Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)

Last updated

Twickenham
Borough constituency
for the House of Commons
Twickenham2007Constituency.svg
Boundary of Twickenham in Greater London
County Greater London
Electorate 75,889 (2023) [1]
Major settlements Twickenham, Hampton and Teddington
Current constituency
Created 1918
Member of Parliament Munira Wilson (Liberal Democrats)
SeatsOne
Created from Brentford

Twickenham is a constituency in Greater London [n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Munira Wilson of the Liberal Democrats. [n 2]

Contents

History

Hampton Court Palace Hampton Court RJL.JPG
Hampton Court Palace

Since 1945, the boundaries of the seat have been similar to those of the abolished Municipal Borough of Twickenham.

From 1931 until 1983, Twickenham was a safe seat of the Conservative Party and from 1983 until 1997 a marginal seat for that party.

Liberal Democrat Vince Cable gained the seat during the 1997 landslide Conservative defeat and held it until 2015. The seat was one of very few in Britain that gave the Liberal Democrats a majority of votes in the 2005 and 2010 elections, being their sixth best performance nationally in 2010. [n 3] Cable was Secretary of State for Business from 2010 to 2015, but unexpectedly lost his seat to the Conservative candidate Tania Mathias in the 2015 general election during the nationwide collapse in the Liberal Democrat vote.

Cable regained the seat in the 2017 snap election by a 14.8% majority and an absolute majority at 52.8% of the vote; this was the highest vote percentage for the Liberal Democrats in any constituency nationally. [2]

The seat has in the 21st century had notably high turnouts. At the 2015 general election, it had the highest turnout in England and the fourth highest in the UK. [3] In 2017, turnout was 79.7%, the highest for any seat in the UK, ahead of Oxford West and Abingdon gained by the same party. [4] [5] The seat of Twickenham has also been won by the same party as the neighbouring seat of Kingston and Surbiton in all seven elections they have been in (6 Lib Dem, 1 Conservative).

In December 2023, the Labour Party included the seat in its published list of 211 non-battleground seats, suggesting they did not see it as winnable. [6]

Boundaries

Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)
Map of boundaries 2010-2024

Historic

Twickenham in Middlesex, 1918-45 Twickenham1918.png
Twickenham in Middlesex, 1918–45
Twickenham, 1945-50 Twickenham1945.png
Twickenham, 1945–50

1918–1945: The Urban Districts of Heston and Isleworth, and Twickenham.

1945: boundaries substantially changed – losing territory in the north to form Heston and Isleworth, gaining territory from Spelthorne to the south including Hampton, Teddington, Hampton Wick, Hampton Court Park and Bushy Park

1945–1974: The Municipal Borough of Twickenham.

1974–1983: The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames wards of Central Twickenham, East Twickenham, Hampton, Hampton Hill, Hampton Wick, Heathfield, South Twickenham, Teddington, West Twickenham, and Whitton. [7]

1983–1997: The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames wards of Central Twickenham, Hampton, Hampton Hill, Hampton Nursery, Hampton Wick, Heathfield, South Twickenham, Teddington, West Twickenham, and Whitton. [8]

1997–2010: Central Twickenham, East Twickenham, Hampton, Hampton Hill, Hampton Nursery, Hampton Wick, Heathfield, South Twickenham, Teddington, West Twickenham, and Whitton. [9]

2010–2024: The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames wards of Fulwell and Hampton Hill, Hampton, Hampton North, Hampton Wick, Heathfield, St Margaret's and North Twickenham, South Twickenham, Teddington, Twickenham Riverside, West Twickenham, and Whitton. [10]

Current

Twickenham from 2024 Twickenham 2023 Constituency.svg
Twickenham from 2024

Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the Whitton ward was transferred to Brentford and Isleworth, in order to bring the electorate within the permitted range. [11]

The seat covers the majority of the western half of the London Borough of Richmond, that part of the borough on the north bank of the River Thames. [n 4] It chiefly contains the towns or London districts of Twickenham, Hampton, and Teddington. Smaller sub-localities by order of commercial activity are Hampton Hill, Hampton Wick, St Margarets, Fulwell, Strawberry Hill and Hampton Court hamlet proper. [n 5] Features includes Hampton Court Palace, Bushy Park (one of the Royal Parks of London), and the Rugby Football Union's national ground, Twickenham Stadium.

