 2023). ^{[21] [28]}

Japan

In Hokkaido, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) have Kenebetsu Air Base and Yakumo Sub Base as alternative airbases.

North Korea

Main article: List of highway strips in North Korea

North Korea has established a large number of road runways to use in case of war.

Pakistan

Road runway section on Pakistan's M-1 Motorway with removable medians.

In Pakistan, the M-1 Motorway (Peshawar-Islamabad) and the M-2 Motorway (Islamabad-Lahore) each include two emergency runway sections of 2,700 metres (8,900 feet) length each. The four emergency runway sections become operational by removing removable concrete medians using forklifts. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has used the M2 motorway as a road runway on two occasions: for the first time in 2000 when it landed an F-7P fighter, a Super Mushak trainer, and a C-130 transport, and again, in 2010. On the last occasion, the PAF used a road runway section on the M2 motorway on 2 April 2010, to land, refuel, and take-off two jet fighters; a Mirage III and an F-7P, during its Highmark 2010 exercise. In March 2019, Pakistan also used a section of M2 motorway to land its fighter jets to demonstrate its capability. ^[29]

Poland

A large number of road runways (DOL - Polish : Drogowy Odcinek Lotniskowy, lit 'road airfield section') were built during the Cold War in Poland. As of 2003, only one highway strip is used annually for an exercise. ^[30]

Singapore

The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) periodically conducts an 'alternate runway exercise'. It was first conducted on 17 April 1986 with F-5 and A-4 aircraft. ^[31] The seventh exercise, 'Torrent 2016-, was conducted near Tengah Air Base in November 2016. Signs, street lights and other fixtures were removed, and landing equipment installed temporarily, which included mobile arresting gear for the first time. F-15SG and F-16C/D fighters participated in the 2016 exercise. ^{[32] [33] [34] [35]}

South Korea

A Republic of Korea Air Force Fairchild C-123K Provider aircraft waits to pick up troops at a road runway during the joint South Korean / United States exercise "Team Spirit '89" on 24 March 1989.

As with North Korea, South Korea has also established a number of road runways.

Soviet Union

A large number of road runways were built in the former USSR (Russian : Аэродромный Участок Дороги, 'airfield part of road').

Sri Lanka

Tamil separatist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) operated in northern Sri Lanka prior to their elimination in 2009, used highways as road runways. ^{[36] [37]}

Sweden

JAS 39 Gripen of the Swedish Air Force taking off from a road runway.

Main articles: Bas 60 and Bas 90

Sweden started establishing road runways (Swedish : reservvägbaser) as alternative bases with the introduction of the Bas 60 system in the late 1950s. The Six-Day War in 1967 (where the Egyptian Air Force was grounded by a quick surprise attack on airbases) and the introduction of long range attack aircraft (primarily the Su-24) inspired further development, resulting in the Bas 90 system. Improvements in the Bas 90 system included construction of short backup runways in the direct vicinity of the airbases and further dispersion of ground operations. The Viggen and the Gripen were both designed with STOL capability in order to utilise shorter runways. ^{[38] [4] [5] [2]}

The Swedish Air Force did not practice using their road bases for around a decade in the early 21st century, but in 2015 and 2016, its Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighters participated in Finnish Air Force road base drills. ^[18] In September 2017, the air force conducted exercises on a number of road bases for the first time in over a decade. ^{[39] [40]}

In preparation for NATO integration, United States aircraft have completed some landings on these road strips in the 2020s, even if they are considered too narrow according to NATO standard, and too short for most military aircraft.

Switzerland

A Swiss Air Force F-5E Tiger II crossing a road between the runway and an aircraft cavern (Mollis airfield, 1999).

A number of road runways called NOLA or NOSTA (German : Notlandepisten) were created from 1969 to 2004. ^{[41] [42] [43]}

• Oensingen, A1 motorway; training: 1970 STRADA with Venom ^[44]
• Münsingen, A6 motorway; training: 1974 STRADA with Venom, Hunter and P-3. 1982 TAUTO with Hunter and Tiger
• Flums, A13 motorway; training: 1977 NOLA with Hunter and anti-aircraft warfare (AA), 1985 TAUTO with Hunter and Tiger
• Alpnach, A8 motorway (NOSTA) connected to Alpnach Air Base; training: 1978 NOSTA with Hunter
• Lodrino, A2 motorway connected to Lodrino Air Base; training: 1991 STRADA with Hunter, Tiger and AA ^[45]
• Bex, A9 motorway; training: 1980 ABEX with 36 Hunter ^[46]
• Sion, A9 motorway connected to Sion Airbase; training: 1988 with Tiger ^[47]
• Payerne, A1 motorway connected to Payerne Air Base.

Taiwan

Taiwan built a number of road runways (Chinese : 戰備跑道, lit. 'war spare runway').

