Strobilanthes tonkinensis

Last updated

Strobilanthes tonkinensis
Saplings of Niamhom (Strobilanthes tonkinensis).png
Seedlings of S. tonkinensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Genus: Strobilanthes
Species:
S. tonkinensis
Binomial name
Strobilanthes tonkinensis
Lindau 1897 [1]
Varieties [2]
  • Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. sarmentosus Benoist, 1935 [3]
  • Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. tonkinensis
Range map for Strobilanthes tonkinensis.png
Countries and territories where S. tonkinensis is found
Synonyms [2]
S. tonkinensis type specimen Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau type.jpg
S. tonkinensis type specimen
Sticky rice herb (dry)
Nutritional value per 100 g
 
Dietary fibre 11.3 g
Fat
5.2 g
21.8 g
Threonine 0.67 g
Isoleucine 0.66 g
Leucine 1.26 g
Lysine 0.83 g
Cystine 0.05 g
Phenylalanine 0.89 g
Tyrosine 0.49 g
Valine 0.82 g
Arginine 0.73 g
Histidine 0.34 g
Alanine 1.00 g
Aspartic acid 1.50 g
Glutamic acid 1.37 g
Glycine 1.02 g
Serine 0.66 g
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
178%
2314 mg
Copper
13244%
119.2 mg
Iron
4397%
791.5 mg
Magnesium
202%
849 mg
Manganese
131487%
3024.2 mg
Phosphorus
14%
174 mg
Potassium
70%
2110 mg
Zinc
18283%
2011.1 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water63%
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [9] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [10]
Source: [11]

Strobilanthes tonkinensis is a species of herbaceous plant native to Southeast Asia. It is used as a flavoring for tea and other food.

Contents

Names

Many sources still refer to the plant by the synonym Semnostachya menglaensis, but this name is not a validly published name as that herbarium where the type specimen is located was not specified. [7]

The genus name Strobilanthes can be broken down into στροβιλοϛ (strobilus) meaning 'pine cone', [12] and ανϑοϛ (anthos) meaning 'flower'. [13] The specific epithet tonkinensis refers to the type locality of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). [1] The epither nivea derives from the latin niveum meaning 'snow white', [14] perhaps referring to the white flowers. The epithet menglaensis refers to Mengla County in China. [6]

In Chinese it is called 糯米香 (nuò mǐ xiāng "glutinous rice fragrance"), [7] because it smells and tastes like sticky rice. [11] In Thai, it is called เนียมหอม [15] (niamhom). [16] The Vietnamese names for the plant include chuỳ hoa bắc bộ and cơm nếp. [17] [18] Chuỳ hoa refers to members of Strobilanthes as a whole, [19] and Bắc Bộ refers to Northern Vietnam. The sarmentosus variety is called chuỳ hoa bắc bộ có lỏng. [17] Khmu language speakers in Laos call it pl̀tàap. [20]

Uses

The aroma evokes sticky rice, but has also been compared to pandan. [16] Dried leaves of S. tonkinensis are used to flavor black tea and pu'er tea to impart its fragrance and flavor. [21] [22] These teas use no actual rice, unlike genmaicha. [22] The use of the leaves in tea has a long tradition among the Dai people. [23] It can also be used as a flavoring for jiuqu, cookies, ice cream, and dim sum. [24] The herb is also mixed with slaked lime for betel nut chewing or added to tobacco to make those strong flavors more palatable. [25]

Outside of food or drink, leaves can be use to give laundry a fresh scent. [25]

Taxonomy

Genomic information
NCBI genome ID MW525447
Sequenced organelle chloroplast genome [8]
Organelle size0.144765
Year of completion2021

S. tonkinensis appears related to S. maculatus , but has much larger flowers, leaves, and bracts; as well as having denser trichomes. [1] S. spathulatibracteata also is morphologically similar. [26]

S. tonkinensis was briefly in the Strobilanthes subgenus Sympagis. [5] The subgenus was subsequently elevated to genus status, [5] before being determined to be a synonym of Strobilanthes, [27] which now has no subgenera.

The variety Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. sarmentosus is so named because it has sarmentose (long and slender) branches. [3]

When the chloroplast genome was sequenced, it was compared to other species within Acanthaceae and the below maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was produced. [8] The numbers on the nodes are the bootstrap values. [8]

Description

The plant is herbaceous with a woody base and shrubby, roughly four-sided, pubescent branches. [1] [7] When dry the plant is fragrant. [7]

The leaves are ~23×12 cm or a little smaller and egg-shaped, starting wide and narrowing quickly to the acuminate apex (tip). The margins are nearly entire, with irregular sinuous 'teeth'. The leaf epidermal cells are hexagonal with straight cell walls. [28] The leaf stomata are hypostomatic (on the abaxial side) and solely diacytic. [28] The non-glandular leaf trichomes tend to be simple, composed of two cells, and cone-shaped. [28] The leaf petioles are 3–4 cm long. [1] Adaxially there are prominent striated cystoliths [1] [7] with a point on one end. [28]