History of boundaries

1918–1945

During this period the Hamptons (Hampton, Hampton Hill, Hampton Court and Hampton Wick) and Teddington were excluded from the seat, which instead contained two urban districts to the north of subsequent boundaries, Isleworth and Hounslow, an area at the time with key economic sectors of construction, brewing, warehousing and goods transportation. As such these areas had some support for the Labour Party, who in their best result in the seat, lost the 1929 by-election in the seat by 503 votes (1.6% of the vote).

1945–date

In 1945, the area saw as an unusual corollary to its shift southwards, the swing nationally, of +11.7% (Con-to-Lab) converted in the more strongly middle-class redefined seat to a major cut in the 24% Conservative majority [n 6] swinging −15.3% to a Liberal opponent, George Granville Slack. In February 1974 and from 1979 until seizing victory in 1997, the runner-up party became the Liberal Party or their successor, the Liberal Democrats and the ward boundaries became only slightly adjusted to reflect changes made in the borderlines made at the local level of government.

Constituency profile

As described by the boundaries, the area enjoys substantial parkland and Thameside landscapes, coupled with a variety of commuter train services to Central London including semi-fast services from Twickenham itself to London Waterloo.

Twickenham is the only constituency situated entirely within the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and, as such, is made up completely of middle-class suburbia, similar to the neighbouring constituencies of Kingston & Surbiton, Richmond Park (both in Greater London) and Esher & Walton in Surrey. Workless claimants, registered jobseekers, were in November 2012 significantly lower in Twickenham than the national average of 3.8%, at 1.7% of the population based on a statistical compilation by The Guardian . [12]

Members of Parliament

Map that gives each named seat and any constant electoral success for national (Westminster) elections for Middlesex, 1955 to 1974. Final Middlesex constituencies (1955-74).svg
Map that gives each named seat and any constant electoral success for national (Westminster) elections for Middlesex, 1955 to 1974.
ElectionMember
1918 William Joynson-Hicks Unionist
1929 by-election John Ferguson Unionist
1932 by-election Hylton Murray-Philipson Conservative
1934 by-election Alfred Critchley Conservative
1935 Edward Keeling Conservative
1955 by-election Gresham Cooke Conservative
1970 Toby Jessel Conservative
1997 Vince Cable Liberal Democrats
2015 Tania Mathias Conservative
2017 Vince Cable Liberal Democrats
2019 Munira Wilson Liberal Democrats

Elections

Results of UK House of Commons seat Twickenham since 1945 when substantially redrawn. Twickenham 1945 to date.svg
Results of UK House of Commons seat Twickenham since 1945 when substantially redrawn.

Elections in the 2020s

General election 2024: Twickenham [13]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Munira Wilson 30,185 56.3 +0.1
Conservative Jonathan Hulley8,72816.3–17.5
Labour Tom Bruce6,69312.5+3.8
Reform UK Alexander Starling4,0927.6+6.3
Green Chantal Kerr-Sheppard3,5906.7N/A
Workers Party Umair Malik3470.6N/A
Majority21,45740.0+17.6
Turnout 53,63571.5−5.4
Registered electors 74,980
Liberal Democrats hold Swing +8.8

Elections in the 2010s

2019 notional result [14]
PartyVote %
Liberal Democrats 32,81656.2
Conservative 19,74233.8
Labour 5,0518.7
Brexit Party 7431.3
Turnout58,35276.9
Electorate75,889
General election 2019: Twickenham [15]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Munira Wilson 36,166 56.1 +3.3
Conservative Isobel Grant22,04534.2―3.8
Labour Ranjeev Walia5,4768.5―0.7
Brexit Party Stuart Wells8161.3New
Majority14,12121.9+7.1
Turnout 64,50376.3―3.2
Registered electors 84,906
Liberal Democrats hold Swing +3.6

This was the second largest Lib Dem majority by percentage, after Bath and the largest by number. It was also their largest vote share at the 2019 general election. [16]