Thailand

Following several proposals made by the Joint Thai-US Military Research and Development Center, three road runways were constructed in 1963, and were put out of service in 1975-76. ^[48]

• Route 11, Ban Nom Lom 18°18'03"N 99°24'24"E
• Route 11, Hang Chat 18°19'11"N 99°19'21"E
• Route 11, Ban Klang 18°34'17"N 99°02'38"E

These road runways were most likely operated by the nearby former Lampang Airbase. ^[49]

United Kingdom

During the Cold War, the Royal Air Force (RAF) launched Jaguar aircraft from a newly-completed section of the M55 motorway between Preston and Blackpool. ^[50] Areas such as Teesside, Southend, and Liverpool have been considered for road runway areas, as large civilian airports such as Glasgow and Heathrow would be unavailable. Another advantage to this is that the more the jet fighters are spread, the harder it is for the enemy to target.

United States

A persistent myth claims that it is a legal requirement that "one mile in every five must be straight for use as an airstrip in times of war or other emergencies". However, no legislation containing this provision was ever passed. The Defense Highway Act of 1941 provided for the operation of 'flight strips' alongside highways, but did not mandate the use of the road itself. ^{[51] [52] [53]}

For Exercise Northern Strike 2021, A-10 Thunderbolt IIs from the 354th Fighter Squadron and the 127th Wing of the Michigan Air National Guard along with two C-146A Wolfhounds from the Air Force Special Operations Command participated in the exercise. ^[54] The aircraft landed on state highway M-32 as part of Northern Strike 21, a large-scale training exercise, in Alpena, Michigan. ^[55] This was the first time that United States military aircraft had used highways as airstrips on American soil. The United States Air Force repeated this training with the Rally in Rockies exercise from the 12 to 17 September. ^[56]

Gallery

• 
  Road runway section on Pakistan's M-2 Motorway with removable medians.
• 
  An A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft lands on the autobahn A29 near city of Ahlhorn during NATO-exercise "Highway 84".
• 
  Rear view of an A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft as it takes off from the autobahn A29 near city of Ahlhorn during NATO-exercise "Highway 84".
• 
  Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft on taxidrive on the autobahn A29 near city of Ahlhorn during NATO-exercise "Highway 84".
• 
  Former road runway near Eneryda, Sweden.
• 
  Kortbana (short runway) at former Optand wartime air base, Sweden. Notice the road becoming wider.
• 
  C-146A Wolfhound from Hurlburt Field, Florida, takes off on a public highway in Alpena, Michigan, 5 August 2021
• 
  An A-10 Thunderbolt II from Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan, prepares to land on a public highway in Alpena, Michigan, 5 August 2021
• 
  Air Force Reserve Command demonstrates strategic depth of combat airlift on Wyoming highway during training exercise,
• 
  AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo departing from a highway runway in Pingtung County during the 2021 Han Kuang exercise
• 
  Grumman E-2 Hawkeye on display at a highway strip during the 2021 Han Kuang exercise

