This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Theni.
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Theni District is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state in India. Well protected by the scenic hill locks, the district is located besides Madurai district. The town of Theni is the district headquarters. The district is divided into two natural divisions: The hilly areas are constituted by parts of the five taluk's Theni, Bodinayakanur, Periyakulam, Uthamapalayam and Andipatti with thick vegetation and perennial streams from the hills on the western side and Cumbum valley which lies in Uthamapalayam taluk.[6] As of 2011, Theni district had a population of 1,245,899 with a sex ratio of 980 females for every 1,000 males.
Theni District was formed by the bifurcation from the former Madurai District as per G.O. Ms. No. 679 Revenue Department dated 7 July 1996. Consequent to the bifurcation, one new Revenue Division with headquarters at Uthamapalayam and two new Taluks at Theni and Bodinayakanur were also created with effect from 1 January 1997. Theni Municipal town was only a firka headquarters until 31 December 1996. Consequent to the formation of the new District, Theni Municipal Town was upgraded as the Taluk and District headquarters on 1 January 1997.[7]
The region covered by present-day Theni District was sparsely populated before the 1900s. In 1886 Mullaperiyar dam project bought some part of the water from Periyar River downhill to the Cumbum Valley and merged it into the Mullayar River. This project helped more people to settle down in Cumbum Valley. Also to be noted that Theni was itself was a small though lesser-known town by the 1900s. After the Mullai-Periyar merger project, many people from nearby arid regions (Sivakasi, Kovilpatti, Virudhunagar, Sattur and several nearby towns) settled in Cumbum Valley (present day Theni District). So there was influx of people by the 1890s to 1920s. Bodi and Periyakulam were famous places at that time. Later Theni developed rapidly due to commerce.
The 2,889km2 (1,115sqmi) district lies at the foot of the Western Ghats between 9' 39' and 10' 30' North latitude and between 77' 00' and 78' 30' of East Longitude. Central location: 10°04′N77°45′E / 10.067°N 77.750°E / 10.067; 77.750. The district is bounded by Dindigul District to the north, Madurai District to the east, Virudhunagar District to the southwest, and Idukki district of the Kerala State to the west. The district is home to Theni, Periyakulam, Bodinayakanur, Cumbum, Uthamapalayam, Kombai, Gudalur, Gandamanur, Chinnamanur, Kuchanur, Andipatti, Rasingapuram, Thevaram, Pottipuram, Ramakrishnapuram, B. Ammapatti, Lakshmipuram, Ambasamudram, Govindanagaram, Mayladumparai, Srirengapuram, Venkadachalapuram, K. Pudupatti, Devadhanapatti, Varusanadu, Odaipatti, Erasakkanayackanur and several other small villages like Gohilapuram, Pathirakalipuram, Sukkangalpatti, Kamarajapuram, Sadaiyalpatti, Meenatchipuram, Melasindalaichery, Hanumanthanpatty, Pallavarayan Patti, Genguvarpatti, Jeyamangalam, Thamaraikulam, Kallipatti, Devathanapatti and Kamatchipuram.
It is diversified by several ranges and hills. Many villages likes Sangakonampatti are depends only on agricultural incomes. A range of hills which runs parallel to Western Ghats from north to south separate it from the neighboring state of Kerala.[8]
Climate
In the plains, the temperatures range from a minimum of 15°C (59°F) to a maximum of 40°C (104°F).[citation needed] In the hills the temperatures can range from as low as 4–5°C (39–41°F) to 25°C (77°F). The district is known for its salubrious climate, hills and lakes.[citation needed]
Paddy fields across the backdrop of the Western GhatsCoconut groves in Theni District
The economy of Theni district is mostly agricultural. Utilisation of land area for cultivation in the district is 40.33%.[6]:29 The principal crop production (in tonnes) in 2005-2006 were sugarcane 1,201,221, cotton 95,360 (561 bales of 170. kg lint each), rice (paddy) 66,093, millets and other cereals 57,081, pulses 6,677, groundnut 4,021 and gingelly 325.[12]Silk, Banana, Coconut, Tea, Coffee, Cardamom, Grapes and Mangoes are other main produce of the district.[13] even though this place is economically good. Kolukkumalai located in Theni district atop the Western ghats is the home to the highest tea plantation in the world. Cumbum Valley is a major centre for grape production with 4,000 small farmers producing over 90,000 tonnes of Muscat grapes, locally known as panneer dhrakshai, and about 10,000 tonnes of Thomson seedless grapes. The unique feature here is that the grapes are harvested throughout the year, while in most grape growing centres elsewhere the season ends with summer.