General election 2017: Twickenham [17] [18]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Vince Cable 34,969 52.8 +14.8
Conservative Tania Mathias 25,20738.0―3.3
Labour Katherine Dunne6,1149.2―2.3
Majority9,76214.8N/A
Turnout 66,29079.5+2.2
Registered electors 83,362
Liberal Democrats gain from Conservative Swing +9.0
General election 2015: Twickenham [19] [20]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Tania Mathias 25,580 41.3 +7.2
Liberal Democrats Vince Cable 23,56338.0―16.4
Labour Nick Grant7,12911.5+3.8
UKIP Barry Edwards3,0694.9+3.4
Green Tanya Williams2,4634.0+2.9
Christian Dominic Stockford1740.3New
Magna CartaDavid Wedgwood260.0New
Majority2,0173.3N/A
Turnout 62,00477.3+2.5
Registered electors 80,250
Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats Swing +11.8
General election 2010: Twickenham [21]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Vince Cable 32,483 54.4 +2.7
Conservative Deborah Thomas20,34334.1+1.7
Labour Brian Tomlinson4,5837.7―3.7
UKIP Brian Gilbert8681.50.0
Green Stephen Roest6741.1−1.7
BNP Chris Hurst6541.1New
Citizens for Undead Rights and EqualityHarry Cole760.1New
Magna CartaPaul Armstrong400.0New
Majority12,14020.3+1.0
Turnout 59,72174.8+2.4
Registered electors 80,569
Liberal Democrats hold Swing +0.5

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Vince Cable 26,696 51.6 +2.9
Conservative Paul Maynard 16,73132.4―1.0
Labour Brian Whitington5,86811.4―2.4
Green Henry Leveson-Gower1,4452.80.0
UKIP Douglas Orchard7661.5+0.3
Independent Brian Gibert1170.2New
Rainbow Dream Ticket George Weiss 640.1New
Majority9,96519.2+3.9
Turnout 51,68771.8+5.4
Registered electors 71,444
Liberal Democrats hold Swing +2.0
General election 2001: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Vince Cable 24,344 48.7 +3.6
Conservative Nicholas Longworth16,68933.4―4.4
Labour Dean Rogers6,90313.8―1.8
Green Judith Maciejowska1,4232.8New
UKIP Ray Hollebone5791.2New
Majority7,65515.3+8.0
Turnout 49,93866.4―12.9
Registered electors 72,225
Liberal Democrats hold Swing +4.0

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Vince Cable 26,237 45.1 +5.8
Conservative Toby Jessel 21,95637.8―11.8
Labour Eva Tutchell9,06515.6+5.2
Independent English Conservative and ReferendumJane Harrison5891.0New
Rainbow Dream Ticket Terence Haggar1550.3New
Natural Law Anthony Hardy1420.2―0.1
Majority4,2817.3N/A
Turnout 58,14479.3―4.9
Registered electors 73,569
Liberal Democrats gain from Conservative Swing ―8.8
General election 1992: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Toby Jessel 26,804 50.4 ―1.5
Liberal Democrats Vince Cable 21,09339.7+1.4
Labour Michael Gold4,9199.3+0.9
Natural Law Gary Gill1520.3New
Democratic Liberal and ConservativesD Griffith1030.2New
Liberal A Miners850.2New
Majority5,71110.7―2.8
Turnout 53,15684.2+2.7
Registered electors 63,072
Conservative hold Swing ―1.5

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Toby Jessel 27,331 51.9 +1.5
Liberal John Waller20,20438.3―2.5
Labour Valerie Vaz 4,4158.4+0.9
Green David Batchelor7461.4+0.5
Majority7,12713.6+4.0
Turnout 52,69681.5+3.7
Registered electors 64,661
Conservative hold Swing ―0.5
General election 1983: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Toby Jessel 25,110 50.4 ―1.8
Liberal John Waller20,31840.8+10.9
Labour Patricia Nicholas3,7327.5―9.2
Ecology John J. Clarke4240.9New
National Front T.J. Denville-Faulkner2340.5―0.7
Independent R.W. Kenyon400.1New
Majority4,7929.6―12.7
Turnout 49,85877.8―2.5
Registered electors 64,116
Conservative hold Swing +7.0

