Sialodochitis

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Sialodochitis (also termed ductal sialadenitis), [1] is inflammation of the duct system of a salivary gland. [2] This is compared to sialadenitis, which is inflammation of the gland parenchyma. [3]

Inflammation signs of activation of the immune system

Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair.

Salivary gland exocrine gland that produces saliva also it reduces bleeding in mouth

The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. Humans have three paired major salivary glands as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands. Salivary glands can be classified as serous, mucous or seromucous (mixed).

Sialadenitis inflammation of a salivary gland

Sialadenitis (sialoadenitis) is inflammation of salivary glands, usually the major ones, the most common being the parotid gland, followed by submandibular and sublingual glands. It should not be confused with sialadenosis (sialosis) which is a non-inflammatory enlargement of the major salivary glands.

Contents

Sialodochitis may be associated with salivary duct strictures and salivary stones. [4]

Salivary duct stricture is narrowing of the duct of a major salivary gland.

It is common in both the parotid glands and submandibular glands. [1]

Parotid gland

The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches. There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and sublingual glands.

Submandibular gland

The paired submandibular glands are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. They each weigh about 15 grams and contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva secretion; on stimulation their contribution decreases in proportion as the parotid secretion rises to 50%.

The treatment is as for sialadenitis. [1]

Diagnosis

It may appear on a CT scan or MRI scan as enhancement and dilation of the duct (sialectasis). [3] [1]

CT scan medical imaging

A CT scan, also known as computed tomography scan, and formerly known as a computerized axial tomography scan or CAT scan, makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.

Sialectasis is cystic dilation of the ducts of salivary glands. It may be caused by salivary duct strictures or stones (sialolithiasis). It can also rarely be congenital.

On sialography, it may appear as segments of duct dilation and stenosis. This is sometimes termed the 'sausage link appearance'. [4]

Sialography

Sialography is the radiographic examination of the salivary glands. It usually involves the injection of a small amount of contrast medium into the salivary duct of a single gland, followed by routine X-ray projections.

Sialodochitis fibrinosa

This is a rare condition, probably caused by an allergic reaction, in which there is sudden swelling of the salivary glands. It is associated with other allergic conditions such as asthma, urticaria, allergic rhinitis and food allergy. [5]

Asthma long-term disease involving poor airflow in the lungs

Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These may occur a few times a day or a few times per week. Depending on the person, they may become worse at night or with exercise.

Allergic rhinitis Human disease

Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. The fluid from the nose is usually clear. Symptom onset is often within minutes following exposure and they can affect sleep, the ability to work, and the ability to concentrate at school. Those whose symptoms are due to pollen typically develop symptoms during specific times of the year. Many people with allergic rhinitis also have asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, or atopic dermatitis.

Food allergy hypersensitivity reaction type I disease that is an abnormal response to a food, triggered by the bodys immune system

A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food. The symptoms of the allergic reaction may range from mild to severe. They may include itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure. This typically occurs within minutes to several hours of exposure. When the symptoms are severe, it is known as anaphylaxis. A food intolerance and food poisoning are separate conditions, not due to an immune response.

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Sublingual gland

The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. They are the smallest, most diffuse, and the only unencapsulated major salivary glands. They provide only 3-5% of the total salivary volume. There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and Parotid glands.

Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow, or have no identifiable cause.

Parotitis parotid disease characterized by the inflammation of one or both parotid glands

Parotitis is an inflammation of one or both parotid glands, the major salivary glands located on either side of the face, in humans. The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation.

Stomatitis inflammation of the mouth and lips

Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips. It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.

Oral mucocele

Oral mucocele is a clinical term for two related phenomena: mucus extravasation phenomenon and mucus retention cyst. Other names include mucous extravasation cyst, mucous cyst of the oral mucosa, and mucous retention and extravasation phenomena.

Ranula human disease

A ranula is a mucus extravasation cyst involving a sublingual gland and is a type of mucocele found on the floor of the mouth. Ranulas present as a swelling of connective tissue consisting of collected mucin from a ruptured salivary gland caused by local trauma. If small and asymptomatic further treatment may not be needed, otherwise minor oral surgery may be indicated.

Sialolithiasis condition where a calcified mass or sialolith forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland

Sialolithiasis, is a condition where a calcified mass or sialolith forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland. Less commonly the parotid gland or rarely the sublingual gland or a minor salivary gland may develop salivary stones.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a benign, ulcerative lesion, usually located towards the back of the hard palate. It is thought to be caused by ischemic necrosis of minor salivary glands in response to trauma. Often painless, the condition is self-limiting and should heal in 6–10 weeks.

Salivary gland tumour human disease

Salivary gland tumours or neoplasms are tumours that form in the tissues of salivary glands. The salivary glands are classified as major or minor. The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The minor salivary glands consist of 800-1000 small mucus-secreting glands located throughout the lining of the oral cavity.

Sialoendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique that allows for salivary gland surgery for the safe and effective treatment of obstructive salivary gland disorders and other conditions of the salivary glands. During sialoendoscopy a small endoscope is placed into the salivary glands through the salivary ducts that empty into the mouth. Sialoendoscopy is an efficient yet simple mode of treatment for major salivary gland obstructions, strictures and sialoliths. Depending on the obstruction, sialoendoscopy can be conducted under local anesthesia in an outpatient office or in the operating room under general anesthesia.

Salivary gland pathology Human disease

Salivary gland diseases (SGD) are multiple and varied in cause.

Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis is a chronic (long-lasting) inflammatory condition affecting the salivary gland. Relatively rare in occurrence, this condition is benign, but presents as hard, indurated and enlarged masses that are clinically indistinguishable from salivary gland neoplasms or tumors. It is now regarded as a manifestation of IgG4-related disease.

Ductal papilloma is a group of rare and benign papillary salivary gland tumors arising from the duct system:

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 White SC; Pharoah MJ (25 September 2008). Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1420–1421. ISBN   0-323-07592-4.
  2. ↑ Yousem DM; Grossman RI (2010). Neuroradiology: The Requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 480. ISBN   0-323-04521-9.
  3. 1 2 Mafee M; Becker M (21 November 2012). Imaging of the Head and Neck. Thieme. pp. 10–11. ISBN   978-3-13-150531-6.
  4. 1 2 Whaites E; Drage N (2013). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 453. ISBN   978-0-7020-4599-8.
  5. ↑ Michael Glick (1 September 2014). Burket's oral medicine: 12th edition. coco. pp. 242–. ISBN   978-1-60795-188-9.
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