Grapes Cultivation.
Cotton Spinning Mills and Sugar Mills are the major industries in this district. In Andipatti Taluk Handloom weaving and power looms are flourishing. In Uthamapalayam Taluk, the Highwavis Estate produces an important amount of Tea. Bodinayakanur is a major market place (Auction Centres) for cardamom, coffee, tea and black pepper. This city is also called "Cardamom City" because of the large quantity of cardamom trade in this area. It has an auction centre for cardamom.[8]
The Periyar and Surliar Hydro Power Stations and the Vaigai Micro Hydro Power Station have 181 MW installed capacity and actual power generation of 494 MW in 1996 in this district.[6]:15 Theni is one of the active business hubs in the western side of Tamil Nadu, inviting more industries to its locality. The district ha 41.09km of Metre gauge track serving 3 Railway Stations which connect to Madurai[6]:29 now converted to broad gauge.[14][15] The Teni Junction Railway Station is the most important railway station in the district.
Forest resources
Meghamalai Falls.
The forest area in Theni district is about 33.70%. There are 27 forest areas in the district, constituting a total area of 795.81km2 (307.26sqmi). Of these, 19 areas fall under the Reserve Forest category with 255.44km2 (98.63sqmi) and 8 areas under Reserve Land category with 540.37km2 (208.64sqmi). Total area of forest under green cover classification was 806.86km2 (311.53sqmi). Dense forest and sparse forest are 292.81km2 (113.05sqmi) and 22.43km2 (8.66sqmi), respectively. There is no unclassed forest type in the district. About 44.65km2 (17.24sqmi) of artificial forest area are cultivated in the district. Wattle, softwood, fuel wood, cashew, neem, and tamarind are the main forest plantation species in the district.[6] The forest area in the district is 1,179.29km2 (455.33sqmi), which is 40.98% of the total geographical area of the district.[16] The Meghamalai Wildlife sanctuary, Srivilliputhur elephant reserve, and part of Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary are situated in Theni district.
There has been no conservation of biological resources in the district. The information of wild life census in Theni district is yet to be made available.[6]
According to 2011 census, Theni district had a population of 1,245,899 with a sex-ratio of 991 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 53.81% of the population lived in urban areas.[18] A total of 119,661 were under the age of six, constituting 61,873 males and 57,788 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 20.72% and 0.15% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 69.84%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[18] The district had a total of 338,112 households. There were a total of 591,642 workers, comprising 36,371 cultivators, 275,585 main agricultural labourers, 12,714 in house hold industries, 205,921 other workers, 61,051 marginal workers, 1,996 marginal cultivators, 39,576 marginal agricultural labourers, 2,225 marginal workers in household industries and 17,254 other marginal workers.[19]
At the time of the 2011 census, 79.04% of the population spoke Tamil, 12.75% Telugu and 7.86% Kannada as their first language.[20]
Places of interest
Periyakulam, Theni, Uthamapalayam, Cumbum, and Bodinayakanur are charming towns in the district. Cascades, silver-lined clouds resting atop green hill tops, sheer rock faces and temples of antiquity distinguish these places.[21]
The Karuppaswamy festival celebration at Anaipatti.
Arilmigu Krishnan Kovil Thiruvizha in Purattasi thingal at Lakshmipuram (Jangal Patti Panchayat).
B.Ammapatti, Kaliamman kovil is the famous god to solve problems and has a great festival on 1 April.
The Ramzan Peru naal Thozhuhai at Periyakulam,[22] Uthamapalayam, Cumbum, Devadhanapatti, Gudalur, Kottur, Bodinayakanur, Chinnamanur, Batalagundu in Theni. Mariyamman Temple Festival also famous.
The celebration of "Gowmariyamman Temple" festival at Veerapandi and Cumbum during the month of May.
Shri Bathirakaliyamman Chiththirai Thiruvizha Festival at Bathirakalipuram and visuvasapuram near Bodi.
Shri Veerappa Ayyanar Festival during Chiththirai Thiruvizha at Theni-Allinagaram.