S. tonkinensis has white flowers that are opposite, arising from pedunculate, tomentose spikelets in the upper axils. [1] The flowers are in lax, terminal spikes similar to Strobilanthes collina . [29] The bracts are 10×3 mm, slightly spathulate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. [1] Bracteoles are 6×1 mm in size, lanceolate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. [1] The calyx is also obtuse and tomentose, and about 8.5×1.4 mm. [1] The corolla lobes are short and 6x6 mm with a subacute and sinuate apex. [1] The stamen filaments are hairy and laterally bifurcated at the base with a pubescent line running down. [1] Anthers are 3.5 mm long. [1] The pollen grains are 85×60 μm. [1] The stylus is 20 mm long and glabrous with a 3 mm stigma. [1]

The capsule is 15 mm long and 4 mm wide, with a compressed base and acute apex. [1] It's minutely glandular-pubescentand contains four glabrous seeds. [1] The glabrous seed is unusual among Strobilanthes of East Asia. [30] The seeds have no trichomes on their areoles, only annular thickenings. [30]

Distribution

The plant can typically be found in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at 200–1500 m in elevation in Vietnam, Thailand, China (Yunnan and Guangxi), [7] Laos, [31] Indonesia (Sumatra), [28] and Myanmar (Chin State and Tanintharyi Region). [32]

S. tonkinensis cannot grow in direct sunlight, nor in conditions that are too shaded or moist. [16]

The type was found by Benjamin Balansa in Tonkin (Northern Vietnam) in the forests of the Ba Vì mountain range at 400 m in elevation. [1]

Biochemistry

Dried S. tonkinensis leaves contains abundant minerals and trace elements, particularly high levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. [11] Additionally, it contains essential trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, which are necessary for human health. [11] The plant is rich in nutrients such as crude protein, crude fiber, and amino acids, with a high content of essential amino acids that meets the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization's recommended ratio. [11]

The volatile molecules the contribute to the aroma include α-ionone, trans-β-ionone, linalool oxide (pyranoid), isophorone, formic acid dodecyl ester, acetophenone, 6-methyl-pentadecane, 4-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-octanol, 3-hexenyl ester, 3-carene, 3,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-2-ene, 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol, 1-dodecanol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ene, and (Z)-butanoic acid. [21]

Ecology

S. tonkinensis flowers from April–June and in December, and fruits in June and July. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanthaceae</span> Family of flowering plants comprising the acanthus

Acanthaceae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. Representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, scrublands, wet fields and valleys, sea coast and marine areas, swamps, and mangrove forests.

<i>Strobilanthes</i> Genus of flowering plants in the acanthus family

Strobilanthes is a genus of about 350 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, mostly native to tropical Asia and Madagascar, but with a few species extending north into temperate regions of Asia. Many species are cultivated for their two-lipped, hooded flowers in shades of blue, pink, white and purple. Most are frost-tender and require protection in frost-prone areas. The genus is most famed for its many species which bloom on long cycles of several years, such as Strobilanthes wightii which blooms every thirteen years.

<i>Adelia barbinervis</i> Species of flowering plant

Adelia barbinervis is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae that is native to southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Huastec Maya cultivated the plant as a famine food.

<i>Acanthus</i> (plant) Flowering plant genus in the Acanthaceae

Acanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical and warm temperate regions, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. This flowering plant is nectar producing and depends on butterflies, such as Anartia fatima, and other nectar feeding organisms to distribute its pollen. Common names include Acanthus and bear's breeches. The generic name derives from the Greek term ἄκανθος (akanthos) for Acanthus mollis, a plant that was commonly imitated in Corinthian capitals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jasmine rice</span> Thai rice variety

Jasmine rice is a long-grain variety of fragrant rice. Its fragrance, reminiscent of pandan and popcorn, results from the rice plant's natural production of aroma compounds, of which 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline is the most salient. A rapid loss of aromatic intensity leads many Southeast Asians and connoisseurs to prefer each year's freshly harvested "new crop" of jasmine rice. Jasmine rice is a variety of Oryza sativa.

<i>Strobilanthes kunthiana</i> Species of shrub

Strobilanthes kunthiana, known as Kurinji or Neelakurinji in Tamil language and Malayalam and Gurige in Kannada, is a shrub of the bear's breeches family (Acanthaceae) that is found in the shola forests of the Western Ghats in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The purplish blue flower blossoms only once in 12 years, and gave the Nilgiri Mountains range its name as nil (blue) + giri (mountains). The name Neelakurinji originates from the Malayalam language neela (blue) + kurinji (flower). Of all long interval bloomers Strobilanthes kunthiana is the most rigorously demonstrated, with documented bloomings in 1838, 1850, 1862, 1874, 1886, 1898, 1910, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006 and 2018, these have no match to Solar cycles.

<i>Ruellia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Ruellia is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as ruellias or wild petunias. They are not closely related to petunias (Petunia) although both genera belong to the same euasterid clade. The genus was named in honor of Jean Ruelle (1474–1537), herbalist and physician to Francis I of France and translator of several works of Dioscorides.