See also

• Index of aviation articles
• Satellite airfield
• Underground hangar

References

1. "1967 Middle East War". News.BBC.co.uk. BBC News . Retrieved 1 May 2019.
2. Andersson, Lennart (23 November 2006). "Svenska reservvägbaser" (PDF). Forsvarsmakten.se.
3. Uno Zero Zero – Ein Jahrhundert Schweizer Luftwaffe (in German). Aeropublications, Swiss Air Force. 2013. p. 324. ISBN   978-3-9524239-0-5. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
4. Rystedt, Jörgen (25 April 2009). "Flygbassystem 90" (PDF). FHT.nu.
5. Törnell, Bernt (5 February 2007). "Svenska militära flygbaser" (PDF). Forsvarsmakten.se.
6. "Puolustusvoimat". Ilmavoimat.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
7. Phillips, Graeme (23 July 2015). "Highway doubles as flying doctor landing strip". GovernmentNews.com.au. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
8. "RFDS Emergency Landing Strip, Eyre Highway, between Mundrabilla and Madura Pass, Western Australia". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
9. "Magistralni put M15". 402.ba. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
10. "China test flies warplanes on highway strip". eng.mod.gov.cn. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
11. "Abandoned and Little-known Airfields: Cyprus, District Larnaca". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
12. "Abandoned and Little-known Airfields: Cyprus, District Paphos". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
13. "Plán výstavby vojenských letišť na dálniční a silniční síti v ČSSR". VHU.cz (in Czech). 16 February 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
14. "Watch an A-10 land on a highway for the first time since 1984". Washington Post . 21 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
15. "U.S. Air Force A-10 attack aircraft practice landings and take offs from rural highway and austere runway In Estonia". The Aviationist. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
16. Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1973). The Winter War. Sidgewick & Jackson. p. 60. ISBN   0-283-97949-6.
17. Bitzinger, Richard A (July 1989). "The Finnish Air Force Faces the 1990s" (PDF). DTIC.mil. p. 4.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
18. "Finnish Hornets on the road". Combat Aircraft . Vol. 18, no. 1. January 2017. pp. 70–75.
19. Lock, Alex (4 October 2016). "Watch the military drill where Finland launches F-18s off of a highway". Business Insider . Retrieved 21 February 2017.
20. "Norwegian F-35s landed on a highway in Finland". Forsvaret.no. Norwegian Armed Forces . Retrieved 21 August 2024.
21. "IAF conducts trial run on emergency landing strip with five helicopters on Jammu-Srinagar highway". The Times of India . 2 April 2024. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 2 April 2024.
22. "Indian Air Force (IAF) Mirage -2000 lands at Yamuna Expressway". Press Information Bureau. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
23. Kumar, Deepak (21 June 2016). "Turning roads into runways may be a stretch and here is why". Moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 25 June 2016.
24. "Air Force planes land on highway near Lucknow in 2-hour drill". NDTV India. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
25. "Rajasthan's NH 924A becomes first national highway with emergency landing airstrip". Firstpost.com. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
26. "IAF's emergency landing facility". The Times of India. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
27. "Air Force activates emergency landing strip on national highway in Andhra Pradesh". NDTV.com. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
28. "IAF conducts overnight trial on emergency landing strip on Jammu-Srinagar Highway". Kashmir Observer . 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
29. http://www.paf.gov.pk/press_release/uploaded/MOTORWAY-RELEASE02-04-10.pdf ^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
30. Combat Aircraft (European Edition). September 2003. pp. 76–79.{{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
31. "Factsheet: RSAF Exercise Torrent 2016, 13 November 2016". MINDEF.gov.sg. Ministry of Defence. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
32. "Exercise Torrent 2016". Combat Aircraft . Vol. 18, no. 1. January 2017. p. 18.
33. "Advisory on RSAF Exercise Torrent 2016, 3 November 2016". MINDEF.gov.sg. Ministry of Defence. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
34. "RSAF to conduct alternate runway exercise at Lim Chu Kang Road from Nov 10 to 14". The Straits Times . 3 November 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
35. "Fighter jets, including new F-15SG planes, take off from Lim Chu Kang Road in RSAF's Exercise Torrent 13 November 2016". The Straits Times . Retrieved 23 February 2017.
36. "Ltte air strip captured on Pooneryn-Paranthan road". Sri Lanka Guardian. November 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
37. "The Sunday Times". SundayTimes.lk.
38. Rystedt, Jörgen (1 October 2005). "Flygbassystem 60" (PDF). FHT.nu.
39. "Se när JAS Gripen landar – mitt på vägen: "Det är old school"". Skaraborgslanstidning.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 22 September 2017.
40. "JAS 39 Gripen landar på vägbas på Gotland". mynewsdesk.com (Press release) (in Swedish). 1 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
41. "Luftwaffe". ar.admin.ch (in German). Denkmalschutz - Historische Militärbauten, armasuisse. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021.
42. Lewis, Peter; Gunti, Peter; Borgeaud, Oliver (October 2010). "Militärflugplatz Autobahn" (PDF). Geschichte-Muensingen.ch (in German).
43. "Kalter Krieg auf der Autobahn". Geschichte-Muensingen.ch (in German). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
44. 1970: Autobahn Landung (YouTube video).
45. Hawker Hunter jets taking off from motorways (YouTube video).
46. "Aérodrome de fortune". Fortlitroz.ch.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
47. L'armée suisse fait décoller des avions Tigers depuis une autoroute (1988) (YouTube video). RTS.
48. "Directory of Potential Highway Airstrips". Joint Thai-US Military Research and Development Center. 1900. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
49. "Highway Strips Around the World". Mil-Airfields.de. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
50. "RAF considering operating jets from motorways". UKDefenceJournal.org.uk. 22 July 2021.
51. Weingroff, Richard F. (May–June 2000). "One Mile in Five: debunking the myth". Public Roads. Vol. 63, no. 6. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
52. "Flight Strips", Their Development from 1935 to 1942, a Selective Annotated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Army Air Forces Library, War Department. 23 November 1942. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
53. Howard, Mingos, ed. (1937). The Aircraft Year Book for 1937 (PDF). New York: Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America. pp. 231–232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
54. "A-10s land on Michigan state highway". 6 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
55. "Michigan Air National Guard landing military jets on M-32 near Alpena". ABC12.com. 29 July 2021. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
56. "Airmen hone expeditionary skills at Rally in Rockies exercise". AF.mil. United States Air Force. 17 September 2021.