Kamatchi Amman festival at Devadanapatti and Suyambu Saneeswara Bagavan and the month of Aadi every friday celebration on Temple festival at Kuchanur.
Apart from Pongal celebrations in other areas, the birthday of John Pennycuick who built the MullaiPeriyar Dam is celebrated in Surulipatty[23] and other places.
Theni district is known for its celebration of Pongal, which is considered to be one of the most important festivals of Tamil Nadu. Pallavarayanpatti, Ayyampatti and Pudupatti is known for its Jallikattu during the Pongal festival.[24]
Other important festivals of the region are festivals of Masi Maham and Shivarathri which are celebrated in the Kamatchi Amman Temple during the months of February–March and kottur Ekadasi.[26]
Christmas and New Year are celebrated in Anaimalayanpatty.[citation needed]
Arulmigu Pattalamman, Kaliyamman, Karuppasamy temple festival in Kattunaickenpatty
Uppukottai Varatharaja Perumal Kovil.
Our Lady of Snow's Church festival celebration at Royappanpatti in the month of August.[27]
Holy spirit church in Hanumanthanpatti, they celebrate St. Xavier festival on 2 December every year.[28]
Manthaiyamman temple festival is celebrated in Gudalur(Melagudalur) of Theni district.
Srinivasaka Perumal Kovil temple festival is celebrated in Silamalai(Bodi Taluk) of Theni district.
Sri Guru Boga Eswara Ananda Swami is offering Pooja to Lord Shanmuganatha SwamiThai Poosam Festival at Shanmuganathar Temple at Kamayagoundanpatti.[29]Siddar Sri Guru Boga Eswara Ananda Swami had visited this Temple during Thai Poosam Festival.
Forestry
Theni is the orchid of Tamil Nadu. It has numerous green lands like the Western Ghats stretching from Kodaikanal to Kumily via Periyakulam. Theni District has the Western Ghats as its Western Boundary.[30] Theni District has many tourist spots like Kumbakarai Falls, Sothuparai Dam, Vaigai Dam, Manjalaaru Dam, Kurathi Falls, which are originating from the Western Gahats. Theni District is having the other tourist attractive places like Veerapandi Gowmariyamman temple, Surulipatti kailasanaathar temple, Anumanthampatti Hanuman kovil, Periyakulam Balasubramanian Periya kovil.[31]
The Vaigai is a river in the Tamil Nadu state of southern India; it passes through the towns of Theni, Madurai and Ramanathapuram. It originates in Varusanadu Hills, the Periyar Plateau of the Western Ghats range, and flows northeast through the Kambam Valley, which lies between the Palani Hills to the north and the Varushanad Hills to the south. The Vattaparai Falls are located on this river. As it rounds the eastern corner of the Varushanad Hills, the river turns southeast, running through the region of Pandya Nadu. Madurai, the largest city in the Pandya Nadu region and its ancient capital, lies on the Vaigai. The river empties into the Palk Bay near Alagankulam, close to Pamban Bridge in Ramanathapuram District.
Periyar, is the longest river and the river with the largest discharge potential in the Indian state of Kerala. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region and provides drinking water for several major towns. The Periyar is of utmost significance to the economy of Kerala. It generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power via the Idukki Dam and flows along a region of industrial and commercial activity. The river also provides water for irrigation and domestic use throughout its course besides supporting a rich fishery. Due to these reasons, the river has been named the "Lifeline of Kerala". Kochi city, in the vicinity of the river mouth, draws its water supply from Aluva, an upstream site sufficiently free of seawater intrusion. Twenty five percent of Kerala's industries are along the banks of the Periyar. These are mostly crowded within a stretch of 5 kilometres (3 mi) in the Eloor-Edayar region (Udhyogamandal), about 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kochi harbor.
Andipatti or Aundipatty is a municipal body in Theni district in Madurai Region of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. It is on the bank of Vaigai River with rich flora and fauna species. It is a valley surrounded by mountains and there is a theory saying Western Ghats starts from this place.
Elumalai is a panchayat town in the district of Madurai, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Originally named Aezhumalai, the town is located near Usilampatti (18 km), Madurai (58 km), Theni (56 km), Peraiyur (24 km) and Tirumangalam (40 km) in the Western Ghats.
Cumbum, natively enunciated as Kambam, is a town in the Theni district of the state of Tamilnadu in India. The town has risen to particular prominence in the recent years, derived in large part from what could be construed an eccentric name.