<i>Hygrophila</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Hygrophila, commonly known as swampweeds, is a genus of flowering plants in the acanthus family, Acanthaceae. There are about 80 to 100 species, of which many are aquatic plants. The genus is distributed across the tropical and subtropical world. It is one of only two genera in its family that contains aquatic plants, the other being Justicia. The genus is treated in the tribe Hygrophileae, which is noted as being in need of revision at the genus level, meaning the current taxonomic boundaries of Hygrophila are likely to change in the future.

<i>Kleinhovia</i> Genus of plants

Kleinhovia is a monotypic genus of plants in the cotton, hibiscus and cacao family Malvaceae. The sole species in the genus is Kleinhovia hospita, commonly known as guest tree, an evergreen tree native to Indonesia, Malaysia and other parts of tropical Asia and the Pacific.

<i>Rhaphiolepis indica</i> Species of shrub

Rhaphiolepis indica, the Indian hawthorn, India hawthorn or Hong Kong hawthorn is an evergreen shrub in the family Rosaceae.

<i>Strobilanthes crispa</i> Species of shrub

Strobilanthes crispa is a shrub which originated from Madagascar, and is now found across south east Asia. It is a member of the family Acanthaceae. It is known as pokok pecah kaca or pokok pecah beling in Malaysia, and pecah beling, enyoh kilo, kecibeling or kejibeling in Indonesia. The leaves are used traditionally for treatment of cancer and diabetes, usually taken as a tea or infusion of the leaves.

<i>Strobilanthes callosa</i> Species of plant known for distant flower cycles

Strobilanthes callosa(Synonym: Carvia callosa Bremek) is a shrub found mainly in the low lying hills of the Western Ghats, all along the west coast of India. Its standardized Hindi name is maruadona (मरुआदोना) which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh where it is also found. In the state of Maharashtra, in the Marathi language, and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of Karnataka, the shrub is locally known as karvi (कारवी), sometimes spelled in English as karvy.

S. tonkinensis may refer to:

<i>Dipterocarpus turbinatus</i> Species of flowering plant

Dipterocarpus turbinatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae native to north-eastern India and mainland Southeast Asia, and cultivated in surrounding regions. It is an important source of the wood known as keruing, and is often used in the plywood industry.

Strobilanthes japonica is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant from Asia, one of around 350 plants of the genus Strobilanthes. The 20–50 cm ornamental plant is cultivated in Japan and China, and blooms in autumn with 1.5 cm purple to white funnel-shaped flowers.

<i>Strobilanthes dyeriana</i> Species of flowering plant

Strobilanthes dyeriana, the Persian shield or royal purple plant, is a species of flowering plant in the acanthus family Acanthaceae, native to Myanmar.

<i>Dicliptera tinctoria</i> Species of flowering plant

Dicliptera tinctoria is the accepted name of a species in the family Acanthaceae. It may be called magenta plant, or lá cẩm in Vietnamese and native to southeastern Asia from Assam south to Sri Lanka and east to mainland Southeast Asia, Java, southern China, and Taiwan.

Strobilanthes penstemonoides is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae. It occurs in China, Bhutan, India, and Nepal. Its specific epithet has been spelled as penstemonoides, pentstemonoides, and pentastemonoides.

<i>Rungia</i> Genus of plants

Rungia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Acanthaceae.

<i>Strobilanthes flexicaulis</i> Species of plant

Strobilanthes flexicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to the Ryukyus and Taiwan. A much-branched subshrub reaching 1 m (3 ft), it is found at elevations from 200 to 2,300 m, typically beside streams in forests.

References

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  30. 1 2 Terao, Hiroshi (March 1980). "Notes on some species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from Thailand (1)" [タイ国産イセハナビ属の数種について]. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica. 31 (1–3): 61–64. ISSN   0001-6799. OCLC   9658839422. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  31. ↑ Lamxay, V.; Lanorsavanh, S.; Chanthavong, K.; Souvannakhoummane, K.; Bounphanmy, S. (2021). ບັນຊີລາຍຊື່ພືດທີ່ມີທໍ່ລໍາລຽງຂອງ ສປປ ລາວ [A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Lao PDR version 1.0](PDF) (in Lao). Faculty of Natural Science, National University of Laos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  32. ↑ Wood, John R. I.; Aung, Mu Mu; Wells, Tom; Armstrong, Kate E. (15 June 2022). "Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Myanmar, a new species and an updated checklist". Kew Bulletin. 77 (2): 521–539. Bibcode:2022KewBu..77..521W. doi: 10.1007/s12225-022-10033-4 . OCLC   9560889556. S2CID   249730953. Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau (1897: 651). distribution. Myanmar: Chin State (Natma Taung, Mindat, Law Shein 088320 [FHO, MBK]); Tanintharyi Region (Parkinson s.n. [CAL]). Thailand; Vietnam; China.
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