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Toby Jessel 30,017 52.2 +5.7
Liberal John Waller17,16929.9+5.7
Labour David Wetzel9,59116.7−12.1
National Front Martin Braithwaite [22] 6861.2New
Majority12,84822.3+4.6
Turnout 57,46380.3+5.9
Registered electors 71,535
Conservative hold Swing
General election October 1974: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Toby Jessel 24,959 46.5 +0.2
Labour Mavis Cunningham15,45228.8+2.1
Liberal Stephen Kramer13,02124.2−2.8
Anti EECW. Burgess2870.5New
Majority9,50717.7−1.6
Turnout 53,71974.4−8.7
Registered electors 72,210
Conservative hold Swing
General election February 1974: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Toby Jessel 27,595 46.3 −8.1
Liberal Stephen Kramer16,09227.0+14.6
Labour Ronald M. Taylor15,90926.7−5.6
Majority11,50319.3−2.8
Turnout 59,59683.1+12.2
Registered electors 71,682
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1970: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Toby Jessel 28,571 54.4 +6.7
Labour John H.W. Grant16,95032.3−1.7
Liberal David Kenneth Rebak6,51612.4−5.9
Independent Richard Franklin4620.9New
Majority11,62122.1+8.4
Turnout 52,49970.9−7.7
Registered electors 74,038
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1966: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gresham Cooke 26,512 47.7 −1.2
Labour David Carlton18,88434.0+6.8
Liberal Simon Goldblatt 10,16018.3−3.7
Majority7,62813.7−8.1
Turnout 55,55678.6+0.9
Registered electors 70,675
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1964: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gresham Cooke 27,427 48.9 −8.3
Labour W Eric Wolff15,23127.2−1.1
Liberal John Woolfe12,30622.0+7.4
Nuclear Disarmament Michael H. Craft1,0731.9New
Majority12,19621.7−7.2
Turnout 56,03777.7−2.1
Registered electors 72,154
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1959: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gresham Cooke 33,677 57.2 −1.2
Labour Anne Kerr 16,63828.3−1.9
Liberal Kenwyn Arthur Powell8,58914.6+3.1
Majority17,03928.9+0.7
Turnout 58,90479.8+2.8
Registered electors 73,852
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1955: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gresham Cooke 33,726 58.4 −2.7
Labour Pat O'Gorman17,45030.2−7.7
Liberal Margaret Neilson6,62611.5New
Majority16,27628.2+4.0
Turnout 57,80277.0−4.3
Registered electors 75,106
Conservative hold Swing
1955 Twickenham by-election [23]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Gresham Cooke 23,075 64.0 +1.9
Labour R. P. Pitman12,95336.0−1.9
Majority10,12228.0+3.8
Turnout 36,02847.3−38.4
Registered electors 76,147
Conservative hold Swing -1.9
General election 1951: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Edward Keeling 39,080 62.1 +6.2
Labour Ethel Chipchase 23,87137.9+2.8
Majority15,20924.2+3.4
Turnout 62,95181.3−4.4
Registered electors 77,444
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1950: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Edward Keeling 36,757 55.9 +7.9
Labour John Stonehouse 23,08835.1−6.8
Liberal Derek Alan Forwood5,9509.0−1.2
Majority13,66920.8+14.7
Turnout 65,79585.7+11.7
Registered electors 76,810
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1940s

General election 1945: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Edward Keeling 26,045 48.0 −15.3
Labour Arthur Irvine 22,73641.9+4.2
Liberal Granville Slack 5,50910.2New
Majority3,3096.1−18.5
Turnout 54,29074.0+7.5
Registered electors 73,336
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1930s

General election 1935: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Edward Keeling 37,635 62.3 −11.7
Labour Co-op Percy Holman 22,82337.7+11.7
Majority14,81224.6−23.4
Turnout 60,45866.5−4.8
Registered electors 90,929
Conservative hold Swing
1934 Twickenham by-election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Alfred Critchley 23,395 56.1 −0.1
Labour Co-op Percy Holman 19,89043.9+0.1
Majority5,50512.2−0.2
Turnout 43,28555.5+3.6
Registered electors 81,529
Conservative hold Swing -0.1
1932 Twickenham by-election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Hylton Murray-Philipson 21,688 56.2 −17.8
Labour Co-op Percy Holman 16,88143.8+17.8
Majority4,80712.4−35.6
Turnout 38,56951.9−19.4
Registered electors 74,272
Conservative hold Swing -17.8
General election, 1931: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Ferguson 39,161 74.0 +26.3
Labour Co-op Percy Holman 13,76326.0−20.1
Majority25,39848.0+46.4
Turnout 42,95471.3+21.8
Registered electors 74,272
Conservative hold Swing +23.2