Manamadurai is a Municipality Town in Sivaganga district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Manamadurai falls under Manamadurai Legislative assembly. It is a river based settlement town. River Vaigai makes its way through the town bifurcating it into two parts.
Pannaipuram is a panchayat town in Theni district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located hill foot of "Western Ghats" sharing its border with Kerala State and has very good literacy. Pannaipuram Town panchayat includes 4 villages namely Pannaipuram, Kariyanampatty, Mallingapuram and P. Renganathapuram. Mahalingeswarar Temple, Kaliamman Temple and Bommaiyaswamy Temple are located in Pannaipuram. Veereswarar Temple is located in Kariyanampatty. Most of the people in Pannaipuram are engaged in Cardamom cultivation and trade in nearby Kerala hills.
Periyakulam is a major town and a municipality in Theni district, in the Madurai Region, South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2011, the town had a population of 42,976. Periyakulam is the northern gateway of the district.
Sundarapandiam is a panchayat town in Watrap taluk, Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Theni Allinagaram is a valley town and a municipality, situated in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu at the foothills of Western Ghats. It is the headquarters of the Theni district, located at a distance of 70 km from Madurai. As of 2011, the town had a population of 94,453. The metro area had the population of 202,100. It is known for the large-scale trading of garlic, cotton, cardamom, grapes, bananas, mango and chilli. It hosts the second largest weekly market in Tamil Nadu and the fourth largest in South India.
Lakshmipuram (L.Pudhupatti) is a village in south Tamil Nadu, India. It is situated at the foothills of the Western Ghats, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the city of Theni. It is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Periyakulam on NH 183. The population of this village is over 10,000.
Vadugapatti is a village in Periyakulam Taluk, Theni district, Madurai Region in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Sengottai is a town in the Tenkasi district, of Tamil Nadu, India. It is the gateway to southern Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Spread over an area of 2.68 km2 with a population of over 26,823, the economy of the town and Sengottai Taluk revolves around the cultivation of rice,coconut,Mango,clove and pepper. Sengottai is well known in Tamil Nadu as a major market of Dosa kal. This town has lot of Black smith shops.
Meghamalai, commonly known as the High Wavy Mountains, is a mountain range located in the Western Ghats in the Theni district near Kumily, Tamil Nadu. It is dotted with cardamom plantations and tea plantations. The mountain range is 1,500 metres above sea level, and it is rich in flora and fauna. The area, now mostly planted with tea plants, includes cloudlands, high wavys, venniar, and the manalar estates belonging to the Woodbriar Group. Access is largely restricted and includes largely untouched remnants of evergreen forest.
Suruli falls, is located 56 km (35 mi) from Theni and 10 km (6.2 mi) from Cumbum in the Theni District in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a 2 stage Cascading water fall. The Suruli River supplying the falls originates from the Meghamalai mountain range. The falls drop from a height of 150 feet (46 m) gathers into a pool, flows for a short distance and again plummets an additional 40 feet (12 m).
Anakkara is a geographic area of around 50 square kilometres that spans across Vandanmedu, Chakkupallam Panchayats in the Udumbanchola Taluk of Idukki District. Anakkara is the administrative capital of Chakkupallam Grama Panchayat and Anakkara Revenue Village. Situated at about 18 kilometers (11 mi) from Thekkady wildlife sanctuary on the Kumily-Munnar state highway, Anakkara is a fast-growing tourist destination for its unique spice gardens and many picnic spots in and around. It is one of the 36 distinct places identified by Government of India and United Nations Development Programme for exploring and promoting the unique tourism potential of these places.
Kurangani is a hill station atop the Western Ghats accessed from Bodinayakkanur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Kurangani literally means " The place which wears monkeys as its jewels" in Tamil.
Varusanadu is a village panchayat in Theni District of Tamil Nadu, which is located in the bank of Vaigai River. This village comes under Kadamalaigundu - Mayiladumparai Panchayat union and Andipatti Taluk.
Venkatachalapuram is a small village situated in Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India and with direct road connectivity to Theni and Odaipatti. The district headquarters, Theni, is situated 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of this village.
Teni is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Madurai railway division of Southern Railway zone. It serves Theni, located in Theni district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
↑ Collectorate staff (2006–2007). "District Profile Theni District"(PDF). District Collectorate, Theni. pp.1–15. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
1 2 "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
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