Elections in the 1920s

1929 Twickenham by-election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist John Ferguson 14,705 47.7 −0.8
Labour Thomas Jackson Mason14,20246.1+11.3
Liberal Frederick Paterson 1,9206.2−10.5
Majority5031.6−12.1
Turnout 30,82749.5−20.3
Registered electors 62,264
Unionist hold Swing -6.6
General election 1929: Twickenham [24]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist William Joynson-Hicks 21,087 48.5 −21.9
Labour Thomas Jackson Mason15,12134.8+5.2
Liberal Frederick Paterson 7,24616.7New
Majority5,96613.7−27.1
Turnout 43,45469.8−0.2
Registered electors 62,263
Unionist hold Swing -13.6
General election 1924: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist William Joynson-Hicks 18,889 70.4 +15.0
Labour Stanley Simon Sherman7,94529.6+5.9
Majority10,94440.8+9.1
Turnout 26,83470.0+8.0
Registered electors 38,353
Unionist hold Swing +4.6
Joynson-Hicks 1st Viscount Brentford 1923.jpg
Joynson-Hicks
General election 1923: Twickenham
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist William Joynson-Hicks 12,903 55.4 N/A
Labour Stanley Simon Sherman5,50923.7New
Liberal Charles Baker4,85820.9New
Majority7,39431.7N/A
Turnout 23,27062.0N/A
Registered electors 37,558
Unionist hold Swing N/A
General election 1922: Twickenham [24]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist William Joynson-Hicks Unopposed
Registered electors 37,073
Unionist hold

Elections in the 1910s

General election 1918: Twickenham [24]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
C Unionist William Joynson-Hicks 14,01583.2
Labour Humphrey Chalmers2,82316.8
Majority11,19266.4
Turnout 16,83848.2
Registered electors 34,924
Unionist win (new seat)
Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer).
  2. ↑ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
  3. ↑ By share of the vote, behind five seats: Orkney and Shetland, Westmoreland and Lonsdale, Bath, Yeovil, and Norfolk North
  4. ↑ However mostly further south as the river is on a north-south axis at this point
  5. ↑ An ill-defined but major neighbourhood of East Molesey often self-identifies as and ascribes to itself Hampton Court by virtue of its station and long standing sweep of shops of that name, across historic and actual boundaries, across the Thames in Surrey, this is not part of the Hampton Court hamlet mentioned.
  6. ↑ Also known as one-party swing

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Turing House School is a co-educational comprehensive secondary school which was opened in 2015 in the London Borough of Richmond, south-west London, under the Government's free schools initiative. The proposal for the school was initiated by local parents in 2011 in partnership with the Russell Education Trust (RET), who operate four other free schools in the south and south-west of England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council election</span> 2022 local election in Richmond upon Thames

The 2022 Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. All 54 members of Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council were elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

References

  1. ↑ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume two: Constituency names, designations and composition – London". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  2. ↑ "GE2017 – Constituency results". Britain Elects (Google Docs). Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  3. ↑ "Turnout – General Elections Online". geo.digiminster. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  4. ↑ "GE2017: Marginal seats and turnout". House of Commons Library. 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  5. ↑ "Results of the 2017 general election". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  6. ↑ Belger, Tom (8 December 2023). "Labour selections: Full list of 211 'non-battleground' seats now open to applications". labourlist.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  7. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (Richmond upon Thames, Twickenham and Esher) Order 1971. SI 1971/2114". Statutory Instruments 1971. Part III Section 2. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. pp. 6234–6235.
  8. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, SI 1983/417, retrieved 5 March 2023
  9. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, SI 1995/1626, retrieved 5 March 2023
  10. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, SI 2007/1681, retrieved 5 March 2023
  11. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 3 London region.
  12. ↑ "Unemployment claimants by constituency". The Guardian . 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  13. ↑ "STATEMENT OF PERSONS NOMINATED, NOTICE OF POLL AND SITUATION OF POLLING STATIONS" (PDF). Richmond Council. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  14. ↑ "Notional results for a UK general election on 12 December 2019". Rallings & Thrasher, Professor David Denver (Scotland), Nicholas Whyte (NI) for Sky News, PA, BBC News and ITV News. UK Parliament . Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  15. ↑ "Statement of Persons Nominated" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  16. ↑ "Commons Briefing Paper 8749. General Election 2019: results and analysis" (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. 28 January 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  17. ↑ "Vince Cable is to run for parliament in snap election". The Independent. 18 April 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  18. ↑ "Commons Briefing Paper 7979. General Election 2017: results and analysis" (PDF) (Second ed.). House of Commons Library. 29 January 2019 [7 April 2018]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2019.
  19. ↑ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  20. ↑ "Election results for Twickenham, 7 May 2015". 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  21. ↑ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  22. ↑ Election Expenses. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 1980. p. 20. ISBN   0102374805.
  23. ↑ "1955 By Elections – part 1". 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009.
  24. 1 2 3 Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN   0-900178-06-X.

Sources

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